RCD-Lecture 6-Shear Design
RCD-Lecture 6-Shear Design
2
Introduction
• Shear failure of reinforced concrete, more properly called diagonal
tension failure, is one example (resulting from the combination of
shear stress and longitudinal flexural stress)
• Shear failure is difficult to predict accurately. In spite of many
decades of experimental research and the use of highly
sophisticated analytical tools, it is not yet fully understood.
• Furthermore, if a beam without properly designed shear
reinforcement is overloaded to failure, shear collapse is likely to
occur suddenly, with no advance warning of distress. This is in
strong contrast with the nature of flexural failure.
3
Introduction
• Because of these differences in behavior, reinforced concrete
beams are generally provided with special shear reinforcement to
ensure that flexural failure would occur before shear failure if the
member were severely overloaded.
4
Introduction
Shear failure of reinforced
concrete beam: (a) overall
view and (b) detail near
right
support.
With no shear
reinforcement provided,
the member failed
immediately upon
formation of the critical
crack in the high-shear
region near the right
5
support.
Diagonal tension in homogeneous elastic beams
6
Diagonal tension in homogeneous elastic beams
7
Diagonal tension in homogeneous elastic beams
8
Diagonal tension in homogeneous elastic beams
9
Diagonal tension in homogeneous elastic beams
10
Diagonal tension in homogeneous elastic beams
11
Diagonal tension in homogeneous elastic beams
12
Diagonal tension in homogeneous elastic beams
13
Reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement
14
Reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement
15
Reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement
16
Reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement
17
Reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement
18
Formation of Diagonal Cracks
19
Formation of Diagonal Cracks
20
Formation of Diagonal Cracks
• Depending on configuration, support conditions, and load
distribution, a given location in a beam may have a large moment
combined with a small shear force, or the reverse, or large or small
values for both shear and moment.
• Evidently, the relative values of M and V will affect the magnitude
as well as the direction of the diagonal tension stresses.
21
Formation of Diagonal Cracks
• If flexural stresses are negligibly small at the particular location,
the diagonal tensile stresses, are inclined at about 45° and are
numerically equal to the shear stresses, with a maximum at the
neutral axis.
• Consequently, diagonal cracks form mostly at or near the neutral
axis and propagate from that location and are also called as also
called as web-shear cracks.
• Web-shear cracking is relatively rare and occurs chiefly near
supports of deep, thin-webbed beams
22
Formation of Diagonal Cracks
23
Formation of Diagonal Cracks
• The situation is different when both the shear force and the
bending moment have large values.
• At such locations, in a well-proportioned and reinforced beam,
flexural tension cracks form first. Their width and length are well
controlled and kept small by the presence of longitudinal
reinforcement.
• However, when the diagonal tension stress at the upper end of
one or more of these cracks exceeds the tensile strength of the
concrete, the crack bends in a diagonal direction and continues to
grow in length and width.
• These cracks are known as flexure-shear cracks and are more
common than web-shear cracks.
24
Formation of Diagonal Cracks
25
Types of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beam
1. Flexural Cracks
2. Diagonal Tension Cracks
i. Web-shear cracks: These cracks are formed at locations where flexural
stresses are negligibly small.
ii. Flexure shear cracks: These cracks are formed where shear force and
bending moment have large values.
26
Shear and cracks in beams
• It is concluded that the shearing force acting on a vertical section
in a reinforced concrete beam does not cause direct rupture of
that section.
• Shear by itself or in combination with flexure may cause failure
indirectly by producing tensile stresses on inclined planes.
• If these stresses exceed the relatively low tensile strength of
concrete, diagonal cracks develop.
• If these cracks are not checked, splitting of the beam or what is
known as diagonal tension failure will take place.
27
Shear Strength of Concrete in Presence of Cracks
• A large number of tests on beams have shown that in regions
where small moment and large shear exist (web shear crack
location) the nominal or average shear strength is taken as
𝑉𝑐𝑟 = 2 𝑓𝑐′
28
• The same has been adopted by ACI code (refer to ACI 22.5.2.1).
• This reduction of shear strength of concrete is due to the pre-
existence of flexural cracks.
• It is important to mention here that this value of shear strength of
concrete exists at the ultimate i.e., just prior to the failure
condition.
29
ACI Shear Design
𝐴𝑣
30
Anchorage of Stirrups
• Stirrups must be well anchored
31
ACI Shear Design
𝑑
45𝑜
𝑑
𝐴𝑣
𝑓𝑣 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑡 ACI code recommends to use 60000 psi or lower
33
Location of Critical Section for Shear Design
A beam loaded
Concentrated near its bottom
load within edge, e.g.
distance “𝑑” inverted T-beam
45𝑜
35
Internal Forces in a Beam w.r.t Shear Design
𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑑
ACI recommends to ignore 𝑉𝑑
( ACI 22.5.1.1) 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑑
37
Internal Forces in a Beam w.r.t Shear Design
𝑠
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 =
𝑉𝑠 𝑠
45𝑜
𝑑 ACI recommends
that at least one
stirrup should
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣 × 𝑓𝑦𝑡 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 pass through the
crack
𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑣 × 𝑓𝑦𝑡 × 𝐸𝑞. 4
𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 5
𝑠=
𝑉𝑠
38
ACI Shear Design
𝜙𝑉𝑐 + 𝜙𝑉𝑠 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
Stirrups should be
inclined but practically it
is not feasible
Bent up bars
40
Types of Shear Reinforcement
Bent up bars
𝑉
SFD
𝑀 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
BMD
41
ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design
𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑛 𝜙 = 0.75 𝑉𝑛 = (𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )
𝑉𝑐 = 2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 3
42
ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design
b. Minimum shear reinforcement
𝜙𝑉𝑐
1. When 𝑉𝑢 ≤ no web reinforcement is required
2
𝜙𝑉𝑐 theoretically no web reinforcement is required.
2. When < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑐
2 However ACI 22.5 recommends that minimum
web reinforcement in the form of Maximum
spacing 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 shall be provided where:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
50 𝑏𝑤
𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 2
24 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
0.75 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
43
ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design
b. Minimum shear reinforcement
𝜙𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
Required Spacing, 𝑠𝑑 = 𝐸𝑞. 8
𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
If 𝑠𝑑 > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; use 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 50 𝑏𝑤
𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 2
24 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
0.75 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
44
ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design
c. Check for Spacing and Cross-section Depth:
1. If 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 2𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 will be as given above (lowest of the 4
options)
45
Placement of Shear Reinforcement
1st stirrup is
provided at s/2
from the face of
the support 𝑉 𝑉𝑢
𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝜙𝑉𝑐
Support 2 Mid span
𝑑 𝑠𝑑 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 Theoretically no
stirrups needed
46
Example 6.1
• Beam without web reinforcement.
• A rectangular beam is to be designed to carry a shear force 𝑉𝑢 of
27 kips. No web reinforcement is to be used, and 𝑓𝑐′ is 4000 psi.
What is the minimum cross section if controlled by shear?
47
Example 6.1
• Solution
• If no web reinforcement is to be used, the cross-sectional
dimensions must be selected so that the applied shear 𝑉𝑢 is no
𝜙𝑉𝑐
larger than one-half the design shear strength ( )
2
𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 =
2
1
As 𝑉𝑐 = 2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑉𝑢 = 𝜙 2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
2
1
27000 = × 0.75 × 2 × 4000 × 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
2
48
Example 6.1
1
27000 = × 0.75 × 2 × 4000 × 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
2
27000 × 2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = = 569 𝑖𝑛2
0.75 × 2 × 4000
Let 𝑏𝑤 = 18"
then, 𝑑 = 32"
49
Example 6.1
𝑉𝑢 = 𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 𝜙2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Let 𝑏𝑤 = 12"
then, 𝑑 = 24"
When 𝜙𝑉𝑐 >𝑉𝑢 , use Maximum Spacing, ′𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ′ 𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 27.322 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜙𝑉𝑐 >𝑉𝑢
51
Example 6.1
Assuming 𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 60000𝑝𝑠𝑖 and using 2 legs of #3 stirrups
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
50 𝑏𝑤 = 22"
𝑑 = 12"
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 2
24 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
= 23.2"
0.75 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
52
Example 6.2
• Limits of web reinforcement.
• A simply supported rectangular beam 16 in. wide having an
effective depth of 22 in. carries a total factored load of 9.4 kips/ft
on a 20 ft clear span. It is reinforced with 7.62 in2 of tensile steel,
which continues uninterrupted into the supports. If fc’ = 4000 psi,
throughout what part of the beam is web reinforcement required?
53
Example 6.2
• Solution.
Step-1 𝑊𝑢 = 9.4 𝑘/𝑓𝑡
22"
94 𝑘 20′ 94 𝑘
16"
94 𝑘 𝑉𝑢 = 76.8 𝑘
94 𝑘
𝑉𝑢
22
𝑑=
12
𝑥 10 − 𝑥
𝑑 = 1.83′
94 𝑉𝑢
=
𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 2 × 4000 × 16 × 22/1000 = 33.39 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 94 𝑘 10 10 − 𝑥
𝜙𝑉𝑐 33.39 𝑉𝑢 = 9.4 10 − 𝑥
= = 16.70 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2 2 54
Example 6.2
Step-2
• Determine if shear reinforcement is required or not.
𝜙𝑉𝑐
If 𝑉𝑢 ≤ no web reinforcement is required
2
𝜙𝑉𝑐 minimum web reinforcement is required
If < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑐
2
𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 76.8 𝑘 𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 33.39 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 16.70 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2
55
Step-3 Determine up to where ties are required
94 𝑘 𝑉𝑢 = 76.8 𝑘
6.45′ 𝑥2
8.22′ 𝑥1
10′
10
𝑥1 = × 16.70 = 1.78′
94
10
𝑥2 = × 33.39 = 3.55′
94
56
Placement of Shear Reinforcement
1st stirrup is
provided at s/2
from the face of
the support 𝑉 𝑉𝑢
𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝜙𝑉𝑐
Support 2 Mid span
𝑑 𝑠𝑑 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 Theoretically no
stirrups needed
57
Step-4 Required 𝜙𝑉𝑠
𝜙𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝜙𝑉𝑠 = 43.41𝑘
58
Step-5 Calculate 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
59
ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design
c. Check for Spacing and Cross-section Depth:
1. If 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 2𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 will be as given above (lowest of the 4
options)
60
Example 6.2
𝑉𝑠 = 57.9𝑘 𝑉𝑐 = 44.5𝑘
𝑉𝑠 ≤ 2𝑉𝑐
57.9 ≤ 2 44.5 𝑂𝑘
61
Step-6 Calculate 𝑠𝑑
𝑠𝑑 = 5"
This is neither so small that placement problems would result nor so large that
maximum spacing criteria would control, and the choice of No. 3 stirrups is
confirmed.
62
Step-7 Provide reinforcement
10 10
𝑥1 = × 16.70 = 1.78′ 𝑥3 = × 53.2 = 5.66′
94 94
10 Distance from the face of support = 10-5.66 = 4.34’ = 52”
𝑥2 = × 33.39 = 3.55′
94
64
Choice 1
65
Example 6.2
𝜙𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 0.75×0.22×60×22
• Now here s = =
𝑉𝑢 −𝜙𝑉𝑐 64.86−33.4
• s = 6.92” ~ 6”
• 3 stirrups @ 6” (It will cover 18”)
66
Example 6.2
• We will subtract x1 distance from remaining distance, as there is no
need of stirrups in that.
• So 5.42 - x1 = 5.42- 1.78 = 3.64’
3.64 ×12
• Now no. of stirrups in 3.64’ are: = 3.97 (11” is 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
11
• 4 stirrups @ 11” will cover 44”.
67
Example 6.2
• Total distance in which stirrups are provided is:
(2+35+18+44)"
• = 8.25’
12
68
Step-8 Stirrups Spacing Pattern
• Stirrups Arrangement:
14 stirrups for each side(half span)
8 @ 5” 3 @ 6”
69
Example 6.2
• 1 space at 2 in = 2”
• 7 spaces at 5” = 35”
• 3 spaces at 6” = 18”
• 4 spaces at 11” = 44”
99” = 8 ft 3 inches
70
Choice 2
• Use 19 spaces @ 5”
71
Example 6.2
• 1 space at 2 in = 2”
• 19 spaces at 5” = 95”
97” = 8 ft 1 inches
72
Example 6.2
• Although not required by the ACI Code, it is good design practice
to continue the stirrups (at maximum spacing) through the middle
region of the beam, even though the calculated shear is low.
• Doing so satisfies the dual purposes of providing continuing
support for the top longitudinal reinforcement that is required
wherever stirrups are used and providing additional shear capacity
in the region to handle load cases not considered in developing
the shear diagram.
73
Choice 3
75
Example 6.3
• Flexural and Shear Design of Beam as per ACI
• Design the beam shown below as per ACI 318-14.
• 𝑓𝑐′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖
• 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖
76
Step-1 Selection of sizes of beam
(𝑓𝑦 = 60,000)
77
Step-1 Selection of sizes of beam
78
Step-1 Selection of sizes of beam
79
Step-2 Load calculation
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿. 𝐿
𝑊𝑢 = 2.37 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠/𝑓𝑡
80
Step-3 Analysis
• Flexural Analysis:
𝑊𝑢 𝑙 2 2.37×202
• 𝑀𝑢 = =
8 8
= 118.5 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘 = 1422 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝
81
Step-4 Design
First trial
Assuming 𝑎 = 4“ Check 𝑎
1422
= = 2.92 𝑖𝑛2 = 3.82 𝑖𝑛2
4
0.9 × 40 × 15.5 −
2
82
Step-4 Design
Second trial
Assuming 𝑎 = 3.82“ Check 𝑎
So 𝐴𝑠 = 2.90 𝑖𝑛2 is ok
83
Step-4 Design
𝐴𝑠 3.16
• 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = = = 0.0169
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 12×15.5
• 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.005
• 𝜌max(0.004) = 0.0232 Table A.4
• 𝜌(0.005) = 0.0203
84
Step-4 Design
15.5
• 𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 𝜙2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.75 × 2 × 3000 × 12 × = 15.28𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
1000
85
Step-4 Design
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
50 𝑏𝑤 = 14.66"
𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 2 = 7.75" 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7.75"
24 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
= 17.85"
0.75 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
86
Step-4 Design
87
Step-5 Drafting (shear reinforcement)
6.78”
3.55”
3.22”
6.45”
As 𝑠𝑑 > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 , we will provide 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 from the support up to 6.78 ft. Beyond
this point, theoretically no reinforcement is required, however, we will
provide #3 2-legged stirrups @ 12 in c/c.
88
Step-5 Drafting (shear reinforcement)
89
Step-5 Drafting (flexural reinforcement)
𝐴 4#8 bars 𝐵
6.78′ 6.44′ 6.78′
𝑙=20’
2#4 bars 2#4 bars
18”
@7.75”c/c @12”c/c
91
Assignment-4 (CLO1-PLO2)-27 April
• (b) Loading of above beam has been changed and now it has a DL
of 2k/ft and LL of 2k/ft on a 14 ft clear span. It is reinforced with
4#10 bars of tensile steel provided in one layer, which continues
uninterrupted into the supports. If fc’ = 4000 psi and fy=60000
psi, provide the web reinforcement, if required?
92
Assignment-4 (CLO1-PLO2)-27 April
• (c) Loading of above beam has been changed and now it has a DL
of 4k/ft and LL of 6 k/ft on a 14 ft clear span. It is reinforced with
4#10 bars of tensile steel provided in one layer, which continues
uninterrupted into the supports. If fc’ = 4000 psi and fy=60000
psi, provide the web reinforcement, if required?
93
Assignment-4 (CLO1-PLO2)-27 April
• (d) Draw a flow chart of design process of shear reinforcement in
beams
94