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Introduction To The Method of Characteristics and The Minimum Length Nozzle

The document describes the method of characteristics for solving supersonic flow problems. It introduces the concept that if flow properties are known at two points, there is a unique set of properties at a third point determined by the intersection of characteristic lines from the first two points. It then outlines the basic computational process of the method which involves repeating a "unit process" of determining flow properties at a third point given properties at two other points. An example application of the unit process is also shown to find flow properties at a third point given information at two other points.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
103 views52 pages

Introduction To The Method of Characteristics and The Minimum Length Nozzle

The document describes the method of characteristics for solving supersonic flow problems. It introduces the concept that if flow properties are known at two points, there is a unique set of properties at a third point determined by the intersection of characteristic lines from the first two points. It then outlines the basic computational process of the method which involves repeating a "unit process" of determining flow properties at a third point given properties at two other points. An example application of the unit process is also shown to find flow properties at a third point given information at two other points.

Uploaded by

durgesh3gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to the Method of

Characteristics and the Minimum


Length Nozzle
Stephen A. Whitmore
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department

Material Taken from Anderson, Chapter 11, pp. 377-403

1
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
An Introduction to the
Two-Dimensional Method of Characteristics

• Anderson,
Chapter 11 pp. 377-403

2
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
“Method of Characteristics”
• Basic principle of Methods of Characteristics

-- If supersonic flow properties


are known at two points in a flow field,

-- There is one and only one set of properties


compatible* with these at a third point,

-- Determined by the intersection


of characteristics, or mach waves, from the two
original points.
*Root of term “compatibility equations”

3
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
“Method of Characteristics” (cont’d)
• Compatibility Equations relate the velocity magnitude
and direction along the characteristic line.

• In 2-D and quasi 1-D flow, compatibility equations are


Independent of spatial position, in 3-D methods, space
Becomes a player and complexity goes up considerably

• Computational Machinery for applying the method of


Characteristics are the so-called “unit processes”

• By repeated application of unit processes, flow field


Can be solved in entirety

4
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field
θ + ν (M ) = Const ≡ K −
1
3 C+ θ − ν (M ) = Const ≡ K +

C-
2

• Conditions Known at Points {1, 2}

• Point {3} is at intersection of {C+, C-} characteristics

5
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field (cont’d)

1 C+
3

C-
2

Point{1} → {M 1 ,θ1 } known →

γ + 1 −1 &( γ − 1 *(
ν1 =
γ −1
tan ' ( M 1
2
− 1) + − tan −1
M 2
1 −1
() γ + 1 (,

Along {C− } → θ1 + ν1 = const = ( K − )1


6
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field (cont’d)

1 C+
3

C-
2

Point{2} → {M 2 ,θ 2 } known →

γ + 1 −1 &( γ − 1 *(
ν2 =
γ −1
tan ' ( M 2
2
− 1) + − tan −1
M 2
2 −1
() γ + 1 (,

Along {C+ } → θ 2 − ν 2 = const = ( K + )2


7
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field (cont’d)

Mach and
1
3 C+
Flow Direction solved for at
2
C- Point 3
θ + ν (M ) = Const ≡ K −
θ − ν (M ) = Const ≡ K +

% (θ1 + ν1 ) + (θ 2 − ν 2 ) ( K − )1 + ( K + )2 (
' θ3 = = *
θ
% 1 + ν 1 = θ 3 + ν 3 ( ' 2 2 *
Point{3} → ' * →
&θ 2 − ν 2 = θ 3 − ν 3 ) ' ( θ1 + ν1 ) − (θ 2 − ν 2 ) ( K − )1 − ( K + )2 *
'ν 3 = = *
& 2 2 )
% γ + 1 −1 ,. γ − 1 0. (
M 3 = Solve 'ν 3 =
γ −1
tan - M 32 − 1( ) 1 − tan
−1 2
M 3 − 1*
'& ./ γ + 1 .2 *)
8
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field (cont’d)

But where is
Point {3} ?

• {M,q} known at points {1,2,3}


---> {µ1,µ2,µ3} known

9
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Field (concluded)

But where is
Point {3} ?

• Slope of characteristics lines approximated by:

slope {C− } =
(θ1 − µ1 ) + (θ 3 − µ3 )
2 Intersection locates point 3

slope {C+ } =
(θ 2 + µ2 ) + (θ 3 + µ3 )
2
10
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Solve for {x3,y3}

" y3 − y1 $
& x − x = tan "# slope {C− } $% ' " y3 = ( x3 − x1 ) tan " slope {C− } $ + y1 $
& 3 1 '→ & # %
'
& y3 − y2 ' & y3 = ( x3 − x2 ) tan "# slope {C+ } $% + y2 '
& x − x = tan "# slope {C+ } $% ' # %
# 3 2 %
11
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Solve for {x3,y3}

- x1 ⋅ tan #$slope {C− }%& − x2 ⋅ tan #$slope {C+ }%& + ( y2 − y1 )


x3 =

tan #$slope {C− }%& ⋅ tan #$slope {C+ }%& ⋅ ( x1 − x2 ) + tan #$slope {C− }%& ⋅ y2 − tan #$slope {C+ }%& ⋅ y1
y3 =
tan #$slope {C− }%& − tan #$slope {C+ }%&

12
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example

M 1 = 2.0, θ1 = 10 , {x1 ,y1 } = {1.0, 2.0}


o

M 2 = 1.75, θ 2 = 5 , {x 2 ,y 2 } = {1.5,1.0}
o

13
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Point 1, compute

{ν , µ , ( K ) }
1 1 − 1

γ + 1 −1 $& γ − 1 (&
ν1 =
γ −1
tan % ( 2.0 2
− 1) ) − tan −1
2.0 2
− 1 = 26.37976 o

&' γ + 1 &*
180 −1 , 1 / o
µ1 = sin . = 30
π - 2.0 10
( K − )1 = θ1 + ν1 = 10 o + 26.37976 o = 36.37976 o
14
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Point 2, compute
{ν , µ , ( K ) }
2 2 + 2

γ + 1 −1 $& γ − 1 (&
ν2 =
γ −1
tan % (1.75 − 1) ) − tan −1 1.75 2 − 1 = 19.27319 o
2

&' γ + 1 &*
180 −1 , 1 / o
µ2 = sin . = 34.84990
π - 1.75 10
( K + )2 = θ 2 − ν 2 = 5 o − 19.27319 o = −14.27319 o
15
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Point 3 Solve for

{θ ,ν }
3 3

θ3 =
( K − )1 + ( K + )2
=
(
56.37976 o + −14.27319 o ) = 21.0533
deg. o

2 2

ν3 =
( K − )1 − ( K + )2
=
(
56.37976 o − −14.27319 o ) = 35.3265deg. o

2 2

16
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Point 3 Solve for

{ M 3 , µ3 }

+ π γ + 1 $& γ − 1 (& .
25.3265
M 3 = Solve - 35.3265
180
=
γ −1
−1
tan % ( )
M 32 − 1 ) − tan
−1 2
M 3 − 10
-, &' γ + 1 &* 0/

M3 = 1.96198
1
sin ( µ ) = ---> µ3= 30.6431o
M
17
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Locate Point 3

• Line Slope Angles

θ1 − µ1 ) + (θ 3 − µ3 ) (10 − 30 ) + ( 21.0533 − 25.2776 )


o o o o

slope {C− } =
( = = −12.1122 o deg
2 2
(θ 2 + µ2 ) + (θ 3 + µ3 ) ( ) (
5 o + 34.8499 o + 21.0533o + 25.2776 o ) = 43.0904
slope {C+ } = = o

2 2

deg

18
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Solve for {x3,y3}

x3= -

= 2.17091

19
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (cont’d)

• Solve for {x3,y3}

y3=

=1.57856

20
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Unit Process 1: Internal Flow Example (concluded)

" M 1 % " 2.0 % " M 2 % "1.75 % " M 3 % "!2.3419


1.96198%$
$θ ' $10 o ' $θ ' $ 5 o ' $θ ' $#21.0533o '&
$ 1 '= $ '→ $ 2 '= $ ' → $ 3 ' = $#11.0533'&
$ x1 ' $ 1.0 ' $ x2 ' $1.5 ' $ x3 ' $#2.170912.2745 '&
$ ' $ ' $ ' $ ' $ ' $ '
# y1 & # 2.0 & # y2 & # 1 & # y3 & ##1.57856 1.726 &&
" %
21
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Using MOC for Supersonic Nozzle Design

22
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
What happens when a nozzle expands
too quickly?
• i.e. …. A mess … for a given
Operating condition there is
only so fast we can expand a
Conventional Nozzle

23
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Supersonic Nozzle Design

• Strategic contouring will “absorb” mach waves to give


isentropic flow in divergent section

24
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Using Method of Characteristics to Design a Bell Nozzle
• This approach “prescribes” the expansion section of the nozzle,
and then uses M.O.C to design turning section to achieve wave
cancellation at wall …. And ensure isentropic flow

25
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Supersonic Nozzle Design (cont’d)

• Rocket Nozzle
(Minimum Length)

• Bell Nozzle
(gradual expansion)

• Use compatibility eqs. to


design boundary with shock
free flow
26
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Method of Characteristics
• Supersonic “compatibility” equations

• Apply along “characteristic lines” in flow field, and


insure isentropic flow …

27
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Nozzle Design (cont’d)

• Along C+ characteristic {d,c, exit}


• Find minimum length nozzle
with shock-free flow àqexit = 0

• Along C- characteristic {a,c, exit}


C+

• Add
C-

28
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Nozzle Design (cont’d)

• Find minimum length nozzle • Along C characteristic {a,c}


-
with shock-free flow at point a θc = 0

C+ • But from Prandtl-Meyer


expansion at point a
0

C-

29
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Nozzle Design (cont’d)

But as already shown


C+
θw −ν a = 0
max

C-

30
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Nozzle Design (concluded)

• Criterion for Minimum


Length Nozzle

31
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Typical Conical Nozzle Contour
Y
N θnozzle
(X N,Y N)
Dt X De Dt

R1
LN R1 R1
e --> expansion ratio (Aexit/A*) θnozzle θnozzle
YN
Dt = Throat diameter XN
R1 = Radius of curvature of nozzle contraction
N = Transition point from circular contraction to conical nozzle
LN = Nozzle Length
De = Exit diameter

• R1 ~ 0.75Dt is typical
Credit: 32
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems Georgia Tech
Typical Conical Nozzle Contour
(Cont’d)
Y
N θnozzle • Solve for Nozzle length
(X N,Y N)
Dt X De Dt in terms of other parameters

R1
LN

33
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems 33
Typical Conical Nozzle Contour
• Using trig identities (Cont’d)

34
• R5540
MAE 1 ~ -0.75D t is Systems
Propulsion typical
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle (1)
Y
N θnozzle
(X N,Y N)
Dt X De Dt

R1
LN
• Modify characteristic along C+ line from Cl to exit plane for non-zero Exit angle

• From earlier Minimum Length Nozzle derivation ,,,

35
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle (2)
Y
N θnozzle
(X N,Y N)
Dt X De Dt

R1
LN
• Simplify

“Two-thirds rule-of-thumb”
Applies strictly for conical nozzles
Generally applied as “safety factor”
for most nozzles
36
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle
• Example… given
Dthroat = 1 cm
Ae/A* = 8
g = 1.2
γ +1
A 1 )" 2 % " (γ − 1) 2 % , 2 (γ −1)
= 8.0 =
*
= +$ ' $ 1+ M '.
A M *# γ + 1& # 2 &-

1.2 + 1
## 2 $ # 1.2 − 1 2 $ $ 2 ( 1.2 − 1 )
!! " ! 1 + ( 3.122 )""
1.2 + 1 2 Mexit = 3.122
3.122

37
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle
(cont’d)

Mexit = 3.122

180 % % 1.2 + 1 & 0.5 % % 1.2 − 1 &


0.5&
0.5 &
= '# atan ' #
2 2
( 3.122 − 1 ) $ ( − atan ( ( 3.122 − 1 ) ) (
π # 1.2 − 1 $ # 1.2 + 1 $ $

ν exit
= 67.06° θ w Max = = 33.53°
2
Apply 2/3’rds rule

38
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Minimum Length Conical Nozzle
(cont’d)

• R1 ~ 0.75Dt is typical …. R1=0.75 cm • Any shorter


and you have
“problems”

2.372 cm
1.6055 cm

1.0000 cm 2.8284 cm
=

= 2.372 cm
39
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Comparison of Cone and Bell Nozzles

Credit: Georgia Tech 40


MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design

LN
e --> expansion ratio (Aexit/A*)



Credit: Georgia Tech 41
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)


e --> expansion ratio (Aexit/A*)

qN

LN
• Boundary Conditions
• qe
Given
• qN
Credit: Georgia Tech 42
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)
• Evaluate position
boundary condition at N

• Evaluate slope boundary condition at N

43
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)

• Rearranging slope boundary condition at N

• Evaluate Slope Boundary condition at e

44
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)

• Evaluate Position Boundary Condition at e

• And the Collection expressions are

45
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
Bell Nozzle Contour Design (cont’d)
1)
• 4 equations in 4 unknowns
2)
• Analytical Solution is a
3) Mess getting there .. But result
is OK
4)

46
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example

47
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (cont’d)
• Fit with Parabolic bell profile

48
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (cont’d)
• Fit with Parabolic bell profile

BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
qe =10°
qN =35 °
Dthroat =24.5 cm
Ae/A* =77.5
R1 =4.681cm

• Pretty
good model
49
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (Cont’d)

• Mexit = 4.677

180 % % 1.196 + 1 & 0.5 % % 1.196 − 1 2 &


0.5&
2 0.5 &
= '# atan ' # ( 4.677 − 1 ) $ ( − atan ( ( 4.677 − 1 ) ) (
π # 1.196 − 1 $ # 1.196 + 1 $ $

ν exit
= 102.34° θ w Max = = 51.17°
2

50
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (cont’d)
ν exit
θ w Max = = 51.17°
2
0
51.17

• SSME is
definitely not 35
0

a minimum length
nozzle

35/51.7 = 0.677

“two thirds rule”

51
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems
SSME Nozzle example (cont’d)
ν exit • ~ “minimum length SSME Nozzle
θ w Max = = 51.17°
2

Rule of Thumb
Use qN < 2/3 qmax

“two thirds rule”

52
MAE 5540 - Propulsion Systems

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