Introduction To The Method of Characteristics and The Minimum Length Nozzle
Introduction To The Method of Characteristics and The Minimum Length Nozzle
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
An Introduction to the
Two-Dimensional Method of Characteristics
• Anderson,
Chapter 11 pp. 377-403
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
“Method of Characteristics”
• Basic principle of Methods of Characteristics
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
“Method of Characteristics” (cont’d)
• Compatibility Equations relate the velocity magnitude
and direction along the characteristic line.
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field
θ + ν (M ) = Const ≡ K −
1
3 C+ θ − ν (M ) = Const ≡ K +
C-
2
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field (cont’d)
1 C+
3
C-
2
γ + 1 −1 &( γ − 1 *(
ν1 =
γ −1
tan ' ( M 1
2
− 1) + − tan −1
M 2
1 −1
() γ + 1 (,
1 C+
3
C-
2
Point{2} → {M 2 ,θ 2 } known →
γ + 1 −1 &( γ − 1 *(
ν2 =
γ −1
tan ' ( M 2
2
− 1) + − tan −1
M 2
2 −1
() γ + 1 (,
Mach and
1
3 C+
Flow Direction solved for at
2
C- Point 3
θ + ν (M ) = Const ≡ K −
θ − ν (M ) = Const ≡ K +
% (θ1 + ν1 ) + (θ 2 − ν 2 ) ( K − )1 + ( K + )2 (
' θ3 = = *
θ
% 1 + ν 1 = θ 3 + ν 3 ( ' 2 2 *
Point{3} → ' * →
&θ 2 − ν 2 = θ 3 − ν 3 ) ' ( θ1 + ν1 ) − (θ 2 − ν 2 ) ( K − )1 − ( K + )2 *
'ν 3 = = *
& 2 2 )
% γ + 1 −1 ,. γ − 1 0. (
M 3 = Solve 'ν 3 =
γ −1
tan - M 32 − 1( ) 1 − tan
−1 2
M 3 − 1*
'& ./ γ + 1 .2 *)
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field (cont’d)
But where is
Point {3} ?
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field (concluded)
But where is
Point {3} ?
slope {C− } =
(θ1 − µ1 ) + (θ 3 − µ3 )
2 Intersection locates point 3
slope {C+ } =
(θ 2 + µ2 ) + (θ 3 + µ3 )
2
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
" y3 − y1 $
& x − x = tan "# slope {C− } $% ' " y3 = ( x3 − x1 ) tan " slope {C− } $ + y1 $
& 3 1 '→ & # %
'
& y3 − y2 ' & y3 = ( x3 − x2 ) tan "# slope {C+ } $% + y2 '
& x − x = tan "# slope {C+ } $% ' # %
# 3 2 %
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
tan #$slope {C− }%& ⋅ tan #$slope {C+ }%& ⋅ ( x1 − x2 ) + tan #$slope {C− }%& ⋅ y2 − tan #$slope {C+ }%& ⋅ y1
y3 =
tan #$slope {C− }%& − tan #$slope {C+ }%&
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example
M 2 = 1.75, θ 2 = 5 , {x 2 ,y 2 } = {1.5,1.0}
o
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
• Point 1, compute
{ν , µ , ( K ) }
1 1 − 1
γ + 1 −1 $& γ − 1 (&
ν1 =
γ −1
tan % ( 2.0 2
− 1) ) − tan −1
2.0 2
− 1 = 26.37976 o
&' γ + 1 &*
180 −1 , 1 / o
µ1 = sin . = 30
π - 2.0 10
( K − )1 = θ1 + ν1 = 10 o + 26.37976 o = 36.37976 o
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
• Point 2, compute
{ν , µ , ( K ) }
2 2 + 2
γ + 1 −1 $& γ − 1 (&
ν2 =
γ −1
tan % (1.75 − 1) ) − tan −1 1.75 2 − 1 = 19.27319 o
2
&' γ + 1 &*
180 −1 , 1 / o
µ2 = sin . = 34.84990
π - 1.75 10
( K + )2 = θ 2 − ν 2 = 5 o − 19.27319 o = −14.27319 o
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
{θ ,ν }
3 3
θ3 =
( K − )1 + ( K + )2
=
(
56.37976 o + −14.27319 o ) = 21.0533
deg. o
2 2
ν3 =
( K − )1 − ( K + )2
=
(
56.37976 o − −14.27319 o ) = 35.3265deg. o
2 2
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
{ M 3 , µ3 }
+ π γ + 1 $& γ − 1 (& .
25.3265
M 3 = Solve - 35.3265
180
=
γ −1
−1
tan % ( )
M 32 − 1 ) − tan
−1 2
M 3 − 10
-, &' γ + 1 &* 0/
M3 = 1.96198
1
sin ( µ ) = ---> µ3= 30.6431o
M
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
• Locate Point 3
slope {C− } =
( = = −12.1122 o deg
2 2
(θ 2 + µ2 ) + (θ 3 + µ3 ) ( ) (
5 o + 34.8499 o + 21.0533o + 25.2776 o ) = 43.0904
slope {C+ } = = o
2 2
deg
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
x3= -
= 2.17091
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)
y3=
=1.57856
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (concluded)
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
What happens when a nozzle expands
too quickly?
• i.e. …. A mess … for a given
Operating condition there is
only so fast we can expand a
Conventional Nozzle
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Supersonic Nozzle Design
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Using Method of Characteristics to Design a Bell Nozzle
• This approach “prescribes” the expansion section of the nozzle,
and then uses M.O.C to design turning section to achieve wave
cancellation at wall …. And ensure isentropic flow
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Supersonic Nozzle Design (cont’d)
• Rocket Nozzle
(Minimum Length)
• Bell Nozzle
(gradual expansion)
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Nozzle Design (cont’d)
• Add
C-
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Nozzle Design (cont’d)
C-
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Nozzle Design (cont’d)
C-
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Nozzle Design (concluded)
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Typical Conical Nozzle Contour
Y
N θnozzle
(X N,Y N)
Dt X De Dt
R1
LN R1 R1
e --> expansion ratio (Aexit/A*) θnozzle θnozzle
YN
Dt = Throat diameter XN
R1 = Radius of curvature of nozzle contraction
N = Transition point from circular contraction to conical nozzle
LN = Nozzle Length
De = Exit diameter
• R1 ~ 0.75Dt is typical
Credit: 32
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems Georgia Tech
Typical Conical Nozzle Contour
(Cont’d)
Y
N θnozzle • Solve for Nozzle length
(X N,Y N)
Dt X De Dt in terms of other parameters
R1
LN
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems 33
Typical Conical Nozzle Contour
• Using trig identities (Cont’d)
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• R5540
MAE 1 ~ -0.75D t is Systems
Propulsion typical
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle (1)
Y
N θnozzle
(X N,Y N)
Dt X De Dt
R1
LN
• Modify characteristic along C+ line from Cl to exit plane for non-zero Exit angle
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle (2)
Y
N θnozzle
(X N,Y N)
Dt X De Dt
R1
LN
• Simplify
“Two-thirds rule-of-thumb”
Applies strictly for conical nozzles
Generally applied as “safety factor”
for most nozzles
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle
• Example… given
Dthroat = 1 cm
Ae/A* = 8
g = 1.2
γ +1
A 1 )" 2 % " (γ − 1) 2 % , 2 (γ −1)
= 8.0 =
*
= +$ ' $ 1+ M '.
A M *# γ + 1& # 2 &-
1.2 + 1
## 2 $ # 1.2 − 1 2 $ $ 2 ( 1.2 − 1 )
!! " ! 1 + ( 3.122 )""
1.2 + 1 2 Mexit = 3.122
3.122
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle
(cont’d)
Mexit = 3.122
ν exit
= 67.06° θ w Max = = 33.53°
2
Apply 2/3’rds rule
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle
(cont’d)
2.372 cm
1.6055 cm
1.0000 cm 2.8284 cm
=
= 2.372 cm
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Comparison of Cone and Bell Nozzles
LN
e --> expansion ratio (Aexit/A*)
•
•
Credit: Georgia Tech 41
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)
•
•
e --> expansion ratio (Aexit/A*)
qN
LN
• Boundary Conditions
• qe
Given
• qN
Credit: Georgia Tech 42
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)
• Evaluate position
boundary condition at N
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)
1)
• 4 equations in 4 unknowns
2)
• Analytical Solution is a
3) Mess getting there .. But result
is OK
4)
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (cont’d)
• Fit with Parabolic bell profile
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (cont’d)
• Fit with Parabolic bell profile
BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
qe =10°
qN =35 °
Dthroat =24.5 cm
Ae/A* =77.5
R1 =4.681cm
• Pretty
good model
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (Cont’d)
• Mexit = 4.677
ν exit
= 102.34° θ w Max = = 51.17°
2
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (cont’d)
ν exit
θ w Max = = 51.17°
2
0
51.17
• SSME is
definitely not 35
0
a minimum length
nozzle
35/51.7 = 0.677
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (cont’d)
ν exit • ~ “minimum length SSME Nozzle
θ w Max = = 51.17°
2
Rule of Thumb
Use qN < 2/3 qmax
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MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems