8

Mathematics
Quarter 1, Week 1 to 2 – Module 1.1
Factoring Completely Different Types
of Polynomials
 Mathematics – Grade 8
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Factoring Completely Different Types of Polynomials

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: SYLVIA B. SARIOLA

NERISSA A. MORTEGA EFLEDA C. DOLZ HILDA J. CARLET

Editors:
DIOLETA B. BORAIS

Reviewer: DIOLETA B. BORAIS/ LILLI ANN HERMOGENES

Illustrator/ Layout Artist: MARISOL B. BOSEO

2
 GRADE 8 (QUARTER 1)
MODULE 1
Factoring Completely Different Types of Polynomials

I. Introduction:

A polynomial is one of the basic concepts in algebra. In Math

7, you learned how to multiply two polynomials to get another
polynomial. In most of our future work in algebra, it is often necessary
to express a polynomial as a product of other polynomials. Factoring is
the reverse process of multiplying polynomials. In this module you will
learn about factoring polynomials.

The figure below is a square made up of 36 tiles. Rearrange

the tiles to create a rectangle, having the same area as the original
square.

How many such rectangles can you create? What do you

consider in looking for the other dimensions?

This module is made up of five lessons:

Lesson 1: Factoring Polynomials with Common Monomial Factor
Lesson 2: Factoring Difference of Two Squares
Lesson 3: Factoring Sum or Difference of Two Cubes
Lesson 4: Factoring Perfect Square Trinomial
Lesson 5: Factoring General Trinomial
II. Objectives:
After performing the activities in this module, you should be able to
factor:
 polynomials with common monomial factor
 difference of two squares
 sum and difference of two cubes
 perfect square trinomial
 general trinomial

III. Pre-Test:
But wait, before you start studying this module, take this
simple test first to find out how much you already know about
the topic to be discussed.

A. Do the following.
1. Find the factors of 18.
2. Find the prime factors of 64.
3. Find the greatest common factor of 24 and 100.
4. Find the greatest common monomial factor of 3y6 and 6y².
5. Find the factored form of 3x²+15x.

B. Determine whether the statement is true or false. Write T if it

is true and F if it is false.
1. 𝑚² is a perfect square
2. 𝑎² + 𝑏² is a difference of two squares
3. The complete factors of 𝑥 4- 81 are (𝑥 2 + 9) and (𝑥 2 − 9).
4. 𝑎5 is a perfect square.
5. 𝑏2 − 9 is the same as 9 − 𝑏 2.

C. Answer the following:

1. What is the cube of 5?
2. What is the cube root of 64?
3. What is the binomial factor of 𝑚 3+𝑛 3?
4. What is the trinomial factor of 27 − 𝑐³?
5. What is the factored form of 8𝑥 3 + 27𝑦 3?

D. Answer the following:

1. What is the square of 𝑥 + 2?
2. What is the square of 𝑥 − 2?
3. What is the missing term of 𝑚2 + 14𝑚 + ___ to make it a perfect
square trinomial?
4. Factor 𝑦2 + 10𝑦 + 25
5. Factor 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 9

E. Answer the following:

1. Find the factors of 12.
 2. Find the factors of -18.
3. Find the factors of 20 whose sum is 9.
4. Factor 𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 21
5. Factor 2𝑏2 + 11𝑏 + 5

How was it? Do you think you got it right? Compare your answers
with those in the answer key on page _29_ to find out. If all your
answers are right, very good! You may still study the module to review
what you already know.

If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this
module is for you. It will help you understand some important concepts
that you can apply in your daily life. Are you ready? You may now
start. Happy Reading!

IV. Learning Activities:

Lesson 1
Factoring Polynomials with Common Monomial Factor

Vocabulary List:
Before you proceed reading to lesson 1, be sure to be familiarized with
the following terms listed below. It will help you understand this module
better.

a. Binomial – is an algebraic expression consisting of two terms.

b. Common Factor – factor that repeatedly occurs in each term
c. Factor – an exact divisor of a number
d. Factors – terms to be multiplied to give the polynomial
e. Factoring – process of finding the factors of a polynomial
f. Greatest Common Factor (GCF) – is the greatest integer that
is a factor of all the given integers
g. Greatest Common Monomial Factor (GCMF) – the greatest
factor contained in every term of an algebraic expression
h. Monomial – an algebraic expression consisting of one term
i. Polynomial – a finite sum of terms each of which is a real
number or the product of a numerical factor and one or more
variable factors raised to a whole number power
j. Prime Number – is a number greater than one which has only
two positive factors: 1 and itself
k. Prime Polynomial – an irreducible polynomial with integral
coefficient whose greatest monomial factor is 1.
l. Trinomial – an algebraic expression consisting of three terms.

II. Objectives
 At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 find the greatest common monomial factor (GCMF) of polynomials
 factor polynomials with greatest common monomial factor (GCMF)
Learning Activities:

Factors, as defined in arithmetic books, are the numbers

multiplied to get a product.
Example 1:
Factor 24.

24 = 1 · 24
= 2 · 12
= 3·8
= 4·6
} Set of factors of 24

An important subset of the set of integers which is often used

as the factor set is the set of prime numbers. Recall that a prime
number is an integer greater than 1 which has only two factors, 1
and itself. The least prime number is 2. The other primes less than
10 are 3,5, and 7. Any positive integer can be expressed as a
product of primes.

24 = 2 · 12
=2·2·2·3
= 2³ · 3
24 = 3 · 8
=3·2·2·2
= 3 · 2³
24 = 4 · 6
=2·2·2·3
= 2³ · 3
Therefore, the prime factors of 24 are 2³ and 3.
The greatest common factor (GCF) of two or more integers is
the greatest integer that is a factor of all given integers.
Example 2: Find the GCF of 30 and 36.
30 = 2 · 3 · 5 GCF = 2 · 3 = 6

4
 36 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 3
The greatest common monomial factor (GCMF) of two or more
monomials is the product of the GCF of the numerical coefficient and the
common variable factors.

Example 3: Find the GCMF of 24𝑎²𝑏 and 40𝑎²𝑏².

24𝑎²𝑏 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 𝑎 · 𝑎 · 𝑏
40𝑎²𝑏² = 2 · 2 · 2 · 5 · 𝑎 · 𝑎 · 𝑏 · 𝑏
GCMF= 2 · 2 · 2 · 𝑎 · 𝑎 · 𝑏 = 2³𝑎²𝑏 = 8𝑎²𝑏
Note that the exponent of each variable in the GCMF is the same
as the smallest exponent of that variable in the given monomials.
Factoring is the reverse of multiplying polynomials.
Steps in Factoring Polynomials with Common Monomial Factor
Step 1: Find the greatest common factor of the numerical
coefficients.
Step 2: Find the common variable with the least exponent
that appears in each term of the polynomial.
Step 3: The product of the GCF in step 1 and step 2 is the
GCMF of the polynomial.
Step 4: To completely factor the given polynomial, divide the
polynomial by its GCMF, the resulting quotient is the other factor.
Example 4: Factor 4𝑚²𝑛 + 10𝑚.
Solution:
Step 1: Find the GCF of 4 and 10. 2
Step 2: Find the common variable with the least exponent. 𝑚
Step 3: The GCMF is the product of step 1 and step 2. 2𝑚
𝑛 10𝑚
Step 4: Divide the polynomial by GCMF. 4𝑚
2 + = 2𝑚𝑛 + 5
2𝑚 2𝑚

Thus, the factored form of 4𝑚²𝑛 + 10𝑚 is 2𝑚(2𝑚𝑛 + 5).

In 2𝑚(2𝑚𝑛 + 5)
GCMF Quotient of Polynomial and GCMF
Check by multiplying with the help of distributive
property.

5
2𝑚(2𝑚𝑛 + 5) = 4𝑚²𝑛 + 10𝑚

6
Example 5: Factor 12𝑥𝑦² − 16𝑥²𝑦 + 24𝑥³𝑦³
Solution:
Step 1: Find the GCF of 12,16, and 24. 4
Step 2: Find the common variable with the least exponent. 𝑥𝑦
Step 3: The GCMF is the product of step 1 and step 2. 4𝑥𝑦
16𝑥 𝑦 24𝑥 𝑦
Step 4: Divide the polynomial by GCMF. 12𝑥𝑦
2− 2 + 3 3
4𝑥𝑦 4𝑥𝑦 4𝑥𝑦

= 3𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥2𝑦2
Thus, the factored form of 12𝑥𝑦² − 16𝑥²𝑦 + 24𝑥³𝑦³ 𝑖𝑠 4𝑥𝑦(3𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥²𝑦²).
To check, apply the distributive property.

4𝑥𝑦(3𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥²𝑦²) = 12𝑥𝑦² − 16𝑥²𝑦 + 24𝑥³𝑦³

Example 6: Factor 3𝑎 + 7𝑏
Solution:
Step 1: Find the GCF of 3 and 7. 1
Step 2: Find the common variable with the least exponent.
None (no common variable)
Step 3: The GCMF is 1.

Step 4: Divide the polynomial by GCM. 3𝑎+7𝑏

or
1

3𝑎 7𝑏
+ = 3𝑎 + 7𝑏
1 1

This polynomial cannot be factored by removing the common

factor since the GCF in each term is 1. Polynomial of this type is called
Prime Polynomial. Other examples of prime polynomials are 5 + 3𝑏, 2𝑥 −
7𝑦 and
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐.
Practice Exercises:
Let us try the following problems.
Practice Task 1:
Find the greatest common factor.
1. 𝑥4, 𝑥7
2. 𝑎𝑏2 , 𝑎2𝑏
3. 11𝑦 , 33
4. 16𝑚𝑛, 8𝑚2𝑛2
 5. 9𝑥𝑦 , 12𝑥4𝑦4 , 27𝑥2𝑦2
Practice Task 2:
Factor the following polynomials.
1. 5𝑎 + 15
2. 3𝑥 − 27𝑥5
3. 4𝑏 − 6
4. 11𝑦2 + 33𝑦4
5. 5𝑐 − 25𝑑

Practice Task 3:
Factor the following polynomials if necessary. If it is not factorable then
write prime polynomial.
1. 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
2. 9𝑥𝑦 + 27𝑥 + 36𝑦
3. 4 − 8𝑚𝑛 + 13
4. 3𝑥3𝑦3 − 27𝑥5𝑦5 + 81𝑥2𝑦2
5. 60𝑚𝑘 + 45𝑚3𝑘7 + 30𝑚4𝑘2

Assignment:
For you to reinforce the information provided in this lesson try to
answer the given assignment.

Suppose the profit is given by the equation 𝑃 = 18𝑥2 + 12𝑥 where 𝑥 is

the amount of item that was sold (in thousands).
a. What is the greatest common monomial factor of 18𝑥2 + 12𝑥?
b. Write 𝑃 in factored form.
c. Find the profit if 𝑥 = 2 and if 𝑥 = 3.

Lesson 2

Factoring Difference of Two Squares

You are now ready to encounter the second type of factoring
polynomials.

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

 identify a difference of two squares
 factor a difference of two squares
 Vocabulary List:
a. Difference of Two Squares – a binomial where the first and
second terms are perfect squares. The two terms
areseparated signs.
b. Perfect Square – a number whose square root is a whole
number.

Learning Activities:

Do you still remember the product of the sum and difference of

the same two terms? Well, that is (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2. Using
that form, you can reverse the process.

𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)

Difference of Sum of difference of

Two squares two terms two terms

Steps in factoring the difference of two squares

Step 1: Get the principal square root of each of the two
squares
Step 2: Using the principal square roots, form two factors,
one a sum and the other a difference.
Example 1: Is the binomial a difference of two squares?
a. 𝑛2 − 4
b. 𝑥6𝑦6 − 1
c. 𝑟 5 − 9
d. 𝑧 4 − 7
e. −25 + 𝑐4

a. Yes; 𝑛2 − 4 = 𝑛2 − 22
b. Yes; (𝑥3𝑦3)² − (1)2
c. No; the exponent of 𝑟 is 5 and 𝑟 5 is not a perfect square
d. No; 7 is not a perfect square
e. Yes; −25 + 𝑐 4 can be written as 𝑐 4 − 25 and
𝐶4 − 25 = (𝐶2)2 − (5)2.
Example 2: Factor the binomials that shows difference of two
squares in example 1
a. 𝑛2 − 4
Solution: √4 = 2 , since
2(2) = 4
Step 1: √𝑛² = 𝑛 , since 𝑛(𝑛) = 𝑛2
 Step 2: (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 − 2)

Get the principal square root of

Therefore, 𝑛2 − 4 = (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑛2 and 4.

b. 𝑥6𝑦6 − 1
Form the two factors, one a sum
Solution: and the other a difference.

Step 1: √x6y6 = x3y3

√1 = 1
Step 2: (𝑥3𝑦3 + 1)(𝑥3𝑦3 − 1)

Get the principal square root of 𝑥6 𝑦6

and 1.

Form two factors, one a sum

and the other a difference.

Therefore, 𝑥6𝑦6 − 1 = (𝑥3𝑦3 + 1)(𝑥3𝑦3 − 1).

c. −25 + 𝑐4 = 𝑐4 − 25
Solution:

Step 1: √𝐶4 = 𝐶2 Get the principal square root of

𝑐4 and 25.
√25 = 5
Form two factors, one a sum and
Step 2: (𝑐 2 + 5)(𝑐2 − 5)
the other a difference.
Example 3: Factor completely
a. 𝑑4 − 81
b. 8𝑥2 − 50
Solution:
a. 𝑑4 − 81

4
Get the principal square root of 𝑑4
Step 1: √𝑑 = 𝑑 2
and 81.
√81 = 9
Form two factors, one a sum and
Step 2: (𝑑2 + 9)(𝑑2 − 9) the other a difference.
𝑑4 − 81 = (𝑑2 + 9)(𝑑2 − 9)
But we still need to factor (𝑑2 − 9) since it still shows
difference of two squares.
Therefore, 𝑑4 − 81 = (𝑑2 + 9)(𝑑 + 3)(𝑑 − 3).
 Solution:
b. 8𝑥2 − 50

a. Apply the first type of factoring: factoring with common

monomial factor
8𝑥 2 − 50 2(4𝑥2 − 25)
Factor 4𝑥 2 − 25 (2𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 5)
Therefore, 8𝑥2 − 50 = 2(2𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 5).

Let’s Try this!

tice Task 1: State whether each of the following binomials is the difference of two squares. Write YES if it is and NO if it is no
+ 64
6 − 100
𝑥2 − 36
+ 𝑟2

e. −0.25 + 0.4𝑘4
Practice task 2: Factor each of the following difference of two squares.
a. 𝑚2 − 49
b. 81 − 𝑥2𝑦2

c. 4 − 1 𝑛4
925

d. 0.01𝑎2 − 𝑏2𝑐4
−49 + 4𝑦2
e.

Practice task 3: Factor each of the following completely.

a. 𝑥8 − 𝑦8
b. 𝑚4 − 𝑛4
c. 5𝑥4 − 20𝑥2
d. 2𝑎3 − 8𝑎
e. 𝑎𝑏2 − 100𝑎3

Assignment:
For you to reinforce the information provided in this lesson try to
answer the given assignment.
1. Find the value of 𝑘 in the following problems.
a. 𝑘𝑥 2 − 36 = (5𝑥 + 6)(5𝑥 − 6)
b. 25𝑛2 − 𝑘𝑝2 = (5𝑛 + 9𝑝)(5𝑛 − 9𝑝)
𝑛
2. Find the area of the shaded region. 𝑛
𝑚
Factor if possible.

𝑚
Lesson 3

Factoring Sum or Difference of Two Cubes

How do you describe 𝑎3+𝑏3? How about 𝑎3−𝑏3? Do you still

remember the product of (𝑎 + 𝑏) and (𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2)? How about the
product of (𝑎 − 𝑏) and (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2)? This lesson will discuss concepts
on the third type of factoring which is “Factoring Sum or Difference of
Two Cubes”.

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

 find the cube root of an algebraic expression
 factor the sum or difference of two cubes

Vocabulary List:
a. Difference of Two Cubes - it is a difference of two terms which are
both perfect cubes
b. Sum of Two Cubes - it is a sum of two terms which are both perfect
cubes
c. Perfect Cube – a number whose cube root is a whole number

Learning Activities:
Two other types of factoring are the sum of two cubes and their
difference. Like the difference of two squares, they follow a definite
pattern.

If (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2) = 𝑎3+ 𝑏3, then 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 +

𝑏2).

If (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2) = 𝑎3−𝑏3, then 𝑎3−𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 +

𝑏2).

Steps in factoring Sum or Difference of Two Cubes:

Step 1: Get the cube root of each cube.
 Step 2: Taking the operation between the cubes, obtain a
binomial factor using the cube roots in step 1.

Step 3: Form the second trinomial factor as follows:

a. Square the first cube root.
b. Take the negative product of the cube root.
c. Square the second cube root.

Example 1: Factor 𝑦3 + 8

Solution:
Step 1: Get the cube root of 𝑦3 and 8.
3
√𝑦 3 = 𝑦 since 𝑦 · 𝑦 · 𝑦 = 𝑦³
3
√8 = 2 since 2 · 2 · 2 = 8

Step 2: Take the operation between 𝑦 3 and 8 to obtain the

binomial factor using the cube roots. 𝑦+2

Step 3: Form the second trinomial factor by:

 Squaring the first cube root (𝑦)2 = 𝑦 2
 Take the negative product of the cube root −(2 · 𝑦) = −2𝑦
 Square the second cube root. 22 = 4

Therefore, 𝑦3 + 8 = (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦2 − 2𝑦 + 4).

In 𝑦3 + 8 = (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦2 − 2𝑦 + 4)

Sum of two Binomial Trinomial

cubes factor factor

Note: The sum of two cubes has two factors, one binomial and one
trinomial. The binomial factor is the sum of the cube roots of the
given terms. The trinomial factor is made up of the sum of the square
of the first term of the binomial factor, the negative of the product of
the first and second terms of the binomial factor and the square of
the second term of the binomial factor.
Example 2: Factor 64 − 𝑛3
Solution:
Step 1: Get the cube root of 64 and 𝑛 3.
3
√64 = 4 since 4 · 4 · 4 = 4³ = 64
3
√𝑛 3 = 𝑛 since 𝑛 · 𝑛 · 𝑛 = 𝑛³
 Step 2: Take the operation between 64 and 𝑛3 to obtain the binomial
factor using the cube roots. 4−𝑛
Step 3: Form the Second trinomial factor by:
 Square the first cube root 42 = 16
 Take the negative product of the cube roots −(4 · −𝑛) =
4𝑛
 Square the second cube root (𝑛)2 = 𝑛2
Therefore 64 − 𝑛3 = (4 − 𝑛)(16 + 4𝑛 + 𝑛 2)

Difference of Binomial Trinomial

two cubes factor factor
Note: The difference of two cubes has two factors, one binomial and
one trinomial. The binomial factor is the difference of the cube roots of
the given terms. The trinomial factor is made up of the sum of the
square of the first terms of the binomial factor, the positive of the
product of the first and second term of the binomial factor, and the
square of the second term of the binomial factor.
Example 3: Factor 8𝑟3 + 125𝑡6
Solution:
Step 1: Get the cube root of 8𝑟3 and 125𝑡6
3√8𝑟³ = 2𝑟 since 2𝑟 · 2𝑟 · 2𝑟 = 8𝑟 3
3
√125𝑡 6 = 5𝑡² since 5𝑡 2 · 5𝑡 2 · 5𝑡 2 = 125𝑡 6

Step 2: Take the operation between 8𝑟 3 and 125𝑡 6 to obtain the

binomial factor using the cube roots. 2𝑟 + 5𝑡 2

Step 3: Form the second trinomial factor:

 Square the first cube root (2𝑟)2 = 4𝑟 2
 Take the negative product of the cube root:
− (2𝑟 · 5𝑡2) = −10𝑟𝑡2
 Square the second cube root (5𝑡 2) = 25𝑡 4

Therefore, 8𝑟 3 + 125𝑡6 = (2𝑟 + 5𝑡 2)(4𝑟 2 − 10𝑟𝑡 2 + 25𝑡 4). Let’s

Try This!

Practice Task 1: Find the cube root of the following algebraic

expressions.
8
1. 𝑚3 4. −𝑑 6 5. 𝑘 3𝑔 3
27

2. 27𝑛 3
4. −1000𝑠 3
 Practice Task 2: Factor the following completely.
1. 𝑦3 + 27
2. 𝑎3-64
3. 8𝑟 3 − 1
4. 𝑥 6 + 𝑦 3
5. 𝑚6 − 𝑛6
Practice Task 3: Factor the following completely.
1. 𝑚6 + 125
2. 216 − 𝑟 3
1 1
3. + 𝑑3
8 27
1
4. 1
𝑥3 −
343 125
5. 0.001𝑏 − 8 3

Assignment:
For you to reinforce the information provided in this lesson answer the
given assignment.

Factor the following completely.

1. 𝑘 3 + 512 2. 4𝑏𝑥 3 − 32𝑏 3. (𝑥 + 2)3 + 1000

Lesson 4

Factoring Perfect Square Trinomial

One of the special product rule is squaring binomials. When

you square a binomial the product is called a Perfect Square Trinomial.
In this lesson you will learn the fourth type of factoring which is “Factoring
Perfect Square Trinomial.”

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

 determine a perfect square trinomial
 factor the perfect square trinomial

Vocabulary List:
a. Perfect Square Trinomial – It is a trinomial that is a square of
a binomial. It is the result of squaring a binomial.
b. Trinomial – is an algebraic expression with three terms
c. Square root of a number – is a value that when multiplied by
itself, gives the number
Learning Activities:
In Math 7, you considered squaring binomials as a special product rule:

(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 Perfect Square

Trinomials

(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
Using the above form, you can say that
𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
A perfect square trinomial is the result of squaring a binomial. Note that
in order to be a perfect square trinomial, it must have the following
conditions:
 the first and last terms are perfect squares.
 the middle term is twice the product of the square root of the
first and last terms.
Example 1: Determine whether each of the following is a perfect
square trinomial.
a. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9
b. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
c. 𝑦2 − 4𝑦 + 16
d. 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25
e. 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9

Solution:
a. 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 9

Condition 1: 𝑥² and 9 are perfect squares

Condition 2: 6𝑥 is 2[𝑥 ⋅ 3], where 𝑥 and 3 are the square roots of 𝑥²

and 9.

Therefore, 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 9 is a perfect square Trinomial (PST).

b. 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6
𝑥² is a perfect square and 6 is not a perfect square, so it does not
satisfy the first condition.
Therefore, 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6 is a quadratic trinomial or general trinomial.
c. 𝑦2 − 4𝑦 + 16

Condition 1: 𝑦² and 16 are both perfect squares.

Condition 2: −4𝑦 ≠ −2[𝑦 ⋅ 4], where 𝑦 and 4 are the square

roots of 𝑦² and 16.
Therefore, 𝑦2 − 4𝑦 + 16 is not a perfect square trinomial.
d. 𝑦2 − 10𝑦 + 25
Condition 1: 𝑦² and 25 are both perfect squares.
Condition 2: −10𝑦 = −2[𝑦 ⋅ 5], where 𝑦 and 5 are the
square roots of 𝑦² and 25.
Therefore, 𝑦2 − 10𝑦 + 25 is a perfect square trinomial.
e. 4𝑥2 + 12𝑥 + 9

Condition 1: 4𝑥2 and 9 are both perfect squares.

Condition 2: 12𝑥 = 2[2𝑥 ⋅ 3], where 2𝑥 and 3 are the square
roots of 4𝑥2 and 9

Therefore, 4𝑥2 + 12𝑥 + 9 is a perfect square trinomial.

Steps in Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials:

Step 1: Get the square roots of the first and last terms.
Step 2: Use the sign of the middle term between the roots.
Step 3: Square the binomial obtained in step 2.

Example 2: Factor the following perfect square trinomials.

1. 𝑛2 + 16𝑛 + 64
2. 𝑚2 − 14𝑚 + 49
3. 1 − 12𝑚 + 36𝑚²
Solution:
a. 𝑛2 + 16𝑛 + 64
Step 1: Get the square root of n² and 64.
√𝑛2 = 𝑛 since 𝑛 · 𝑛 = 𝑛²
√64 = 8 since 8 · 8 = 64

Step 2: Use plus sign (+) since it is the sign of the

middle term 16𝑛. 𝑛+8
 Step 3: Square the binomial 𝑛 + 8. (𝑛 + 8)2

Therefore, 𝑛2 + 16𝑛 + 64 = (𝑛 + 8)2.

b. 𝑚2 − 14𝑚 + 49
Step 1: Get the square root of 𝑚² and 49

√𝑚2 = 𝑚 since 𝑚 · 𝑚 = 𝑚²
√49 = 7 since 7 · 7 = 49

Step 2: Use the minus sign (−) since it is the sign of the
middle term 14𝑚 𝑚−7

Step 3: Square the binomial 𝑚 – 7. (𝑚 − 7)2

Therefore, 𝑚2 − 14𝑚 + 49 = (𝑚 − 7)2

c. 1 − 12𝑚 + 36𝑚²
Step 1: Get the square root of 1 and 36m².
√1 = 1 since 1 · 1 = 1
√36𝑚2 = 6𝑚 since 6𝑚 · 6𝑚 = 36𝑚2

Step 2: Use the minus sign since it is the sign of the middle term
12𝑚. 1 – 6𝑚

Step 3: Square the binomial 1 − 6𝑚. (1 − 6𝑚)2

Therefore, 1 − 12𝑚 + 36𝑚2 = (1 − 6𝑚)2.

Practice Exercises:
Let’s try this!

Practice Task 1: Determine whether each of the following is a perfect

square trinomial.
1. 𝑎2 + 12𝑎 + 36
2. 𝑏2 + 2𝑏 + 1
3. 𝑐 2 − 6𝑐 − 9
4. 𝑑2 − 5𝑑 + 25
5. 9 + 12𝑒 + 4𝑒2
 Practice Task 2: Fill in the blanks to make the following as
perfect square trinomials.
1. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥+
2. 𝑦2 + 10𝑦 + ___
3. 𝑚2 + ___ + 49
4. 𝑛2 − ___ + 9
5. + 14𝑥 + 49
Practice Task 3: Factor completely.
1. 𝑟2 + 20𝑟 + 100
2. 𝑠2 − 18𝑠 + 81
3. 𝑘 2 + 22𝑘 + 121
4. 25𝑛2 + 10𝑛 + 1
5. 64 + 16𝑧 + 𝑧2

Assignment:
For you to reinforce the information provided in this lesson try to answer
the given assignment.

Find the value of k in the following problems

a. 𝑥2 − 12𝑥 + 36 = (𝑥 − 𝑘)2
b. 49𝑟2 + 14𝑟 + 1 = (𝑘 + 1)2
c. 𝑘 + 20𝑎𝑏 + 4 = (5𝑎𝑏 + 2)2

Lesson 5

Factoring General Trinomials

In lesson 4, you learned to factor a perfect square trinomial.

This time it is the last type of factoring which is “Factoring General
Trinomials.” Factoring a trinomial involves recognizing patterns,
estimating, looking for clues, and multiplying to check. This lesson is made
up of two cases:

Case 1: Factoring 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 , when 𝑎 = 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Case 2: Factoring 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, when 𝑎 ≠ 1

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

 factor general trinomial in the form of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 when a=1
 factor general trinomial in the form of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 when a≠1
 Vocabulary List:
a. Constant Term – a number which is definite in value
b. Linear term – a term in the first degree
c. Quadratic Term – a term in the second degree
d. Quadratic Trinomial in one Variable – is a polynomial in one
variable with the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

Learning Activities:

Case 1: Factoring 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 when 𝒂 = 𝟏

In Math 7, you have learned how to multiply binomials.
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 7) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 21 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21
You have observed that:
 the product is a trinomial 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6

First second third

term term term
(middle
term)

 the coefficient of 𝑥 in the trinomial is the sum of the constant terms in

the binomial factors. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6

2+3
 the constant term in the trinomial is the product of the constant terms
in the binomial factors.

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6

2·3

The trinomials 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 21 are quadratic in the

variable 𝑥. Each polynomial has the general form 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎,
𝑏, and 𝑐 are real numbers and 𝑎 = 1.

In 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6 you will call 𝑥2 as the quadratic term (second degree),

5𝑥 as the linear term (first degree), and 6 as the constant term (zero
degree).

The value of 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5, and 𝑐 = 6 in 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6.

 In 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 you will call 𝑥 2 as the quadratic term, 4𝑥 as
the linear term and −21 as the constant term.

The value of 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 4, and 𝑐 = −21 in 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 21.

After identifying the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 you are now ready

to factor general trinomial.

Steps in factoring general trinomial in the form 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 when 𝒂 = 𝟏

Step 1: List all factors whose products equals the first term and
constant term.

Step 2: Get the pair of factors in the list whose sum equals the
coefficient of the linear term.

Step 3: Write the binomial factors in the form (𝑥 + 𝑟) (𝑥 + 𝑠).

Remember some important points in factoring the general trinomial.

If 𝑏 and 𝑐 are both positive, then the factors must be positive.
If 𝑐 is positive and 𝑏 is negative, then the factors must be negative.
If 𝑐 is negative, then the factors must have opposite sign.

Example 1: Factor 𝑚2 + 7𝑚 + 12

Solution: 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 7, 𝑐 = 12
Since 𝑏 and 𝑐 are both positive you must consider the pair of
positive factors of 12.
Factors of 12 Sum of the factors
1 ,12 13
2,6 8
3,4 7

Get the factors of 12 whose sum is 7.

3 and 4

Write the binomial factors as (𝑚 + 3) (𝑚 + 4).

In symbol, 𝑚2 + 7𝑚 + 12

𝑚 𝑚 1 12

2 6
3 4

Therefore, 𝑚2 + 7𝑚 + 12 = (𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 + 4)
Example 2: Factor 𝑛2 − 11𝑛 + 24.
Solution: 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −11, 𝑐 = 24
Since 𝑏 is negative and 𝑐 is positive you must consider the pair of
negative factors of 24.
Factors of 24 Sum of the factors
−1 , −24 −25
−2 , −12 −14
−3 , −8 −11
−4 , −6 −10
Get the factors of 24 whose sum is −11.
−3 and −8
Write the binomial factors as (𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 8).

In symbol, 𝑛2 − 11𝑛 + 24.

𝑛 𝑛 −1 − 24

−2 −12
−3 −8

−4 −6

Therefore, 𝑛2 − 11𝑛 + 24 = (𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 8)

Example 3: Factor 𝑑2 + 𝑑 − 6
Solution: 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −6
Since 𝑐 is negative then the factors must have opposite signs.

𝑑2 + 𝑑 − 6
Get the factors of −6 whose sum is 1.
𝑑 𝑑 1 −6
−1 6 Therefore, 𝑑2 + 𝑑 − 6 = (𝑑 − 2)(𝑑 + 3)

2 −3
−2 3

Example 4: Factor 𝑘2 − 8k − 9

Solution: 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −8, 𝑐 = −9
Since 𝑐 is negative then the factors must have opposite signs.
𝑘2 − 8k − 9

Get the factors of −9 1− 9

𝑘𝑘
whose sum is -8.
−1 9
Therefore, 𝑘2 − 8k − 9 = (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 − 9).
3 −3
I. Practice Exercises:
Let’s try this

Practice Task 1: Complete the table by finding the two integers with
the sum and product given.

Sum product sum Product

Example: 8 15 3+5 3·5
1. 9 8
2. 10 21
3. 20 36
4. −11 24
5. −6 8

Practice Task 2: Factor if possible. If polynomial is not factorable,

then write PRIME.
1. 𝑥2 + 9𝑥 + 14
2. 𝑦2 + 11𝑦 + 24
3. 𝑧2 − 6𝑧 + 8
4. 𝑚2 + 2𝑚 − 35
5. 𝑛2 − 11𝑛 − 42

Practice Task 3: Factor if possible. If polynomial is not factorable,

then write PRIME.
1. 40 − 12𝑎 + 𝑎2
2. 36 + 20𝑏 + 𝑏2
3. 42 − 23𝑘 + 𝑘 2
4. 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 24𝑦 2
5. 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥𝑦 + 49𝑥 2

Assignment
For you to reinforce the information provided in this lesson, try to
answer the given assignment.

Find all the integral values of k for which the given trinomials can be
factored.
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 15
2. 𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 − 12
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 20
 Case 2: Factoring 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒄 when 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏
Learning Activities:
A quadratic polynomial in one variable, say 𝑥, is a polynomial
of the form 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are real numbers. It is in the
second degree.
You may now consider factoring trinomials where the
coefficient of the second-degree term is not equal to one such as 2𝑥2 +
7𝑥 + 3 and 5𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 2.
Here are the steps in factoring general trinomials under case
2.
Steps in factoring general trinomial 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 when 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏
Step 1: Factor out the greatest common factor other than one, if there is
any.
Step 2: Determine the sign pattern for the binomial factors.
Step 3: Find two first terms whose product is 𝑎𝑥2.
Step 4: Find two last terms whose product is 𝑐.
Step 5: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until a combination is found for which the
sum of the outer and inner is 𝑏𝑥.

Example 1: Factor 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3.

Solution: 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 7, 𝑐 = 3
Since 𝑏 and 𝑐 are both positive then the factors of 3 must be both
positive.
Factor 2𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 · 𝑥 and Factor 3 = 1 · 3
Write the possible binomial factors using the factors of 2𝑥2 and 3 and
solve for the middle term.
Possible Factors Middle/Linear term
(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 + 6𝑥 = 7𝑥
(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 5𝑥
Get the correct factors that gives the middle term 7𝑥.
(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
Therefore, 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
 Example 2: Factor 5𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 2.
Solution: 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = −6, c= −2
Since 𝑐 is negative then the factors of −2 must have opposite
sign. Factor 5𝑥 2 = 5𝑥 · 𝑥 and Factor −2 = 1 · −2
and −1 · 2 Write the possible factors and
solve for the middle term.
Possible factors Middle/linear term
(5𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 − 10𝑥 = −9𝑥
(5𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 1) −2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 3𝑥

(5𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 2) −𝑥 + 10𝑥 = 9𝑥
(5𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 = −3𝑥
Get the correct factors that gives the middle term −9𝑥. (5𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
Therefore, 5𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 2 = (5𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
Example 3: Factor 6𝑚2 − 13𝑚 + 5.
Solution: 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = −13, 𝑐 = 5
Since 𝑐 is positive and 𝑏 is negative then the factors of 5 must be both negative.

Factor 6𝑚2 = 6𝑚 · 𝑚 and5 = −1 · −5

= 2𝑚 · 3𝑚

Write the possible factors and solve the middle term.

Possible factors Middle/linear term
(6𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 5) −𝑚 − 30𝑚 = −31𝑚

(6𝑚 − 5)(𝑚 − 1) −5𝑚 − 6𝑚 = −11𝑚

(2𝑚 − 1) (3𝑚 − 5) −3𝑚 − 10𝑚 = −13𝑚
(2𝑚 − 5) (3𝑚 − 1) −15𝑚 − 2𝑚 = −17𝑚
Get the correct factors that gives the middle term −13𝑚.
(2𝑚 − 1) (3𝑚 − 5)
Therefore, 6𝑚2 − 13𝑚 + 5 = (2𝑚 − 1) (3𝑚 − 5)
To factor general trinomial under case 2 is not easy. You have
difficulty in combining possible factors. Here is another way to
factor the general trinomial under case 2. It is called the “ac
test”.
 The ac test is used in testing whether trinomial is factorable or not. That
is a quadratic trinomial a𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 if the product ac can
be factored into two factors m and n such that 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 𝑏.
Let us apply the ac test in factoring 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3.
Solution: 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 7, 𝑐 = 3
𝑎𝑐 = 2 · 3 = 6
Since 𝑏 and 𝑐 are both positive then the factors must be both positive.
Think two positive numbers whose product is 6 and the sum is 7.
Answer: 1 and 6 where 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑛 = 6.
You can show2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 3.
Step 1: Prepare a 2 by 2 grid.

Step 2: 2𝑥²
a. Place the first term of the trinomial in and the third term in
3

b. Place 𝑚 and 𝑛 in the ac test inand

𝑥 6𝑥

or
6𝑥 𝑥

2𝑥² 𝑥 2𝑥² 6𝑥
The new 2x2 grid is or

6𝑥 3 𝑥 3
Note: The product of the terms in and and the terms in
and are equal.
6𝑥² 6𝑥² 2𝑥² 6𝑥
2𝑥² 𝑥
or
𝑥 3
6𝑥 3

6𝑥² 6𝑥²

Step 3: Factor each row and column.

2𝑥 1
Column:
a. The GCMF of 2𝑥² and 6𝑥 is 2𝑥. 𝑥 2𝑥² 𝑥
b. The GCMF of 𝑥 and 3 is 1.
3 6𝑥 3

Row:

a. The GCMF of 2x² and x is x.

b. The GCMF of 6x and 3 is 3. OR
Column:
𝑥 3
a. The GCMF of 2𝑥² and 𝑥 is 𝑥.
b. The GCMF of 6𝑥 and 3 is 3. 2𝑥

Row:
1
a. The GCMF of 2𝑥² and 6𝑥 is 2𝑥.
b. The GCMF of 𝑥 and 3 is 1.
2𝑥² 6𝑥

𝑥 3

Therefore, 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 1) or (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3).

Example 2: 5𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 2
Solution: 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = −9, 𝑐 = −2
𝑎𝑐 = 5 · −2 = −10
Think two numbers whose sum is −9 and the product is −10.
Answer: −10 and 1 where 𝑚 = −10 and 𝑛 = 1.
You can show 5𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 2 = 5𝑥² − 10𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2.
 Prepare 2x2 grid.

5𝑥² 𝑥 or 5𝑥² −10𝑥

−10𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2

Factor each column and row using the GCMF.

𝑥 −2 5𝑥 1

5𝑥 5𝑥² or−10𝑥 𝑥 5𝑥² 𝑥

1 𝑥 −2 −2 −10𝑥 −2

Therefore, 5𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 2 = (5𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) or (𝑥 − 2)(5𝑥 + 1).

Practice Exercises:
Let us Try This:

Practice Task 1
Identify the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐. Find 𝑎𝑐.
1. 2𝑎2 + 11𝑎 + 12
2. 7𝑏2 + 10𝑏 − 8
3. 6𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 12
4. 3𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 3
5. 15𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
Practice Task 2
Use the diagram to factor each of the following trinomials
1. 3𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = 2. 5𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 2 =

3𝑥² 6𝑥 5𝑥² −10𝑥

𝑥 2 𝑥 −2
3. 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎 − 3 = 4. 4𝑦2 + 8𝑦 + 3 =

4𝑎² −6𝑎

2𝑎 −3

5. 6𝑛2 − 17𝑛 + 5 =
 4𝑦² 6𝑦

2y 3

6𝑛² −15𝑛

−2𝑛 5

Practice Task 3
Factor the following trinomials
1. 2𝑎2 + 11𝑎 + 12
2. 7𝑏2 + 10𝑏 − 8
3. 6𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 12
4. 3𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 3
5. 15𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
Assignment:
For you to reinforce the information provided in this lesson try to
answer the given assignment.

Factor the following completely.

a. 9𝑥² + 6𝑥 + 1
b. 10𝑦² + 𝑦 − 3
c. 3𝑎² − 12𝑎 + 9

Post Test:

A. Fill in the blank.

1. The greatest common factor of 35 and 49 is .
2. The greatest common factor of 𝑐 3 and 𝑐 8 is .
3. The greatest common monomial factor of 27𝑟2 and 9𝑟3 is .
 4. The greatest common monomial factor of 13𝑘 − 26 is .
5. 5𝑏 + 7𝑐 + 9𝑑 is called polynomial.
Factor the following polynomials if necessary.
6. 10𝑐𝑑 − 25
7. 36𝑦3 + 18𝑦10
8. 𝑢5𝑣6 − 7𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢8𝑣2
9. 18𝑚5 + 12𝑚4 + 6𝑚3
10. 12𝑞4 − 72𝑞3 − 120𝑞2

B. Supply the missing parts to make the binomials difference of

two squares.
1. 𝑎4 − 16 = (𝑎 2)2 − ( )2
2. ( ) − 64 = (𝑘 3)2 − (8)2
1
3. 𝑥 6 𝑦 6 − ( ) = (𝑥 3𝑦 3)2 − ( )2
3
4. 8
0.36 − 𝑠 = ( )2 − (𝑠 )² 4

1 2
5. 4
𝑥2 − = ( 2
𝑥) − ( )²
25 36 5
Factor completely.
6. 𝑎2 − 121
7. 64𝑏2 − 1
8. 49𝑚4 − 36𝑛4
9. 𝑥𝑦3 − 𝑥3𝑦
10. 36𝑥3 − 16𝑥5

C. Fill in the blanks to make the statement true.

1. The cube root of 729 is .
2. is the cube of 4m.
3. 𝑘 3 − 27 is a of two cubes.
4. The binomial factor of 𝑚3 − 64 is .
5. The factored form of 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 is (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐 3) and
3 6 9 2
.
Factor the following completely.
6. 8𝑥3 + 𝑦3
7. 𝑘3 − 27𝑠3
8. 𝑎3 + 216
9. 125 − 𝑏3
10. 27𝑎3 + 125𝑏3

D. Determine which of the following is a perfect square

trinomial. 1. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9
 2. 𝑦2 + 4𝑦 + 4
3. 𝑚2 + 16𝑚 + 64
4. 𝑛2 − 10𝑛 − 25
5. 9𝑎2 − 36𝑎 + 24
Factor the following perfect square trinomials.
6. 16 + 8𝑘 + 𝑘2
7. 𝑑2 − 20𝑑 + 100
8. 1 + 6𝑐 + 9𝑐2
9. 81 − 18𝑑 + 𝑑2
10.49𝑏2 − 84𝑏 + 36

E. Factor each of the following general trinomials

1. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
2. 𝑦2 + 4𝑦 − 5
3. 𝑚2 − 8𝑚 + 7
4. 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 − 40
5. 𝑘2 − 11𝑘 + 28
6. 𝑎2 − 3𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏2
7. 𝑚2 − 2𝑚𝑛 − 3𝑛2
8. 𝑢2 − 3𝑢𝑣 − 10𝑣2
9. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 + 15𝑦2
10. 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 20𝑦 2

F. Determine whether the statement is true or false. Write Y if it is

true and N if it is false.
1. The value of 𝑥 in 3𝑥² + 8𝑥 − 7 is −7.
2. The factored form of 2𝑎² − 7𝑎 − 15 is (2𝑎 + 3) (𝑎 − 5).
3. The trinomial 6𝑥² + 36𝑥 + 36 have a common factor.
4. The linear term in 3𝑥² + 8𝑥 − 7 is 8𝑥.
5. The constant term has one degree.
Complete the remaining factors in each
item.
6. 3𝑥² + 11𝑥 + 6 = (3𝑥 + 2) ( )
7. 8𝑐² − 10𝑐 − 3 = (4𝑐 + 1) ( )
8. 2𝑥² + 𝑥 − 6 = (2𝑥 − 3) ( )
9. 2𝑥² − 5𝑥 − 3 = (2𝑥 + 1) ( )
10. 12𝑦² − 7𝑦 − 12 = (4𝑦 + 3) ( )
ANSWER KEY:
Pre-test
A.
1. 18 = 1 · 18
2·9
3·6
−1 · −18
−2 · −9
−3 · −6
2. 64 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 = 26
3. GCF of 24 and 100 is 4
4. 3𝑦²
5. 3𝑥(𝑥 + 5)

B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F

C.
1. 53 = 125
3
2. √64 = 4
3. 𝑚 + 𝑛
4. 9 + 3𝑐 + 𝑐2
5. (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)(4𝑥2 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦2)

D.
1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
2. 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 4
3. 49
4. (𝑦 + 5)2
5. (𝑥 − 3)2

E.
1. 12 = 1 · 12
=2· 6
=3·4
= −1 · −12
= −2 · −6
= −3 · −4
2. −18 = (1) (−18)
= (−1) (18)
= (2) (−9)
= (−2) (9)
= (3) (−6)
= (−3) (6)
 3. 4 and 5
4. (𝑎 + 3) (𝑎 + 7)
5. (2𝑏 + 1) (𝑏 + 5)

Lesson 1:
Practice task 1:
1. 𝑥 4 2. 𝑎𝑏 3. 11 4. 8𝑚𝑛 5. 3𝑥𝑦
Practice task 2:
1. 5(𝑎 + 3)
2. 3𝑥(1 − 9𝑥4)
3. 2(2𝑏 − 3)
4. 11𝑦2(1 + 3𝑦2)
5. 5(𝑐 − 5𝑑)
Practice Task 3:
1. 𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)
2. 3(3𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑥 + 12𝑦)
3. Prime polynomial
4. 3𝑥2𝑦2(𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥3𝑦3 + 27)
5. 15𝑚𝑘(4 + 3𝑚2𝑘6 + 2𝑚3𝑘)
Assignment:
a. 6𝑥
b. 6𝑥(3𝑥 + 2)
c. 𝑃 = 18𝑥² + 12𝑥
= 18(2)² + 12(2)
= 18(4) + 24
= 72 + 24
𝑃 = 96

𝑃 = 18𝑥² + 12𝑥
= 18(3)² + 12(3)
= 18(9) + 36
= 162 + 36
𝑃 = 198
Lesson 2:
Practice Task 1:
1. No 2. Yes 3. Yes 4. No 5. No
Practice Task 2:
1. (𝑚 + 7)(𝑚 − 7)
2. (9 + 𝑥𝑦)(9 − 𝑥𝑦)
2 1 2 1
3. ( + 𝑛2) ( − 𝑛2)
3 5 3 5
4. (0.1𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐2)(0.1𝑎 − 𝑏𝑐2)
5. (2𝑦 + 7)(2𝑦 − 7)
Practice Task 3:
1. (𝑥4 + 𝑦4)(𝑥2 + 𝑦2)(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
2. (𝑚2 + 𝑛2)(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 − 𝑛)
3. 5𝑥2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
4. 2𝑎(𝑎 + 2)(𝑎 − 2)
5. 𝑎(𝑏 + 10𝑎)(𝑏 − 10𝑎)
Assignment:
1. a. 25 2. 𝑚2 − 𝑛2 = (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 − 𝑛)
b. 81

Lesson 3:
Practice Task 1:
1. 𝑚
2. 3𝑛
3. −𝑑²
4. −10𝑠
5. 2 𝑘𝑔
3

Practice Task 2:
1. (𝑦 + 3)(𝑦2 − 3𝑦 + 9)
2. (𝑎 − 4)(𝑎2 + 4𝑎 + 16)
3. (2𝑟 − 1)(4𝑟2 + 2𝑟 + 1)
4. (𝑥2 + 𝑦)(𝑥4 − 𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑦2)
5. (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 − 𝑛)(𝑚4 + 𝑚2𝑛2 + 𝑛4)
Practice Task 3:
1. (𝑚2 + 5)(𝑚4 − 5𝑚2 + 25)
2. (6 − 𝑟)(36 + 6𝑟 + 𝑟2)
1 1 1 1 1
3. ( + 𝑑)( − 𝑑 + 𝑑²)
21 3 1 41 6 19 1
4. ( 𝑥 − )( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥+ )
7 5 49 35 25
5. (0.1𝑏 − 2)(0.01𝑏2 + 0.2𝑏 + 4)
 Assignment:
1. (𝑘 + 8)(𝑘2 − 8𝑘 + 64)
2. 4𝑏(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
3. [(𝑥 + 2) + 10][(𝑥 + 2)2 − 10(𝑥 + 2) + 100]

Lesson 4:
Practice Task 1:
1. 1 2. 1 3. 2 4. 2 5. 1
Practice Task 2:
1. 16 2. 25 3. 14𝑚 4. 6𝑛 5. 𝑥 2
Practice Task 3:
1. (𝑟 + 10)2
2. (𝑠 − 9)2
3. (𝑘 + 11)2
4. (5𝑛 + 1)2
5. (8 + 𝑧)2

Assignment:
1. 6
2. 7𝑟
3. 25𝑎2𝑏2

Lesson 5:
Practice Task 1:
1. 1 + 8 = 9
(1)(8) = 8
2. 3 + 7 = 10
(3)(7) = 21
3. 2 + 18 = 20
(2)(18) = 36
4. −3 + −8 = −11
(−3)(−8) = 24
5. −2 + −4 = −6
(−2) (−4) = 8
Practice Task 2:
1. (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 7) 4. (𝑚 + 7) (𝑚 − 5)
2. (𝑦 + 3) (𝑦 + 8) 5. (𝑛 − 14) (𝑛 + 3)
 3. (𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 4)
Practice Task 3:
1. Prime
2. (2 + 𝑏) (18 + 𝑏)
3. (21 − 𝑘) (2 − 𝑘)
4. (𝑥 + 4𝑦) (𝑥 + 6𝑦)
5. (𝑦 − 7𝑥) (𝑦 − 7𝑥)
Assignment:
1. 𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 15
𝑘 = 8 or 𝑘 = {8,16}
𝑘 = 16
2. 𝑘 = {−11, 11, −4,4, −1,1} or 𝑘 = ±11, ±4, ±1
3. 𝑘 = {−19,19, −8,8, −1,1} or 𝑘 = ±19, ±8, ±1
Case 2: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 when 𝑎 ≠ 1
Practice Task 1:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑐
1. 2𝑎 + 11𝑎 + 12
2
2 11 12 24
2. 7𝑏2 + 10𝑏 − 8 7 10 −8 −56
3. 6𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 12 6 1 −12 −72
4. 3𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 3 3 10 3 9
5. 15𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 15 1 −2 −30

Practice Task 2:
1. (𝑥 + 2) (3𝑥 + 1)
2. (𝑥 − 2) (5𝑥 + 1)
3. (2𝑎 − 3) (2𝑎 + 1)
4. (2𝑦 + 3) (2𝑦 + 1)
5. (2𝑛 − 5) (3𝑛 − 1)
Practice Task 3:
1. (𝑎 + 4) (2𝑎 + 3)
2. (𝑏 + 2) (7𝑏 − 4)
3. (2𝑚 + 3) (3𝑚 − 4)
4. (𝑎 + 3) (3𝑎 + 1)
5. (5𝑎 + 2) (3𝑎 − 1)

Assignment:
1. (3𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1)/(3𝑥 + 1)²
Post Test: 2. (5𝑦 + 3)(2𝑦 − 1)
A. 3. 3(𝑎 − 3) (𝑎 − 1)

1. 7 6. 5(2𝑐𝑑 − 5)
2. c³ 7. 18𝑦³(2 + 𝑦 7)
3. 9𝑟² 8. 𝑢𝑣(𝑢 4𝑣 5 − 7 + 𝑢 7𝑣)
4. 13 9. 6𝑚3(3𝑚 2 + 2𝑚 + 1)
5. Prime polynomial 10. 12𝑞 2(𝑞 2 − 6𝑞 − 10)

B. 1. 4 2. 𝑘 6 3. 1
9 4. 0.6 5. 1
6

6. (𝑎 + 11)(𝑎 − 11)
7. (8𝑏 + 1)(8𝑏 − 1)
8. (7𝑚2 + 6𝑛2)(7𝑚2 − 6𝑛2)
9. 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 + 𝑥)(𝑦 − 𝑥)
10. 4𝑥 3(3 + 2𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥)

C.
1. 9
2. 64𝑚³
3. Difference of 2 cubes
4. 𝑚 − 4
5. 𝑎2𝑏4 − 𝑎𝑏2𝑐3 + 𝑐6
6. (2𝑥 + 𝑦)(4𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦²)
7. (𝑘 − 3𝑠)(𝑘2 + 3𝑠𝑘 + 9𝑠2)
8. (𝑎 + 6)(𝑎2 − 6𝑎 + 36)
9. (5 − 𝑏)(25 + 5𝑏 + 𝑏 2)
10. (3𝑎 + 5𝑏)(9𝑎2 − 15𝑎𝑏 + 25𝑏 2)

D.
1. Not a perfect square Trinomial
2. Perfect square Trinomial
3. Perfect square Trinomial
4. Not a perfect square Trinomial
5. Not a perfect Square Trinomial
6. (4 + 𝑘)2
7. (𝑑 − 10)2
8. (1 + 3𝑐)2
9. (9 − 𝑑)2
10. (7𝑏 − 6)2
 E.
1. (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 2) 6. (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑎 − 2𝑏)
2. (𝑦 + 5) (𝑦 − 1) 7. (𝑚 − 3𝑛) (𝑚 + 𝑛)
3. (𝑚 − 1) (𝑚 − 7) 8. (𝑢 − 5𝑣) (𝑢 + 2𝑣)
4. (𝑛 − 8) (𝑛 + 5) 9. (𝑥 − 3𝑦) (𝑥 − 5𝑦)
5. (𝑘 − 4) (𝑘 − 7) 10. (𝑥 − 2𝑦) (𝑥 − 10𝑦)

F.
1. N 6. (𝑥 + 3)
2. Y 7. (2𝑐 − 3)
3. Y 8. (𝑥 + 2)
4. Y 9. (𝑥 − 3)
5. N 10. (3𝑦 − 4)

References:
Alfrez, M and Alfrez G. (2004). MSA Elementary Algebra. MSA
Publishing House Philippines
Oronce, O. and Mendoza M. (2003). Exploring Mathematics. Rex Book
Store. Manila, Philippines
Torreliza, E. et.al. (1999). Moving Ahead with Mathematica II. FNB
Educational Inc., Philippines