A.

Y 2021 – 2022

GRADE 9 SCIENCE
SELF LEARNING MODULE (SLM)

As pandemic concern this module was designed as a foundation of information and guide
in accepting the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs). Understanding the objective
contents and abilities can be further enriched thru the K to 12 Learning Materials and other
supplementary materials such as worksheets/activity sheets and thru other learning modalities.

The following are some reminders;

1.) Grading system for SCIENCE is 50 % written task and 50% performance task.
2.) Use the module with care.
3.) Read and Understand carefully the content of this module.
4.) Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
5.) Answer all the activities in “Mind Challenge” section located at the last part of the
module. It measures what you have learned and applying what you have learned. Take note:
This segment is the graded part!
6.) Write all your answers on the activity sheets. Follow all the directions.
7.) Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks.
8.) Return this module to your teacher/facilitator in a scheduled time and day.
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mind that you are not alone.
I hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! Your academic success lies in your
own hands! Stay safe!

MAY OUR LORD GODSCIENCE

BLESS YOU AND 9:
GRADE GIVES YOU
FIRST MORE KNOWLEDGE AND
QUARTER
ModuleWISDOM.
No. 1: Week 1 and 2
Respiratory and Circulatory systems working with the other organ systems

AA Science Department

Zacarias T. Pasadas V Focus

Science Teacher 9 points

 Identify the different structure of the circulatory system and respiratory systems that work together to transport
oxygen – rich blood and nutrients parts of the body.

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  Identify measures that lead to prevention, detection and treatment of disease affecting the circulatory and respiratory
systems.
 Infer how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of respiratory and circulatory systems.

Navigate

This lesson will provide you an essence information about the fundamental parts and its functions of Circulatory and
Respiratory system likewise on how respiratory and circulatory work together in transporting nutrients, gases and other
molecules to and from the different parts of the body.

Nowadays in the time of pandemic, if a person is experiencing symptoms like fever, colds and has a hard time of
breathing, there is a necessary measure to keep oneself away from the suspicion of having acquired virus that weakens organ
system, this can be explained by the interaction of respiratory and circulatory system if the virus (Covid – 19) gets in the body.
How is it possible?

You will learn all these in the succeeding lessons. Let’s start by studying the coordinated parts and functions of the organs in
the circulatory and respiratory system.

The Circulatory system

The circulatory system is also known as the “internal transport system”. This system is responsible for transporting
materials throughout the entire body. The circulatory system is the life support structure that nourishes your cells with nutrients
from the food you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe. The circulatory system has several functions, namely;

1. It transports nutrients and oxygen to various cells all over the body.
2. It acts as defense against harmful bacteria or viruses that may cause diseases.
3. It helps maintain fluid balance and normal body temperature (homeostasis).
4. It collects wastes and transports them to respective organs where they would have excreted.

This organ system is composed of the heart, which is a muscular pumping organ; the blood which is the circulating
medium and a closed system of blood vessels the arteries, veins and capillaries.

HEART

o Located near the center of your chest

o Hollow structure

o Composed almost entirely of muscle

o About the size of your clenched fist

o Muscular organ that pumps blood to the different parts of the body.

o 3 layers of tissues from the walls of the heart.

Figure 1. The Human Heart
a. Epicardium – outer layer of the heart, inner part of the pericardium that is closely
adhered to the heart.
b. Myocardium – middle muscular part of that is composed of
cardiac muscle tissue.
c. Endocardium – inner layer of the heart

Between the outer pericardium and the epicardium is the pericardial

activity that is filled with pericardial fluids.

Figure 2. Tissue Layers of the Heart

 Chambers of the heart


A four chambered heart.

Interior of the heart is divided into four chambers namely; right
atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.
 The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart, accepting
blood (oxygen poor) from the body via vena cava (right
atrium) and from the lungs via pulmonary veins (left atrium)
 The ventricles are the pumping chambers, the right ventricle
pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation, while the left
ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body.
 Heart sounds
 Identifying
Figure
the3.heart
Chambers
sounds of theaHeart
using stethoscope
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  The first sound (lub) is produced by the contraction of the of the ventricles. This sound is the systole. (longer duration)
 The second sound (dub) is produced by the relaxation of the ventricles. This sound is the diastole. (shorter duration)
 Pacemaker is a specialized region in the heart that maintains and sets the rate at which the heart contracts.

 Valves of the heart

 The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a septum,
or wall.
 The septum prevents the mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen
poor blood.
 Valves are flaps of muscles that prevent blood from back
flowing.
 Two sets of valves; atrioventricular valves and the pulmonary
valves work to ensure the blood will MOVE ONLY IN ONE
DIRECTION.
 atrioventricular valves also known as “cuspid valves”. The right
atrioventricular valve is the “tricuspid valve”, while the left
atrioventricular valve is the “bicuspid valve or mitral valve”.
 The valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery is
the pulmonary semilunar valve.
 The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is the aortic
valve.
Figure 4. Valves of the Heart

BLOOD VESSELS
 carries the blood throughout the body. Network of channels that convey blood to all parts of the body.
 Closed circulation. Classified into three;

1. Arteries
 Elastic blood vessels.
 It recoils and rebounds in a pulsating manner.
 Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues
and organs of the body.
 Aorta is the largest artery. It conveys oxygen rich blood pumped
by the left ventricle to all parts of the body.
 Pulmonary artery convey blood pumped by the right ventricle to
the lungs for OXYGENATION.
 Arterioles – smallest arteries. Play a key role in regulating blood
flow into the tissue capillaries.

2. Veins Figure 5. Living Blood vessels

 Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. Pulmonary veins convey
oxygen rich blood
back to the left atrium of the heart.
 Functionally veins, convey blood coming from all parts of the body toward the heart.
 From the capillaries of the different tissues and organs in the body, blood enters the smallest veins called venules.

3. Capillaries
 Smallest blood vessels in the body, connecting the smallest arteries to the smallest veins.
 Actual site where gases and nutrients are exchanged.

Blood

 Carries the materials throughout the body.

 A liquid connective tissue that looks like a plain red fluid that is composed of a liquid called plasma.
 Circulating medium of the cardiovascular system. The blood comprises 8 % of the human body weight. An average adult
has about five liters of blood.
 Functions: Transport materials and to fight infections
 Two components: Plasma and the formed elements (corpuscles)
 Plasma is the nonliving part of the blood. 92 % water that has also has proteins, salts and other transported materials.
 Formed elements also known “corpuscles” suspended in the plasma, comprises 45 % of the blood by weight. These
formed elements are synthesized in the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) of flat and long bones.

 3 formed elements

1. Red blood cells

 Erythrocytes or red corpuscles
 Lack nuclei

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  Transport respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
 The red color is attributed to the pigment “hemoglobin”, an iron – containing molecule that can bind with oxygen.
 Estimated lifespan of RBC is 100 – 120 days before being replace with new ones.

2. White blood cells

 Leukocytes or white corpuscles
 Cells with nuclei
 Act as the defense of the body against harmful bacteria and other foreign microorganisms.
 Larger than RBC’s. An increase in their number indicates infection.
 Estimated normal lifespan of WBC is 13 – 20 days.
 5 types of white blood cells
TYPES FUNCTIONS
1. Neutrophils  mainly target bacteria and fungi.
 most abundant type of WBC
 usually respond and multiple quickly.
 formed from stem cells in bone marrow.
 60 % proportion in a blood specimen

2. Basophils  Mainly reasons for allergic reactions.

 Defend against parasites and bacteria by excreting two chemicals: HEPARIN and
HISTAMINES
 NOT ANTIGEN specific (they don’t have to determine the identity of the invading
substances before taking action against it)
 1 % proportion in a blood specimen

3. Eosinophils  Target larger parasites (worms and modulate allergic inflammatory responses).
 3 % proportion in a blood specimen.

4. Monocytes  Largest type of white blood cell.

 6 % proportions in a blood specimen

5. Lymphocytes  - front liners

 Identify and destroy foreign invaders.
 30 % proportion in a blood specimen.

3. Platelets
 Thrombocytes
 Without nuclei, considered the smallest blood cells.
 Aid in blood clotting.
 Function: prevent blood loss by clogging injured blood vessels.
 A trap called fibrin platelets that causes the clogging of damaged blood vessels.
 Blood clotting process is an adaptation that stops the bleeding process due to an injury.

DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS

 Karl Landsteiner – discovered four different blood groups that characterize human populations.
 Blood groups: A, B, AB, O.
 Depends on what you have INHERITED from your parents.

Table 1. The different Blood Groups

The Heart and Blood Circulation

The human heart consists of four chambers: The left and

right atrium which are the receiving chambers contracts to push
blood into the lower chambers. The left and right ventricles which
act as the pumping chambers propel blood to the lungs or to the rest
of the human body.

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 There are two distinct but linked circuits in the human circulation called the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Both circuits transport blood and gases. The pulmonary circuit transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up
oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the
tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the
pulmonary circulation.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk, which leads toward the lungs and divides into two
branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries. These vessels in turn branch many times before reaching the pulmonary
capillaries, where gas exchange occurs. The carbon dioxide exits the blood and oxygen enters. The pulmonary trunk
arteries and their branches are the only arteries in the post-natal body that carry relatively deoxygenated blood.

Highly oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs passes through a series of vessels
that join together to form the pulmonary veins—the only post-natal veins in the body that carry highly oxygenated blood.
The pulmonary veins conduct blood into the left atrium, which pumps the blood into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps
oxygenated blood into the aorta and on to the many branches of the systemic circuit.

Eventually, these vessels will lead to the systemic capillaries, where exchange with the tissue fluid and cells of the
body occurs. In this case, oxygen and nutrients exit the systemic capillaries to be used by the cells in their metabolic
processes, and carbon dioxide and waste products will enter the blood.

The blood exiting the systemic capillaries is lower in oxygen concentration than when it entered. The capillaries
will ultimately unite to form venules, joining to form ever-larger veins, eventually flowing into the two major systemic veins,
the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, which return blood to the right atrium. The blood in the superior and
inferior venae cava flows into the right atrium, which pumps blood into the right ventricle. This process of blood circulation
continues as long as the individual remains alive.

Dual System of the Human Blood Circulation Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, where it is
pumped into the pulmonary circuit. The blood in the pulmonary artery branches is low in oxygen but relatively high in
carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the pulmonary capillaries (oxygen into the blood, carbon dioxide out), and blood
high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide is returned to the left atrium. From here, blood enters the left ventricle, which
pumps it into the systemic circuit. Following exchange in the systemic capillaries (oxygen and nutrients out of the capillaries
and carbon dioxide and wastes in), blood returns to the right atrium and the cycle is repeated.

In immediate, there are four types of circulation: (1) coronary (2) pulmonary (3) systemic (4) fetal
1. Coronary circulation – circulation of blood within the heart.
2. Pulmonary circulation – circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs.
3. Systemic circulation – circulation of blood between the heart and the cells of the body.
4. Fetal circulation – circulatory system of a fetus. The term usually encompasses the entire fetoplacental circulation, which
includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.

How the Circulatory System Works?

 Hormones from glands help regulate cell activity.

 Oxygen from the lungs combines with nutrients to provide energy.

 Nutrients from the digestive system provide food for the cells.

 Germ fighters (antibodies) from different parts of the body help to fight infection and disease.

 Wastes are carried to the liver and kidneys for removal from the body.

 Carbon Dioxide, a waste gas, is carried away and delivered to the lungs, which remove it from the body.

Respiratory system: How the different organs of respiration work with the circulatory system?

 The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen and to deliver oxygen – rich blood to all
parts of the body.
 To accomplish this function, at least four processes, collectively called respiration, must happen:
1. Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases there are continuously changed and
refreshed (commonly called breathing).

2. External respiration: movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the
lungs.

3. Transport of respiratory gases: transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and of carbon
dioxide from the tissue cells to the lungs. This transport is accomplished by the cardiovascular system using blood as
the transporting fluid.

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 4. Internal respiration: movement of oxygen from blood to the tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to
blood.

 Breathing is the process of drawing air into the lungs (inhalation) and its corresponding expulsion(exhalation).

 The respiratory system includes many different organs that work together for gas exchange to take place.

a. Nose – gateway of the respiratory system. The nasal cavity is lined with
tiny hair called cilia and mucus membranes that secretes a sticky fluid
that moisten and warm the air.
b. Pharynx or throat – the narrow space located right after the mouth and
nose. It contains epiglottis, which closes off the opening of the trachea
when you swallow. The part of the pharynx that is related to respiration
is called nasopharynx.
c. Larynx or voice box – organ that connects the pharynx and the trachea.
It contains the vocal chords that produce sounds when vibrated by air.
d. Trachea – functions as the passageway of air going in and out of the
lungs.
e. Bronchus – it is the extension of the trachea that divides the left and
right lungs. It further branches to form bronchioles.
f. Air sac – considered the functioning system of the lungs. Each air sac is
composed of several microscopic out pocketing called alveoli.
Capillaries surround the alveoli. The actual exchange of gases occurs
between the blood and the alveoli.
g. Diaphragm – a sheet of smooth muscle located below the lungs. It
works with the lungs during the breathing process.
Figure 7. Parts of the Respiratory system

Some bad habits that Affect the Circulatory and the Respiratory system

1. Cigarette smoking – some of chemicals that can be found in a cigarette includes;

- CANCER – CAUSING CHEMICALS or substances are known as “carcinogens”.
Chromium (paint) methanol (rocket fuel) arsenic (poison)
Sewer gas (methane) acetic acid (vinegar) cadmium (batteries)
Stearic acid (candle wax) toluene (industrial solvent) carbon monoxide
Ammonia (toilet cleaner) butane (lighter fluid)

2. Alcohol drinking - studies show that alcohol is harmful to the heart.

- Excessive alcohol intake can increase your blood pressure and eventually can caused called
“cardiomyopathy”.

3. Lack of exercise
4. Lack of sleep
5. Sedentary lifestyle

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory and Respiratory system

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. Sickle – cell anemia

 This is an inherited form of anemia in which there are not enough
RBC’s to carry enough oxygen throughout the body.
 In this condition, the RBC’s become rigid, sticky and are shaped like
sickles.
Figure 8. Sickle - cell anemia
2. Hemophilia
 Genetic disorder in which the blood does
not clot normally causing the sufferer to bleed
severely from even the slightest injury.

Figure 9. Hemophilia

3. Myocarditis
 This is the inflammation of the heart muscle,
the most common cause of which is viral infection
Figure 10. Myocarditis

4. Myocardial infraction
 Also called “heart attack”

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  Occurs when atherosclerotic plaque (block in the blood vessel) in the coronary artery totally obstructs the artery and
prevents the blood from flowing normally.

5. Aneurysm
 a balloon like swelling of an artery
due to the weakness of the blood vessel.

Figure 11. Brain aneurysm

6. Arrhythmia
 An abnormality in the beating of the heart.

7. Congenital heart defect

 an abnormality in the structure of the heart upon a child’s birth.

Respiratory system

Various disorders also interrupt the normal functioning of the respiratory system. These are some of the common disorders.

1. Rhinitis
 inflammation of the nasal cavity. It could be the result of an allergic
reaction causing excessive mucus membrane.

Figure 12. Rhinitis

2. Laryngitis
 Swelling of the vocal cords. It could be caused by the overuse of the voice
box, the presence of very dry air or bacterial infection.

Figure 13. Laryngitis

3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD’s)

 These are caused by smoking or bacterial infections. Their effects decrease the person’s ability to force air out of the
lungs.

a. Bronchitis – excessive production of mucus in the

bronchus

Figure 14. Bronchitis

b. Emphysema – permanent enlargement of the alveoli and

destruction of their walls.

Figure 15. Myocarditis

c. Pneumonia – inflammation of the lungs, in which fluid

accumulates in the alveoli. It is caused by an infection
brought about bacteria or viruses.

Figure 16. Pneumonia

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 Module 1: Circulatory and Respiratory System

Mind Challenge!

NAME: DATE:
GRADE/SECTION: SCORE:

Check your knowledge

Learning Task 1: Multiple choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. All of the following are functions of the circulatory system except;

a. Thermoregulation c. Transport hormones and antibodies
b. Transport of waste products d. Hematopoiesis

2. The chamber of the heart responsible for receiving blood as it returns from the lungs after it has been reoxygenated.
a. Right atrium b. Right ventricle c. Left atrium d. Left ventricle

3. This is the only artery that carries unoxygenated blood away from the heart.
a. Aorta b. superior vena cava c. pulmonary artery d. NOTA

4. The vessels in the circulatory system where the exchange of gas takes place are the _____________.
a. Veins b. Aorta c. Arteries d. Capillaries

5. In tracing the path of air in humans, the trachea comes _______________.

a. Before the pharynx c. Directly before the bronchi
b. Directly after the nose d. Directly before the lungs

Learning Task 2: Identification. Identify the following. Choose your answers inside the box.

1. The main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system.
__________________ Left atrium
2. The upper right chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Aorta
_______________________
3. The chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. Pulmonary artery
____________________
4. The artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. Right ventricle
____________________
5. Is the thickest of the heart's chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all Left ventricle
over the body. ___________________

Learning task 3: Identification. Write the letter of the word or phrase from the bank to answer questions 1-8 phrase/word bank:

a. relaxes and moves up e. exhale

b. capillaries f. contracts and flattens out
c. pleura g. carbon dioxide
d. breathing in

1. What does inhaling mean?

2. What happens to your diaphragm when you inhale?
3. What keeps mucus and dirt out of the lungs?
4. What allows oxygen to pass into your blood?

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 5. What word means to breathe out?
6. What happens to your diaphragm when you exhale?
__________7. What is the waste product you breathe out?
8. What is the name of the protective layer around the lungs.

Learning task 4: Fill in the blanks. Supply the missing term to have a functional understanding of the flow of blood in the pulmonary circulation.

Blood coming all parts of the body is received by the ______________ of the heart by the way of the blood vessel called ____________.
Contraction of the right atrium sends blood to the ______________. At this point, the ____________ valves are open. Contraction of the right
ventricle forces blood to the ______________ for oxygenation by the way of the ___________. At this point, the _____________ valves are open,
while _______________ valves are closed to prevent the back flow of the blood in the right atrium.
From the lungs, oxygenated blood goes back to the _______________ of the heart via the blood vessels called ____________. Contraction
of the left atrium forces blood to the ______________. At this point, the _______________ are open. Contraction of the left ventricle pumps blood to
_______________ by the way of the _____________, the largest artery. At this point, the __________ valves are open while ____________ are
closed to prevent the backflow of ___________ in the left atrium.

Check your understanding!

Learning Task 5:

Study the Figure A, then answer the questions.

1. What percent of blood is liquid? _________
2. What is the name of the liquid part of blood? __________
a) The liquid part of blood is made up mostly of _________________. (Hint – look back
to the reading.)
b) What percent? ___________
3. All of the blood cells together make up _______% of blood.
4. RBC’s make up _______% of blood; WBC’s make up ______ %.

Study the Figure B, then answer the questions.

1. Which blood cells are the largest?

________________
2. Which type of blood cell is most numerous?
_______________
3. Which cells are shaped like ‘pinched’ disks?
_______________

Study the Figure C, then answer the questions.

1. What kind of blood cells is shown? __________

Describe briefly what is happening in Figure C.
2.

1. A boy met an accident. He cut a large blood vessel in his hands. Every few seconds, the blood would spurt out. What would this tell you about the
kind of blood vessels that was cut? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which part of the blood helps fight disease? ______________________

3. What does the circulatory system distribute to the body as it works with the respiratory system? _________________
4. Why the human heart is called a double pump?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What will happen if oxygen is not transported by the blood to the different body?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. When we breathe in, we inhale many gases present in the air, including oxygen. What do you think happens to the gases that are not needed?

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 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Why does your heart beat faster and why does your breathing rate (deeper and faster) when you do strenuous activities?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Source: Science 21 Bio– C – circulation B50

Apply what you have learned

Learning task 6: Answer the following.

1. Cancer of the white blood cells is called leukemia. Like other cancers, leukemia is associated with rapid and uncontrolled cell division.
Examine the figure bellow and predict which subject might be suffering from leukemia. Explain your reasoning.

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 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. In the early morning, Elbert, a 47-year-old male, enters the emergency ward of St. Michael’s Hospital in Toronto complaining of chest pains.
He had been shoveling snow and suddenly experienced sharp pain in his chest, shortness of breath, and nausea. As the emergency ward staff
prepares to diagnose and treat the problem, they note that this is the sixth patient with similar symptoms since the heavy snowfall the previous
evening. Based only on Mr. Smith’s description of his symptoms, the obvious suspicion is that the patient is having or has had a heart attack,
and the priority is to stabilize his condition and prevent further damage.
a. Within 10 minutes, a blood sample is taken and sent for analysis, and the patient is connected to an electrocardiograph. Explain what these
two tests are testing for.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. The tests confirm that Mr. Smith has indeed had a heart attack. What immediate supplemental treatment will Mr. Smith most likely
receive?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Learning task 7: Draw me up! In a long bond paper, using your OLD COLORING MATERIALS make a poster with slogan about how COVID –
19 affect our daily health living specially our circulatory and respiratory systems.
Your product will be assessed based on the following criteria;

a.) Accuracy of content

b.) Awareness
c.) Organization and Coherence of idea
d.) Clarity of message
e.) Use of appropriate illustration

References:

Books

Aquino, M. D., et.al. (2017 Edition Enhanced Version). Science Links Work text for Scientific and Technological Literacy. Rex Printing Company,
Inc., Manila, Philippines.

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