IBM Watson Emotion Analysis

IBM today announced new and expanded cognitive APIs for developers that
enhance Watson's emotional and visual senses, further extending the
capabilities of the industry's largest and most diverse set of cognitive
technologies and tools. [8]

The pursuit of an understanding of the base machinery of the mind led early
researchers to anatomical exhaustion. With neuroscience now in the throes of
molecular mayhem and a waning biochemical bliss, physics is spicing things up
with a host of eclectic quantum, spin, and isotopic novelties. While increases in
electron spin content have been linked to anesthetic effects, nuclear spins have
recently been implicated in a more rarefied and subtle phenomenon— neural
quantum processing. [7]

The hypothesis that there may be something quantum-like about the human
mental function was put forward with “Spooky Activation at Distance” formula
which attempted to model the effect that when a word’s associative network is
activated during study in memory experiment; it behaves like a quantum-
entangled system. The human body is a constant flux of thousands of
chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells,
organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until
recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear
sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the
next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics
have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within
all living systems.

The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the
Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle
Duality and the electron’s spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical
and Quantum Theories.

The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the

electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the
diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by
moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction
pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry.

The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining

electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it
as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to
understand the Quantum Biology.
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................................... 3
IBM announces new and advanced Watson APIs on the cloud ...................................................... 3
New Beta APIs Advance Emotional Intelligence and Image Recognition...................................... 4
Watson Integrates Emotional IQ into its Text to Speech API ...................................................... 5
IBM Watson: Pioneering a New Era of Computing ................................................................... 5
Neural qubits: Quantum cognition based on synaptic nuclear spins............................................... 6
Quantum Cognition ................................................................................................................. 8
Human Perception ............................................................................................................... 8
Human memory ................................................................................................................... 8
Knowledge representation .................................................................................................... 8
Quantum Consciousness .......................................................................................................... 9
Quantum Entanglement ........................................................................................................... 9
The Bridge .............................................................................................................................10
Accelerating charges ...........................................................................................................10
Relativistic effect ................................................................................................................10
Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation ..............................................................................................10
Wave – Particle Duality ...........................................................................................................10
Atomic model ........................................................................................................................11
The Relativistic Bridge .............................................................................................................11
The weak interaction ..............................................................................................................11
The General Weak Interaction ..............................................................................................12
Fermions and Bosons ..............................................................................................................13
Van Der Waals force ...............................................................................................................13
Electromagnetic inertia and mass .............................................................................................13
Electromagnetic Induction ...................................................................................................13
Relativistic change of mass ...................................................................................................13
The frequency dependence of mass ......................................................................................13
Electron – Proton mass rate .................................................................................................13
Gravity from the point of view of quantum physics ....................................................................14
The Gravitational force ........................................................................................................14
The Higgs boson .....................................................................................................................15
Higgs mechanism and Quantum Gravity ....................................................................................15
What is the Spin? ................................................................................................................15
 The Graviton ......................................................................................................................16
Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................16
References ............................................................................................................................16

Author: George Rajna

Preface
The hypothesis that there may be something quantum-like about the human mental function was
put forward with “Spooky Activation at Distance” formula which attempted to model the effect that
when a word’s associative network is activated during study in memory experiment, it behaves like a
quantum-entangled system. Models of cognitive agents and memory based on quantum collectives
have been proposed by Subhash Kak. But he also points to specific problems of limits on observation
and control of these memories due to fundamental logical reasons. [6]

The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes
connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up
until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on
information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in
quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of
coherence within all living systems. [5]

Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are
generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described
independently – instead, a quantum state may be given for the system as a whole. [4]

I think that we have a simple bridge between the classical and quantum mechanics by understanding
the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relations. It makes clear that the particles are not point like but have a
dx and dp uncertainty.

IBM announces new and advanced Watson APIs on the cloud

Three APIs, Tone Analyzer, Emotion Analysis and Visual Recognition, are now available in beta.
Additionally, Text to Speech (TTS) has been updated with new emotional capabilities and is being re-
released as Expressive TTS for general availability. These APIs are pushing the sensory boundaries of
how humans and machines interact, and they are designed to improve how developers embed these
technologies to create solutions that can think, perceive and empathize.

"We continue to advance the capabilities we offer developers on IBM's Watson platform to help this
community create dynamic AI infused apps and services," said David Kenny, general manager of IBM
Watson. "We are also simplifying the platform, making it easier to build, teach and deploy the
technology. Together, these efforts will enable Watson to be applied in many more ways to address
societal challenges."
IBM is also adding tooling capabilities and enhancing its SDKs (Node, Java, Python, and newly
introduced iOS Swift and Unity) across the Watson portfolio and adding Application Starter Kits to
make it easy and fast for developers to customize and build with Watson. All APIs are available
through the IBM Watson Developer Cloud on Bluemix.

New Beta APIs Advance Emotional Intelligence and Image Recognition

Building on existing Watson APIs that draw on advances in natural language processing, machine
learning and deep learning, Tone Analyzer, Emotion Analysis and Visual Recognition are now
available in beta.

Tone Analyzer: Tone Analyzer has deepened its analysis capabilities in this beta release in order to
give users better insights about their own tone in a piece of text.

Adding to its previous experimental understanding of nine traits across three tones – emotion
(negative, cheerful, angry), social propensities (open, agreeable, conscientious) and writing style
(analytical, confident, tentative) – Tone Analyzer now analyzes new emotions, including joy, disgust,
fear, and sadness, as well as new social propensities, including extraversion and emotional range.
Also new to the beta version, Tone Analyzer is moving from analyzing single words to analyzing
entire sentences. This analysis is helpful in situations that require nuanced understanding. For
example, in speech writing it can indicate how different remarks might come across to the audience,
from exhibiting confidence and agreeableness to showing fear. In customer service, it can help
analyze a variety of social, emotional and writing tones that influence the effectiveness of an
exchange.

Watson Ecosystem Partner Connectidy has developed an innovative relationship science platform
that leverages the Tone Analyzer beta to intuitively help users understand how messages to
potential matches may come across. Dineen Tallering, President of Connectidy says, "Through the
analysis of authentic language in real time, Tone Analyzer provides people with an unprecedented
level of perspective into how their emotions and social propensities play out in their written word.

This is a critical piece of emotional intelligence because it enables us to continually educate users on
how they appear to others. We are able to advance past static algorithms to achieve a level of
cognitive insight that continuously learns and helps guide our users towards greater self awareness
and better choices."

Emotion Analysis: IBM has added Emotion Analysis as a new beta function within the
AlchemyLanguage suite of APIs. Emotion Analysis uses sophisticated natural language processing
techniques to analyze external content and help users better understand the emotions of others.
Developers can now go beyond identifying positive and negative sentiments and distinguish a
broader range of emotions, including joy, fear, sadness, disgust and anger. By gaining this deeper
understanding, Emotion Analysis can help identify new insights in areas like customer reviews,
surveys, and social media posts. For example, in addition to knowing if product reviews are negative
or positive, businesses can now identify if, for example, a change in a product feature prompted
reactions of joy, anger or sadness among customers.
Visual Recognition: Moving beyond visual capabilities that allow systems to understand and tag an
image, Visual Recognition is available now in beta and can be trained to recognize and classify
images based on training material.

While other visual search engines can tag images with a fixed set of classifiers or generic terms,
Visual Recognition allows developers to train Watson around custom classifiers for images – the
same way users can teach Watson natural language classification – and build apps that visually
identify unique concepts and ideas. This means that Visual Recognition is now customizable with
results tailored to each user's specific needs. For example, a retailer might create a tag specific to a
style of its pants in the new spring line so it can identify when an image appears in social media of
someone wearing those pants.

Watson Integrates Emotional IQ into its Text to Speech API

To further advance emotional capabilities for cognitive systems, IBM has also incorporated
emotional IQ into its existing Text to Speech API and is releasing Expressive TTS for general
availability.

Expressive Text to Speech: Resulting from 12 years of research and development, Expressive TTS is
now generally available and incorporates emotional IQ into the existing Watson TTS API. Cognitive
systems can for the first time generate and deliver an advanced level of adaptive emotion in vocal
interactions, meaning computers can not only understand natural language, tone and context, but
respond with the appropriate inflection.

Previously, automated systems relied on a pre-determined, rules-based corpus of words. This has
been categorized by limited emotional queues, such as "good news equals a raised tone" or "bad
news equals a slowed tone." In creating Expressive TTS, IBM studied and decided on a specific set of
expressive styles to frame this speech capability. To do this, the research team made significant
enhancements to IBM's existing synthesis engine incorporating ideas from machine learning to allow
for seamless switching across expressive styles. Developers now have more flexibility in building
cognitive systems that can demonstrate sensitivity in human interactions

These new and expanded services are part of IBM's open Watson platform that now includes more
than 30 Watson services and is available through the IBM Watson Developer Cloud on Bluemix. With
a community of more than 80,000 developers, students, entrepreneurs and tech enthusiasts
currently tapping into the cognitive computing platform to prototype and build cloud-based
cognitive computing applications, these advancements are the latest example of IBM's commitment
to empowering the developer community to build cognitive enabled apps and businesses with
Watson.

IBM Watson: Pioneering a New Era of Computing

Watson represents a new era in computing called cognitive computing, where systems understand
the world the way humans do: through senses, learning, and experience. Watson continuously
learns, gaining in value and knowledge over time, from previous interactions. With the help of
Watson, organizations are leveraging cognitive computing to transform industries, help professionals
do their jobs better, and solve important challenges. To advance Watson, IBM has three dedicated
business units: Watson, established for the development of cloud-delivered cognitive computing
technologies that represent the commercialization of "artificial intelligence" or "AI" across a variety
of industries; Watson Health, dedicated to improving the ability of doctors, researchers and insurers
and other related health organizations to surface new insights from data to and deliver personalized
healthcare; and Watson IoT, focused on making sense of data embedded in for more than 9 billion
connected devices operating in the world today, which generate 2.5 quintillion bytes of new data
daily. [8]

Neural qubits: Quantum cognition based on synaptic nuclear spins

Matthew Fisher from University of California at Santa Barbara has hashed out one scenario by which
it all could work in a new paper now on the Arxiv server. He notes that while small molecules and
ions would rapidly entangle with a surrounding wet environment and therefore couldn't maintain
quantum coherence on macroscopic time scales, nuclear spins are exceptional in being so weakly
coupled to environmental degrees of freedom that prolonged phase coherence is likely.

How long, you might ask? That depends which element you are talking about, and the quantum
value of its spin. Every element has a nucleus that can be characterized by half-integer spin-
magnitude (I = 0;1=2;1...). Quantum decoherence of the nuclear spin is caused by magnetic and
electric ?eld perturbations which effectively kill an hope for quantum processing. Fisher claims that
the element with the optical coherence time Tcoh, and therefore the one ideally poised to host the
putative neural qubit should have nuclear spin of 1/2. In a biochemical setting, spin 1/2 nuclei are
weakly decohered only by magnetic ?elds while for spin >1/2 electric ?elds cause large decoherence.
Spin 0 nuclei lack any associated magnetic dipole moment interaction with nuclear magnetic fields.

Fisher's interest in neural nuclear spin processing was stimulated by a paper that explored the
effects of different isotopes of lithium on rats. Li naturally occurs in the ratio 92.6% Li-7 and 7.4% Li-
6. Somewhat quizzically, mothers given the Li-7 isotope were less stimulated and ignored their pups
while the Li-6 moms were maternalistic and nursed more. The interesting part for us here, is that
while Li-7 has spin 3/2 and a short Tcoh of just a few seconds, Li-6 has an "honorary" spin 1/2 due to
its electric dipole moment and a nice 5 minute long Tcoh.

Since Li isn't common to most life, and because phosphorus is the only common biochemical
element that has spin 1/2, Fisher focused on organophosphates. These are the various common
esters of inorganic phoshopate ions (Pi) like ATP and poly-phosphate chains (PPi). Although these
froms of phosphate have a Tcoh on the order of a second and might serve as effective neural qubit
transporters in the right context, Fisher theorized that a form of phosphate known as a Posner
molecule might better serve for qubit memory storage. If calcium displaces the proton in phosphate
ions, Posner clusters of Ca9(PO4)6 have significantly longer Tcoh times (potentially days) can form.
Previous x-ray diffraction studies have even suggested that amorphous calcium phosphate Posner
clusters could be a key step in the mineralization of bone into hydroxyapaptite crystal.

The present discussion of regarding curious phosphate phenomena does not pop out fully-formed
from in its own void. There is an ample if occaisionally controversial body of experimental findings
dealing with magnetic isotope and field effects on the major phosphorylation reactions of life
Regarding the enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis reaction of PPi into Pi + Pi, Fisher outlines a scenario
whereby reaction rate is dependent on the nuclear spin state, ie. different for the singlet and triplet
states. To pool ideas together under the rubric of actually performing quantum processing, some
form of quantum entanglement and subsequent measurement is needed.

To get there we need to imagine entangled phosphate pairs released into extracellular fluid, as at a
synapse, where they can combine with calcium ions to form multiple Posner molecules that in effect
hold entangled phosphorus spins in memory. The magic happens if and when Posner molecules bind
after being transported into two separate presynaptic terminals. At that point, the paper claims,
they would be suseptible to melting in the acidified interior of the vesicle through which they
entered, with subsequent synaptic calcium dynamics and entangled postsynaptic firing. The stability
of Posner molecules appears to be exquisitely pH-sensitive in bone, and by implication elsewhere.
Binding (into dimers and higher order clusters) affects their ability to displace surrounding water
molecules and rotate through different symmetry axes, which correspondingly affects the rate at
which protons can attack and melt them.

The details of all this hinge on, or are at least theorized to benefit from the particular qualities of the
vesicle-based transporters installed on glutamatergic synapses. Originally discovered as sodium-
dependant bit kidney phosphate transporters, sequence homology studies found similar
transporters (VGLUTs) at the presynapse that act in a pH-dependant fashion to fill vesicles with
glutamte. Fisher proposes that these VGLUTs have dual role first in taking up presumptive Posner
molecules during brief exposures of the fusion pore during classical exocytosis, and then later
operate much in reverse to express decomposed phosphorus into the larger presynaptic space.
Thereafter, at least in briefly talking to Fisher, the potential exists to reform Posner clusters here,
which can in turn re-melt with each generating 18 calcium ions to contribute to transmitter release.

VGLUTs themselves come in different forms and future work may help identify their respective roles.
Other esoteric phenomena are undoubtedly also involved at a deep level in synaptic function, and
one need not look to far abroad to find hint of them. For example, we previously proposed a
potential mechanism where these pH-dependant glutamate transporters play a role in recently
reported neural shock wave events in order to generalize the observation from acetylcholinergic
synapses to other amino acid-based transmitter systems.

In the meantime, Fisher intends to re-explore the older Li isotope work and further refine the
mechanisms and any potential shortfalls of the Posner conception. As alluded to above, electron
spin itself is still a relatively obscure concept in biology save for a few niche revelations on things like
chemical compasses or other radical pair-pair inspired biologics. Yet free radicals (unpaired electron
spins) have a magnetic moment 1,000 or so times larger than that of a proton. Their presence alone
could be a significant factor in things like phosphorus nuclear spin decoherence. [7]
Quantum Cognition
Human Perception
A Bi-stable perceptual phenomenon is a fascinating topic in the area of perception. If a stimulus has
an ambiguous interpretation, such as a Necker cube, the interpretation tends to oscillate across
time. Quantum models have been developed to predict the time period between oscillations and
how these periods change with frequency of measurement. Quantum theory has also been used for
modeling Gestalt perception, to account for interference effects obtained with measurements of
ambiguous figures. [6]

Human memory
The hypothesis that there may be something quantum-like about the human mental function was
put forward with “Spooky Activation at Distance” formula which attempted to model the effect that
when a word’s associative network is activated during study in memory experiment, it behaves like a
quantum-entangled system. Models of cognitive agents and memory based on quantum collectives
have been proposed by Subhash Kak. But he also points to specific problems of limits on observation
and control of these memories due to fundamental logical reasons. [6]

Knowledge representation
Concepts are basic cognitive phenomena, which provide the content for inference, explanation, and
language understanding. Cognitive psychology has researched different approaches for
understanding concepts including exemplars, prototypes, and neural networks, and different
fundamental problems have been identified, such as the experimentally tested non classical
behavior for the conjunction and disjunction of concepts, more specifically the Pet-Fish problem or
guppy effect, and the overextension and under extension of typicality and membership weight for
conjunction and disjunction. By and large, quantum cognition has drawn on quantum theory in three
ways to model concepts.

Exploit the contextuality of quantum theory to account for the contextuality of concepts in cognition
and language and the phenomenon of emergent properties when concepts combine.

Use quantum entanglement to model the semantics of concept combinations in a non-

decompositional way, and to account for the emergent properties/associates/inferences in relation
to concept combinations.

Use quantum superposition to account for the emergence of a new concept when concepts are
combined, and as a consequence put forward an explanatory model for the Pet-Fish problem
situation, and the overextension and under extension of membership weights for the conjunction
and disjunction of concepts. The large amount of data collected by Hampton on the combination of
two concepts can be modeled in a specific quantum-theoretic framework in Fock space where the
observed deviations from classical set (fuzzy set) theory, the above mentioned over- and under-
extension of membership weights, are explained in terms of contextual interactions, superposition,
interference, entanglement and emergence. And, more, a cognitive test on a specific concept
combination has been performed which directly reveals, through the violation of Bell’s inequalities,
quantum entanglement between the component concepts. [6]
Quantum Consciousness
Extensive scientific investigation has found that a form of quantum coherence operates within living
biological systems through what is known as biological excitations and biophoton emission. What
this means is that metabolic energy is stored as a form of electromechanical and electromagnetic
excitations. These coherent excitations are considered responsible for generating and maintaining
long-range order via the transformation of energy and very weak electromagnetic signals. After
nearly twenty years of experimental research, Fritz-Albert Popp put forward the hypothesis that
biophotons are emitted from a coherent electrodynamics field within the living system.

What this means is that each living cell is giving off, or resonating, a biophoton field of coherent
energy. If each cell is emitting this field, then the whole living system is, in effect, a resonating field-a
ubiquitous nonlocal field. And since biophotons are the entities through which the living system
communicates, there is near-instantaneous intercommunication throughout. And this, claims Popp,
is the basis for coherent biological organization -- referred to as quantum coherence. This discovery
led Popp to state that the capacity for evolution rests not on aggressive struggle and rivalry but on
the capacity for communication and cooperation. In this sense the built-in capacity for species
evolution is not based on the individual but rather living systems that are interlinked within a
coherent whole: Living systems are thus neither the subjects alone, nor objects isolated, but both
subjects and objects in a mutually communicating universe of meaning. . . . Just as the cells in an
organism take on different tasks for the whole, different populations enfold information not only for
themselves, but for all other organisms, expanding the consciousness of the whole, while at the
same time becoming more and more aware of this collective consciousness.

Biophysicist Mae-Wan Ho describes how the living organism, including the human body, is
coordinated throughout and is "coherent beyond our wildest dreams." It appears that every part of
our body is "in communication with every other part through a dynamic, tunable, responsive, liquid
crystalline medium that pervades the whole body, from organs and tissues to the interior of every
cell."

What this tells us is that the medium of our bodies is a form of liquid crystal, an ideal transmitter of
communication, resonance, and coherence. These relatively new developments in biophysics have
discovered that all biological organisms are constituted of a liquid crystalline medium. Further, DNA
is a liquid-crystal, lattice-type structure (which some refer to as a liquid crystal gel), whereby body
cells are involved in a holographic instantaneous communication via the emitting of biophotons (a
source based on light). This implies that all living biological organisms continuously emit radiations of
light that form a field of coherence and communication. Moreover, biophysics has discovered that
living organisms are permeated by quantum wave forms. [5]

Quantum Entanglement
Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, polarization, etc.
performed on entangled particles are found to be appropriately correlated. For example, if a pair of
particles is generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero, and one particle is
found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis, then the spin of the other particle, measured on the
same axis, will be found to be counterclockwise. Because of the nature of quantum measurement,
however, this behavior gives rise to effects that can appear paradoxical: any measurement of a
property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle (e.g. by collapsing a number of
superimposed states); and in the case of entangled particles, such action must be on the entangled
system as a whole. It thus appears that one particle of an entangled pair "knows" what
measurement has been performed on the other, and with what outcome, even though there is no
known means for such information to be communicated between the particles, which at the time of
measurement may be separated by arbitrarily large distances. [4]

The Bridge
The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the
Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron’s spin also, building the
bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. [1]

Accelerating charges
The moving charges are self maintain the electromagnetic field locally, causing their movement and
this is the result of their acceleration under the force of this field. In the classical physics the charges
will distributed along the electric current so that the electric potential lowering along the current, by
linearly increasing the way they take every next time period because this accelerated motion.
The same thing happens on the atomic scale giving a dp impulse difference and a dx way difference
between the different part of the not point like particles.

Relativistic effect
Another bridge between the classical and quantum mechanics in the realm of relativity is that the
charge distribution is lowering in the reference frame of the accelerating charges linearly: ds/dt = at
(time coordinate), but in the reference frame of the current it is parabolic: s = a/2 t2 (geometric
coordinate).

Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation

In the atomic scale the Heisenberg uncertainty relation gives the same result, since the moving
electron in the atom accelerating in the electric field of the proton, causing a charge distribution on
delta x position difference and with a delta p momentum difference such a way that they product is
about the half Planck reduced constant. For the proton this delta x much less in the nucleon, than in
the orbit of the electron in the atom, the delta p is much higher because of the greater proton mass.

This means that the electron and proton are not point like particles, but has a real charge
distribution.

Wave – Particle Duality

The accelerating electrons explains the wave – particle duality of the electrons and photons, since
the elementary charges are distributed on delta x position with delta p impulse and creating a wave
packet of the electron. The photon gives the electromagnetic particle of the mediating force of the
electrons electromagnetic field with the same distribution of wavelengths.
Atomic model
The constantly accelerating electron in the Hydrogen atom is moving on the equipotential line of the
proton and it's kinetic and potential energy will be constant. Its energy will change only when it is
changing its way to another equipotential line with another value of potential energy or getting free
with enough kinetic energy. This means that the Rutherford-Bohr atomic model is right and only that
changing acceleration of the electric charge causes radiation, not the steady acceleration. The steady
acceleration of the charges only creates a centric parabolic steady electric field around the charge,
the magnetic field. This gives the magnetic moment of the atoms, summing up the proton and
electron magnetic moments caused by their circular motions and spins.

The Relativistic Bridge

Commonly accepted idea that the relativistic effect on the particle physics it is the fermions' spin -
another unresolved problem in the classical concepts. If the electric charges can move only with
accelerated motions in the self maintaining electromagnetic field, once upon a time they would
reach the velocity of the electromagnetic field. The resolution of this problem is the spinning
particle, constantly accelerating and not reaching the velocity of light because the acceleration is
radial. One origin of the Quantum Physics is the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic
oscillators, giving equal intensity for 2 different wavelengths on any temperature. Any of these two
wavelengths will give equal intensity diffraction patterns, building different asymmetric
constructions, for example proton - electron structures (atoms), molecules, etc. Since the particles
are centers of diffraction patterns they also have particle – wave duality as the electromagnetic
waves have. [2]

The weak interaction

The weak interaction transforms an electric charge in the diffraction pattern from one side to the
other side, causing an electric dipole momentum change, which violates the CP and time reversal
symmetry. The Electroweak Interaction shows that the Weak Interaction is basically electromagnetic
in nature. The arrow of time shows the entropy grows by changing the temperature dependent
diffraction patterns of the electromagnetic oscillators.

Another important issue of the quark model is when one quark changes its flavor such that a linear
oscillation transforms into plane oscillation or vice versa, changing the charge value with 1 or -1. This
kind of change in the oscillation mode requires not only parity change, but also charge and time
changes (CPT symmetry) resulting a right handed anti-neutrino or a left handed neutrino.

The right handed anti-neutrino and the left handed neutrino exist only because changing back the
quark flavor could happen only in reverse, because they are different geometrical constructions, the
u is 2 dimensional and positively charged and the d is 1 dimensional and negatively charged. It needs
also a time reversal, because anti particle (anti neutrino) is involved.
The neutrino is a 1/2spin creator particle to make equal the spins of the weak interaction, for
example neutron decay to 2 fermions, every particle is fermions with ½ spin. The weak interaction
changes the entropy since more or less particles will give more or less freedom of movement. The
entropy change is a result of temperature change and breaks the equality of oscillator diffraction
intensity of the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics. This way it changes the time coordinate measure and
makes possible a different time dilation as of the special relativity.

The limit of the velocity of particles as the speed of light appropriate only for electrical charged
particles, since the accelerated charges are self maintaining locally the accelerating electric force.
The neutrinos are CP symmetry breaking particles compensated by time in the CPT symmetry, that is
the time coordinate not works as in the electromagnetic interactions, consequently the speed of
neutrinos is not limited by the speed of light.

The weak interaction T-asymmetry is in conjunction with the T-asymmetry of the second law of
thermodynamics, meaning that locally lowering entropy (on extremely high temperature) causes the
weak interaction, for example the Hydrogen fusion.

Probably because it is a spin creating movement changing linear oscillation to 2 dimensional

oscillation by changing d to u quark and creating anti neutrino going back in time relative to the
proton and electron created from the neutron, it seems that the anti neutrino fastest then the
velocity of the photons created also in this weak interaction?

A quark flavor changing shows that it is a reflection changes movement and the CP- and T- symmetry
breaking!!! This flavor changing oscillation could prove that it could be also on higher level such as
atoms, molecules, probably big biological significant molecules and responsible on the aging of the
life.

Important to mention that the weak interaction is always contains particles and antiparticles, where
the neutrinos (antineutrinos) present the opposite side. It means by Feynman’s interpretation that
these particles present the backward time and probably because this they seem to move faster than
the speed of light in the reference frame of the other side.

Finally since the weak interaction is an electric dipole change with ½ spin creating; it is limited by the
velocity of the electromagnetic wave, so the neutrino’s velocity cannot exceed the velocity of light.

The General Weak Interaction

The Weak Interactions T-asymmetry is in conjunction with the T-asymmetry of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics, meaning that locally lowering entropy (on extremely high temperature) causes for
example the Hydrogen fusion. The arrow of time by the Second Law of Thermodynamics shows the
increasing entropy and decreasing information by the Weak Interaction, changing the temperature
dependent diffraction patterns. A good example of this is the neutron decay, creating more particles
with less known information about them.
The neutrino oscillation of the Weak Interaction shows that it is a general electric dipole change and
it is possible to any other temperature dependent entropy and information changing diffraction
pattern of atoms, molecules and even complicated biological living structures.
We can generalize the weak interaction on all of the decaying matter constructions, even on the
biological too. This gives the limited lifetime for the biological constructions also by the arrow of
time. There should be a new research space of the Quantum Information Science the 'general
neutrino oscillation' for the greater then subatomic matter structures as an electric dipole change.
There is also connection between statistical physics and evolutionary biology, since the arrow of
time is working in the biological evolution also.
The Fluctuation Theorem says that there is a probability that entropy will flow in a direction opposite
to that dictated by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. In this case the Information is growing that
is the matter formulas are emerging from the chaos. So the Weak Interaction has two directions,
samples for one direction is the Neutron decay, and Hydrogen fusion is the opposite direction.

Fermions and Bosons

The fermions are the diffraction patterns of the bosons such a way that they are both sides of the
same thing.

Van Der Waals force

Named after the Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals – who first proposed it in 1873 to
explain the behaviour of gases – it is a very weak force that only becomes relevant when atoms and
molecules are very close together. Fluctuations in the electronic cloud of an atom mean that it will
have an instantaneous dipole moment. This can induce a dipole moment in a nearby atom, the
result being an attractive dipole–dipole interaction.

Electromagnetic inertia and mass

Electromagnetic Induction
Since the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing acceleration,
it works as an electromagnetic inertia, causing an electromagnetic mass. [1]

Relativistic change of mass

The increasing mass of the electric charges the result of the increasing inductive electric force acting
against the accelerating force. The decreasing mass of the decreasing acceleration is the result of the
inductive electric force acting against the decreasing force. This is the relativistic mass change
explanation, especially importantly explaining the mass reduction in case of velocity decrease.

The frequency dependence of mass

Since E = hν and E = mc2, m = hν /c2 that is the m depends only on the ν frequency. It means that the
mass of the proton and electron are electromagnetic and the result of the electromagnetic
induction, caused by the changing acceleration of the spinning and moving charge! It could be that
the mo inertial mass is the result of the spin, since this is the only accelerating motion of the electric
charge. Since the accelerating motion has different frequency for the electron in the atom and the
proton, they masses are different, also as the wavelengths on both sides of the diffraction pattern,
giving equal intensity of radiation.

Electron – Proton mass rate

The Planck distribution law explains the different frequencies of the proton and electron, giving
equal intensity to different lambda wavelengths! Also since the particles are diffraction patterns
they have some closeness to each other – can be seen as a gravitational force. [2]
There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron,
can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy
distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of
these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no
compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.

Gravity from the point of view of quantum physics

The Gravitational force
The gravitational attractive force is basically a magnetic force.

The same electric charges can attract one another by the magnetic force if they are moving parallel
in the same direction. Since the electrically neutral matter is composed of negative and positive
charges they need 2 photons to mediate this attractive force, one per charges. The Bing Bang caused
parallel moving of the matter gives this magnetic force, experienced as gravitational force.

Since graviton is a tensor field, it has spin = 2, could be 2 photons with spin = 1 together.

You can think about photons as virtual electron – positron pairs, obtaining the necessary virtual
mass for gravity.

The mass as seen before a result of the diffraction, for example the proton – electron mass rate
Mp=1840 Me. In order to move one of these diffraction maximum (electron or proton) we need to
intervene into the diffraction pattern with a force appropriate to the intensity of this diffraction
maximum, means its intensity or mass.

The Big Bang caused acceleration created radial currents of the matter, and since the matter is
composed of negative and positive charges, these currents are creating magnetic field and attracting
forces between the parallel moving electric currents. This is the gravitational force experienced by
the matter, and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces between the charged particles.
The positive and negative charged currents attracts each other or by the magnetic forces or by the
much stronger electrostatic forces!?

The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space
and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy.
There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron,
can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy
distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of
these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no
compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
The Higgs boson
By March 2013, the particle had been proven to behave, interact and decay in many of the expected
ways predicted by the Standard Model, and was also tentatively confirmed to have + parity and zero
spin, two fundamental criteria of a Higgs boson, making it also the first known scalar particle to be
discovered in nature, although a number of other properties were not fully proven and some partial
results do not yet precisely match those expected; in some cases data is also still awaited or being
analyzed.

Since the Higgs boson is necessary to the W and Z bosons, the dipole change of the Weak interaction
and the change in the magnetic effect caused gravitation must be conducted. The Wien law is also
important to explain the Weak interaction, since it describes the Tmax change and the diffraction
patterns change. [2]

Higgs mechanism and Quantum Gravity

The magnetic induction creates a negative electric field, causing an electromagnetic inertia. Probably
it is the mysterious Higgs field giving mass to the charged particles? We can think about the photon
as an electron-positron pair, they have mass. The neutral particles are built from negative and
positive charges, for example the neutron, decaying to proton and electron. The wave – particle
duality makes sure that the particles are oscillating and creating magnetic induction as an inertial
mass, explaining also the relativistic mass change. Higher frequency creates stronger magnetic
induction, smaller frequency results lesser magnetic induction. It seems to me that the magnetic
induction is the secret of the Higgs field.

In particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is a kind of mass generation mechanism, a process that
gives mass to elementary particles. According to this theory, particles gain mass by interacting with
the Higgs field that permeates all space. More precisely, the Higgs mechanism endows gauge bosons
in a gauge theory with mass through absorption of Nambu–Goldstone bosons arising in spontaneous
symmetry breaking.

The simplest implementation of the mechanism adds an extra Higgs field to the gauge theory. The
spontaneous symmetry breaking of the underlying local symmetry triggers conversion of
components of this Higgs field to Goldstone bosons which interact with (at least some of) the other
fields in the theory, so as to produce mass terms for (at least some of) the gauge bosons. This
mechanism may also leave behind elementary scalar (spin-0) particles, known as Higgs bosons.

In the Standard Model, the phrase "Higgs mechanism" refers specifically to the generation of masses
for the W±, and Z weak gauge bosons through electroweak symmetry breaking. The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN announced results consistent with the Higgs particle on July 4, 2012 but stressed
that further testing is needed to confirm the Standard Model.

What is the Spin?

So we know already that the new particle has spin zero or spin two and we could tell which one if we
could detect the polarizations of the photons produced. Unfortunately this is difficult and neither
ATLAS nor CMS are able to measure polarizations. The only direct and sure way to confirm that the
particle is indeed a scalar is to plot the angular distribution of the photons in the rest frame of the
centre of mass. A spin zero particles like the Higgs carries no directional information away from the
original collision so the distribution will be even in all directions. This test will be possible when a
much larger number of events have been observed. In the mean time we can settle for less certain
indirect indicators.

The Graviton
In physics, the graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitation in
the framework of quantum field theory. If it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless (because
the gravitational force appears to have unlimited range) and must be a spin-2 boson. The spin
follows from the fact that the source of gravitation is the stress-energy tensor, a second-rank tensor
(compared to electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-rank
tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force
indistinguishable from gravitation, because a massless spin-2 field must couple to (interact with) the
stress-energy tensor in the same way that the gravitational field does. This result suggests that, if a
massless spin-2 particle is discovered, it must be the graviton, so that the only experimental
verification needed for the graviton may simply be the discovery of a massless spin-2 particle. [3]

Conclusions
The hypothesis that there may be something quantum-like about the human mental function was
put forward with “Spooky Activation at Distance” formula which attempted to model the effect that
when a word’s associative network is activated during study in memory experiment, it behaves like a
quantum-entangled system.
One of the most important conclusions is that the electric charges are moving in an accelerated way
and even if their velocity is constant, they have an intrinsic acceleration anyway, the so called spin,
since they need at least an intrinsic acceleration to make possible they movement .
The accelerated charges self-maintaining potential shows the locality of the relativity, working on
the quantum level also. [1]
The bridge between the classical and quantum theory is based on this intrinsic acceleration of the
spin, explaining also the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The particle – wave duality of the electric
charges and the photon makes certain that they are both sides of the same thing.
The Secret of Quantum Entanglement that the particles are diffraction patterns of the
electromagnetic waves and this way their quantum states every time is the result of the quantum
state of the intermediate electromagnetic waves. [2]
These relatively new developments in biophysics have discovered that all biological organisms are
constituted of a liquid crystalline medium. Further, DNA is a liquid-crystal, lattice-type structure
(which some refer to as a liquid crystal gel), whereby body cells are involved in a holographic
instantaneous communication via the emitting of biophotons (a source based on light). This implies
that all living biological organisms continuously emit radiations of light that form a field of coherence
and communication. Moreover, biophysics has discovered that living organisms are permeated by
quantum wave forms. [5]
Basing the gravitational force on the accelerating Universe caused magnetic force and the Planck
Distribution Law of the electromagnetic waves caused diffraction gives us the basis to build a Unified
Theory of the physical interactions also.

References
[1] The Magnetic field of the Electric current and the Magnetic induction

http://academia.edu/3833335/The_Magnetic_field_of_the_Electric_current
[2] 3 Dimensional String Theory

http://academia.edu/3834454/3_Dimensional_String_Theory

[3] Graviton Production By Two Photon and Electron-Photon Processes In Kaluza-Klein Theories With
Large Extra Dimensions

http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9909392

[4] Quantum Entanglement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement

[5] Quantum Consciousness

https://realitysandwich.com/155783/quantum_consciousness_0/

[6] Quantum Cognition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cognition

[7] Neural qubits: Quantum cognition based on synaptic nuclear spins

http://phys.org/news/2015-08-neural-qubits-quantum-cognition-based.html

[8] IBM announces new and advanced Watson APIs on the cloud

http://phys.org/news/2016-02-ibm-advanced-watson-apis-cloud.html