Distance Protection

3 of Transmission Line

Syllabus
Introduction to Distance Protection, Types ofDistance Relay, Impedance, Reactance, MHO Relay,
Performance of Distance Relay During Normal Load andPower Swing, Efectof Arc Resistance on
Reach of Distance Relays, Comparison of Distance Relays, Distance Protection of Transmission
line, Reasons for Inaccuracy of Distance Relay Reach, Three Step Protection, Trip contact
configuration, 3 - step protection of double end fed lines.

Contents
3.1 Drawbacks ofOvercurrent Protection....... . . Summer-18, Marks3
3.2 Introduction to Distance Relays
3.3 Impedance Relay Summer-13,15,18,
... Winter-16,20, Marks 7
3.4 Reactance Relay Summer-13,14,15,17,18,
Winter-14,16,17,18,20, . . * Marks 7

3.5 Mho Relay or Admittance Relay... Summer-13,15,17,19,

... Winter-14,16,17,18,20, Marks 7
3.6 Offset Mho Relay . . . Winter-20, Marks 3
3.7 Effect of Arc Resistance on Distance Relays.... Summer-19, Winter-19,20, Marks 4
3.6 Efect of Power Swing on Distance Relays. .... . Summer-18,19,

. . . Winter-19,20, Marks 4
3.9 Classification of Distance Relays
3.10 Setting of Distance Relays
3.11 Distance Protection of Transmission Lines
3.12 Reasons for Inaccuracy of Distance Relay Reach
. . ... Winter-15,16, Marks 7
3.13 Three Stepped Distance Protection of Transmission Line
Summer-17,

Winter- 17,18,19, Marks 4

3.14 Short Questions and Answers

(3 1)
 Distance Protection of Trensmissin
3-2 Line Switchgeer end Protection
Switchge8 and Protection 3-3 Diatance Protection of
GTU:Summer-18 Transmiesion iLIne
Protection
Overcurrent
3.1 Drawbacks of
reach of the over
h e main drawback of
overcurrent protection is that the
overcurrent Fault Fa is
in Line
factors which are, under
relay depends on hwo the type of fault variable
inpadarnc
carrent varies
according to Fault consideration vkiatbia
1. Ihe magnitude of
for a particular type of fault. curren Zi2in1AB,IAB|
2The changes in the
s o u r c e impedance For Zin2 AB 1<AB causing under reach
causi
protecting the section of the 1
Consider a source E with
constant impedance Zin
current of the relay.
This value is designed for the fault 1 Correspcnds to Zit
AB. Let 1 is the pick up B tor the fault L-L-G I in3in1
the relay reaches upto point For Zin3
line to ground (L-L-G). Thus
to LG (Line to Ground)
then the current changes
the and Distance
the fault varies from L-LG
where the distance is less than AB. This is
AB under ABgA8| causing over reach from relay
relay reach changes to point Bj the reach of the relay changes to point B,. Sue Fig. 3.1.2 Reach of overcurrent relay varies with source impadance
reach. Similariy for a three phase fault,
that the distance AB is more than AB. This is over reach. Thus the reach of the rolaay Review Questions
which is undesirable. This is shown in the Fig. 3.11
changes with the type of the fault 1. Discuss the drarwbacks of overcurrent relays in detail.
Line 2. Explain superiority of distance protection for the protection of tramsmissiot line.
under ype of
Consideration fault changing GTU: Summer-18, Marks 3
B B2 for constant
$ource
impedance 3.2 Introduction to Distance Relays
Fault
Constant In the relays discussed uptil now, the operation of the relays is dependent on the
in Faut
AB< JAB For L-G fault magnitude of the current or voltage of the circuit to be protected. in distance relays, the
Curent
Under reach
operation is dependent on the ratio of the voltage and current, which is expressed
Designed reach of interms of an impedance. Hence basically distance relays are called impedance relays.
L-L-G fault
AB AB The impedance is nothing but an electrical measure of distance along a transmission
Over reach line. The relay operates when the ratio V/I ie. impedance is less than a predetermined
Distance value. As the ratio VI affects the performance of these relays, the relays are also called
from relay
For three phase ratio relays. Dependent on the ratio of V and I there are three types of distance relays
fauit
which are,
Fig. 3.1.1 Reach of overcurrent
relay varies with of fault
type . lmpedance relay which is based on measurement of impedance Z
Now consider that the 2. Reactance relay which is based on measurement of reactance X.
relay reach is designed for the current Io with urce

impedance Zin1 for a particular type of fault. This sou 3, Admittance or Mho relay which is based on measurement of component of
gives the reach of the relay to
point B. If source impedance changes to Zi2 Such that u admittance Y.
Zin2 <
Zinl then the relay each distance whose performance is based on the measurement of
changes upto point Bj causing under reach. If in short, a relay is one
of relay and the point
admittance of ine between the location
such
that Zin3 Zin! then the source
impedance changes to Lin3 impedance, reactance or

relay reach changes upto point the where fault occurs.

reach of the relay B causing over reach.
1
s

depernds on the source impedance which is shown

GU Summer13,15,18 Winter16,20
in the Fig. 3.1.2. undesirable. This is S 3.3 Impedance Relay current I of
to the ratio of voltage V and
corresponding
Due to these he impedance relay works
drawbacks, distance elements in this relay, the one produces a
voltage at relay point and the fault protection is used which
depends on
ratio ne circuit to be protected. There are two
a torque proporional to voitage.
current. Orque proportional to current while the other produces

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 3-4 Distanoe Protection of Transmission ine Switchgear andProtection 3-5
Switchgear and Protection Diatance Protection
ansrmission Line
against torque produced by Dividing both sides by Ky 1,
is balanced
The torque produced by the current element torque, pickup tora
operating
voltageelement. Thus the airrent element produces K3
The voltage element produces restrainin K2 K2
which can be said to be positive torque.
So this relay is volta
reset
torque, which can be said to be negative torque.
torque tage
restrained overcurrent relay. Z
principle of an impedance relay. . (3.3.3)
The Fig. 3.3.1 shows the basic operating

C.T Conerally the spring effect is negiected as its effect is dominant at low currents which
generally do not occur in practice. So with Kg = 0,
Fault

i mpedanic
ralay

3.3.2 Operating Characteristics

(3.3.4)

Fig. 3.3.1 Basic operation of impedance relay

As seen from the equation (3.3.1), it can be stated that the impedance relay is on the
The current element is energized by current through C.T. while voltage element is
verge of operating at a given constant vaBue of the ratio V/l, which can be expressed as
energized by voltage through P.T. The section AB of the line is protected zone. an impedance.
Under normal conditions, the ratio of voltage V and current I is denoted as Z which
is impedance of line. The relay is inoperative under this condition.
For a particular fault position, the ratio V/l ie. impedance is constant. It changes
the fault position changes. If fault is nearer to relay, this ratio will be low and as faulk
When the fault occurs at point F in the protected zone then the voltage drops while
position moves away from the relay the ratio becomes higher and higher. So it can be
curent increases. Thus the ratio V/l ie. the impedance reduces drastically. This is the installed to operate for the
impedance of line between the point at which relay is connected and the point F at
section to be protected and once
which fault ocurs. So when the impedance reduces than its predetermined value Zy, it
trips and makes the arcuit breaker open.
installed and adjusted for a
Operating
Operating
characterisbc
particular section, t region
inoperative beyond that section. (+ve torque)
3.3.1 Torque Equation The operating characteristics 1
Nonoperating
region
The positive torque produced by the current element is proportional of the relay is shown in the ve torque)
to I while the
negative torque produced by the voltage element is Fig. 3.3.2.
Let control
proportional to V.
spring effect produces a constant torque of K3. - As the effect of spring is
Hence the torque dominating for the lower values
equation becomes,
of currents, the characteristics V
T K, P -

K, V- K3 (3.3.1) shows a noticiable bend at lower characteristics

where K Kz are the Fig. 3.3.2 Operating

constants, while V and I are r.m.s. values. currents.
At the balance which represents a constant value of Z
point, when the relay is on the Bu all practical purposes, the dotted line,
zero hence we can
write, verge of operating, the net tor may be considered as an operating characterisncs
set value is given by,
0 K T K, V -
-

K3 ne impedance Z which is predetermined

K v- KP -Kg .. (3.3.2)
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 Distance Profection of iransmission Line S w i t c h g e a ra n d P r o t e c t i o n
3-7
3-6 ance Protection of Transmission Line
Switchgear and Protection

Z- Impedance between relay and fault point

Set value for
Z Slope of characteristics Z impedance - Radius of circde
Z Z
represented by any point abou
combination of V and
I
Then for,
Relay operates
for any
The relay will pickup words for any value of Z less than #the Z Z
the line in the positive torque
region. In other Relay is inoperative
the ine, the relay will operate.
constant value represented by
so that the relay
of the characteristics can be changed will
By adjustments, the slope
less than any desired upper limit.
respond to all the values of impedance
torque Operaling
Characteristics on R-X Diagram region characteristic
3.3.3 Operating
The operating characteristics of an impedance relay can be more easily represented by +ve

a diagram called R-X diagram. The diagram is shown in a plane having X-axis as torque
region
R (resistance) while the Y-axis as X (reactance). This plane is called R-X plane. The
impedance Z can be expressed as,
+R

Z R+jX i.e. 1Z! R+X

z2 = R2+X
(3.3.5)
ZZ
Mathematically x + y' = represents an equation of circle where x and y are vertical
-X
and horizontal co-ordinates while r is the radius.
Similarly the equation (3.3.5) represents Fig. 3.3.3 Characteristic on R-X diagram
circde where R and X are vertical and horizontal co-ordinates and
magnitude of Such a relay is nondirectional and can operate for faults on either side of a point
impedance iZl is the radius of the circle. The centre of this circle is at point where R
and X axes intersect each other i.e.
where relay is installed.
origin.
From equathon (3.3.5) write,
we can 3.3.4 Disadvantages of Plain impedance Relay
A
tan i.e.
R tan R (3.3.6) The plain impedance relay suffers from following disadvantages
1.It is nondirectional and can operate for faults on both sides of a point where relay
The numerical values of ratio V and I
determine the length of the radius vector Z 1s connected. Hence it fails to discriminate between intermal and extermal faults.
while the phase angle o between V and I determines the exact
If Iis in phase with V then the Z
position of the vector Z. When fault occurs, an arc exists. The arc resistance of line fault aftects the
vector lies along R-axis. If I
negative while if I leads vector V then X is lags vector V then X is performance of this relay.
positive. each side on R-X plane, the power
The operation of the large area is covered by the circle on
a
relay is independent of phase angle o and hence the
As

characteristic is circle with radius

a operating8 SWings also can affect the performance of this relay.
equal to magnitude of Z which is
value predetermined Set
Ohdirectional performance can
be made directional by adding a directional

At any value of Z element in the plain

less than the radius of the impedance relay.
entireportion inside the circle is positive circle, the relay operates. Hence the
while the portion exterior to torque region i.e. operating 3.3.5 Directional Impedance Relay
the circle is region of the relay
as shown in the negative torque region i.e. directional element in
Fig. 3.3.3. nonoperative regio The be obtained by adding
a

rectional impedance relay

can
or current flow
direction of power
relav, The element can sense the
dsic impedance
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 Protection or iransmissio
3-8 Diste
Distance
Line Switchgear a n d P r o t e c t i o n
3-9
Switchgear and Protection
Distance Protection of
Transminaion Line
+X Line of the directional characteristics. The
operate only
if the maximum
above
operating egion is just
portion shown in the Fig. 3.3.5 is
positive torque region ie.semicircle. The
a
and relay can

flow is in
one torque shaded a

of power of the relay. the

direction
direction with respect to +Ve region operating
particular torgue Operating Modified characteristics By
+X 9peraling regiGn (e torqus
where relay is
installed.
ragion)
the point region additional voltage to the
of a
directional supplying
The
characteristics
line -ve
voltage Ccoils
of an impedance Maximu
tilted straight OrqLe line
is a torque
element
equation of the
origin, which can be
+R relay, the torque
passing through as can be modified. The
in R-X diagram Nonoperating relay
shown supplied is
the Fig. 3.3.4
The region additional voltage
represented in
line of to the line current and
dotted line indicates
the proportional
While the dotted current bias. The modified
maximum torque. is called
portion shown above the line torque equation is,
indicates the operating region of the
directional element.
T- K, -Kz (V +
K3 1)
Now such a pure directional Madified
Fig. 3.3.4 Directional characteristics where impedance
element is added to the impedance characteristics
(V+K3 1) = Voltage supplied Directional
relay, we get the resultant characteristics which is a combination of
and a a
straight line characteristics
circle of radius Zl. Thus the resultant characteristics obtained by superimposing the
to voltage coil
line characteristics of directional element on the circle of the impedance relay is
straight Fig. 3.3.6 Modified directional impedance relay
shown in the Fig. 3.3.5. The relay trips for the points which are within the circle and Due to this additional current characteristics

+X bias, the ircle representing impedance characteristics on R-X diagram shifts. The radius
of circle remains same as V/I but its centre gets shifted from origin. This is shown in the
Line of
maximumm Fig. 3.3.6. By controlling current bias, shift of the circle can be adjusted as per the
Operating torque requirement.
region

Review Questions
Impedance 1. Explain an impedance relay showing its characteristics on R-X diagram
characteristics
90 GTU Summer-13,15,18,Winter-16.20, Marks
2. Derive the torque equation of impedance relay from unicersal torque equation.

+R . How directional feature is provided to impedance relay ? Expiain twith the help of

characteristics.

3.4 Reactance Relay GTUSummer-13,14,15,17,18, Winter14,16.17.18,20

the operating torque is obtained by current while the

restraining torque
this
relay
overcurrent element develops the positive
e to a
current-voltage directional relay. The
torque and directional unit produces negative torque
Directional
relay with the direchional restraint.
characteristics s the reactance relay is an overcurrent

Fig. 3.3.5 Directional

impedance relay characteristics
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 *SSIOn Li
Switchgear and Protection
Line Switchgsar and Protection
3-11
Hstancs Proection f 7
is so designed that the maximum torque angle is 90
The directional elernent
K K cos (-1) i.e. K- K2 Zcos (-)
3.4.1 Construction
Adding capacitor, the
torque angle
reactance relay can be of
induction cup type, It i is adjusted as 90,
The structure used for the K K2 Z cos (6-90
coil, polarizing coil and a restraining coil. The scO
polestructure. t has operating
for the reactance relay is
shown in the Fig. 3.4.1. schematic 1.e.
K K2 Z sin
arrangement of coils Z sin 0
Polarizing coil
Consider an impedance triangle shown in the Fig. 3.4.2.
Z sin 6 = X = Reactance

Restraining
coil
Z cos 0 = R = Resistance

X Constant
Fig. 3.4.2
Thus the relay operates on the reactance only. The constant X means a straight line
Operating parallel to X-axis on R-X diagram. For the operation of the relay, the reactance seen by
CC
the relay should be smaller than the reactance for which the relay is designed.

3
3.4.3 Operating Characteristics
The operating characteristics
Fig. 3.4.1 Schematic arrangement of reactance relay of such relay is a straight line
The current I flows from Characteristics
pole 1, through iron core stacking to lower pole 3. The parallel to the X-a>xis i.e R-axis on
-ve torque
winding on pole 4 is fed from voltage V. The operating torque is region
interactiorn of fluxes due to the produced by R-X diagram. All the impedance
windings carrying current coils i.e. interaction of fluxes vectors have their tips lying on
produced by poles 1, 2 and 3. While the restraining
interaction of fhuxes due to the torque is developed due to the straight line
representing +ve torque
Z sine= X =

poles 1, 3 and 4. Hence the operating torque constant reactance. The resistance region
proportional to the square of the current () while the R
+R

the product of V and I (VI). The desired maximum restraining torque proporio
to
is component of the impedance has
no effect on the operation of the
help of RC circuit, shown in the Fig. 3.4.1.
torque angle is obtained wit
relay. It responds only to the
3.4.2 Torque Equation reactance component of the -X

impedance. The characteristics is characteristics of reactance relay

The Fig. 3.4.3 Operating
driving torque is
proportional to the
shown in the Fig. 3.4.3.
square of the current while the ining
torque is
proportional to the resra"
product of V and I. The relay will operate for all
below the operating
characteristics, whether below
or

Hence the net pedances whose heads lie

torque
neglecting the effect of spring is given
by above the R-axis.
T
K -K VI cos (-)
At the balance point net
torque is zero,
3.4.4 Disadvantages relay. This will
from the
characteristics is a nondirectional fault has taken
0
K1 - K2 VI cos (-T) i.e.
relay as can be seen
transmission ine, whether the

K 1 =K, V I cos (-7) not be a D I e discriminate when used on

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Switchgear and Protection
3-12 Distance Protection of Trensmission
Switchgear and Protection
3-13
is located or it has taken place in the adjoining Distance Protection of Transmissie
place in the section where relay
to use a directional relay type of the used with basic impedan section
edance relay the operating torque is obtained by Vand
It is not possible even under normal load conditions
relay n
I element while
because in thai case the relay will operate straining torque is obtained by a voltage element. Thus the
an
at or near unity p.f. conditions.
The reactance relay with direcse restrained directional relay. admittance relay is
system is operating
or admittance relay.
ctional voltage
a

feature is called mho relay r anerating torque is produced by the interaction of the
fluxes due to the windings
h y the poles 1, 2 and 3. While the
restraining
Review Questions
raction of the fluxes due to the
windings
carried
toTque is
produced by the
by the poles 1, 3 and 4.
1. Explain a reactance reiay showing its characteristics on R-X diagram. ThrG the restraining torque is
proportional to the square of the voltage (V ) while the
GTU: Summer-13.14,15.17,18, Winter-14,16,17,18,20, Marks erating torque is
opera roportional to the
product of voltage and current (V). The torque
is adjusted using series tuning circuit.
2. Derive the torqe equation of reactance relay from universal torque equation. angle
B.5.2 Torque Equation
3.5 Mho Relay or Admittance Relay
GTU: Suamer-13,15,17,19,Winter-14,16,17,18.20 The operating torque is proportional to VI while
restraining torque is proportional to
V2. Hence net torque is given by,
Inthe impedance relay a separate unit is required to make it directional while the
same unit cannot be used to make a reactance relay with directional feature. The mho T K VI cos (-) -

K V -Kg
relay is made inherently directional by adding a voltage winding called polarizing
where Ka Control spring effect
winding. This relay works on the measurement of admittance Y 2 6. This relay is also
called angie impedance relay. Generally control spring effect is neglected (K3 =0).
3.5.1 Construction And at balance net torque is also zero.
This relay aiso uses an induction cup type structure. It also has an operating coil, 0 K VI cos (-T) -K2 V
polarizing coil and restraining coil. The schematic arrangement of all the coils is shown K VI cos (-t) =
K, V
in the Fig. 3.5.1.
K cos (-t) =
K2 v2
yiT
i.e. K cos (-t) -

K22
Polarizin9
coll

z- cos - )
Series tuning 2
Operating
COi
And
lhis is the
equation of a circle having diameter K,/K, passing through origin.
this constant
K/K2 is the ohmic setting of this relay.
3.5.3 Operating Characteristics
this relay is a circle passing
s Seen from the torque equation, the characteristics of
through origin with diameter as K/K2
Let Z - Ohmic setting of relay Diarmeter
Restraining coll

The circle is shown in the Fig. 3.5.2.

the relay falls within this circle.
Th seen by
V
C lay operates when the impedance at the point
A. The relay will
Fig. 3.5.1 Schematic mho relay located
arrangement of admittance relay t w o lines AB and AC with

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 3- 14 Distance Protecion of
Transmission Switchgear and Protection
Switchgoer 8nd Protecton Lir 3-15 Distance Protectic of
A
the
Transmission Line
The
line parallel to istance axis at a distance of 4,
correspordi
to reactance of the
impedance passing
given, represents the through poirnt. A,
reactance relay. characteristics of a
circle with OA as the
Draw the diameter, passing through O and A
mho relay.
ve torque - v e torque
characteristics of represents
region region The characteristics are shown in the Fig. 3.5.3.

Theimpedance of arcing fault is 1+j0, is represented by OD.

to the OA is drawn from
Theline parallel point D, cutting the mho circde at point F
+R the impedance circle at pointE.
and cutting
90
Draw line FN parallel to R-axis to cut OA at N and draw EM
parallel to R-axis to cut
OA at M.

Then the ratio ON/OA represents the line protected by mho relay.
ON
OA
100= % of line protected by mho relay x 100 =
80 %
-X
While the ratio OM/OA represents the line protected by impedance reiay.
Fig. 3.5.2 Operating characteristics of mho relay
+X Characteristics of
operate for the fauits occurring in the section AB Scale: 1:1 unit
only and not for the faults occurring in reactance relay
the section AC. This shows that this
relay is inherently directional without any
addiional directional unit required.
The
angle be
t can
adjusted to be 45, 60, 75° and so on. This angle is maximum
torque angle. The setting of 45° is used for high voltage (33 or 11 kV) distribution lines,
the setting of 60° is used for 66 or 132 kV lines Characteristics of
while the setting of 75° is used for
275 and 400 kV lines. mho relay

Example 3.5.t On a R-X diagram show a line having an

impedance of 3 +
j 4 S2. On the
same diagram shoao the operating characteristics of
1.
Impedance relay 2. Reactance relay 3. Mho relay
Assume that these R
relays are adjusted to just operate for a zero R
the end of the line
section. impedance short circuit u
arcing short circuit fault having an arc
the line,
jinà for each type of distance
impedance of 1 + j0 Q occurs anywlhere o Characteristics of

protected
relay, the maximum portion of the line that can e an impedance relay

Solution: The line OA is the impedance vector

with impedance 3+
OB 3 j 4 2.
BA= 4
The cirle
with O as a centre and OA
impedance relay. as radius represents the an
characteristic>* Fig. 3.5.3

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 S e n t c t h g e e ra n d F r o f æ c t i o n
3-17
Distance Protoction of Trensmission istence Prokecion c
16 ransmisaion Line

x 100 85 %
by impedance relay
1: Unt
Crerecerice
- o f ine potectei
resistance and
unatfectd by the presene of
the arc
hence Characderisics
of mho raay

Now euctare relay is

thhe reactance relay is 100 %
o of line protected by'
with the a oresnt the
5 ohms. Shozw this on R-X
evet diaer
impedarnce of 2.8
+

ine section has an

Examles24 a zeTO mpedance shor
to ust oprerute for
the relsy s adjusied
erdarsY etor. the ozerating charackeristics
lze section shorr on the R-X dingram
r a t at ie eni bhe
A reactznar reiay ) A mho Telay useá for the purpos
t An igendar eryu
chATacheristics hes on he lne mpedance
AsAe that zhe antre the ms reiay operamg

0 o s amirehEre alons
h g shrt cirst aurs ating n impedarnce of 15
the line that can be
the lone. Foved ir eac toe of distance relay the marimum portion of

Sobeion The ne OA is the impedance vector with impedane 28 -j52

BA-5
06 28 and

The circe with O as a centre and OA as the radius represents the haracteristics o asestes
p e a c e relay. Tis is shonn in the Fig. 3.5.4

The ne paraiel to he resistancæ axis at a distance of 5 passing through point A

the dharacteristics of OA-573
cETESpOding to the reactanoe ot the impedance given represents a

reatance relay.
-X
The cincde dram wih OA as a diameter represents the characteristics of mho relay
Fig. 35.4
arcng fault is 15 i 0 which is represented as OD. The line
Theimpedane of an

parail to OA draa irom point D. cuting the mho arde at point F and cutting ad henæ
by the presenoe af the arc eissme
ven
The reactance relay is unaffected
pedane irde at point E wah the arC present the % line protectad by the reatane elay is
0

Derawne aralei to R-axus roR F cutting OA at

Deaw e paraiel to R-ais from E cutting OA at M Rem.ere astions

The ratio of ON to OA represents the lune protected by the mho relay 1 Explain miso relay shonring its chararteristas R-k daga
a-KI627 18.2 Mas
GT:Senes-13,15,17.19.

SL14 Line protected by mho relay

The ratio OM 2 OA te kne
represents protected by an
impedance relay.

3M neiy
pedance reiay 2 Reactasce reiay
= 5.5
Line protected by impedane re.a

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 3-18
Distance Protection of Transmission I S w i l t c h g e a ra n dP r o t e c t i o n
3119
Switchgear and Protection Distance Protection
ensmission Line
npedarnce vector. f the are
Assume that centre of mho relay
characteristics lies on an

the line, find for each

arching
ach type of
R e v i e w Question

anyuhere along
fault ocurs with an inmpedance of 1.5 +j0 Q Write a note on offset mho relay.
dtstance rebay the maximum portion of the line
that can be protected. 1.
GTU Witer-20. Marks 3
(Ans.: 82 %, 100 % and 85
3.7Effect of Arc Resistance on tance Relays

Relay
GTU: Winter-20 GTU: Sumner-19, Wioter-19 20
3.6 Offset Mho tuuslts like flashover across the line insulator or
a circde passing through the origin. It Can
The faults between the phases
For a mho relay, the haracteristics is not
arc oduces an
introduces resistance Rarc into a fault
arc
produces an
behind the busbar. For this an offset is Such an loop. Hence the
faults and faults lying arc

c e of distance relays gets attected by the arc resistance. Let us

operate for doseup erformance of the
rectifier bridge type amplitude comparator. In th see the
introduced in the mho relay usirng
p e r f

esistance on various distance relays.

the C.T. output current is injected into the restrai
arc
str ain effect of
offset mho relay, only a fraction of
less than 1. Hence the quantities which are compared
This fraction is 'n' which is Plane Impedance Relay:
crcuit.
The relay operates when,
Efiect of Arc Resistance on

for the operation of the reiay are I and|

In a plane impedance relay,
Z Impedance between relay and fault
(Z nZ) Z Set value of impedance.
i.e. I1ZI V - Z nll
Then the relay operates when Zf < Z
i.e Z
Consider an arcing fault as shown in the Fig.

3.7.1
1Z> Z- nZ| PF Actual impedance upto faut point.
nZ Arcing
The offset mho characteristics are shown Resistance of arc fault. fault
R
Rarce
in the Fig. 3.6.1.
Due to the added arc resistance, the relay Plane impedance
Practically 10 % offset is a typical Offsst If this relay
measures the mpedance Z +R
value of the offset used. For viewed the than set
closeup impedance by relay is more
Fig. 3.7.1 Effect of Rae On impedance
faults, V 0 and for the offset mho relay value Z then the relay fails to operate. Hence relay
Fig. 3.6.1 Offset mho characteristics
when V 0 the condition becomes the relay will under reach and hence will able to protect only a portion of the zone.
11 10 nll. As n< 1, this condition gets satisfied and relay of the distance by which the relay
faults. This is main operates for the closeupP The percentage under reach is defined as the ratio
advantage of the offset mho
relay. under reaches to the reach setting of the relay.
The main applications of offset mho relay Line fault
are, The effect of Rarc on R-X diagram is shown charactenistics
i) Operation for closeup faults. in the
Fig. 3.7.2
Restrain FR Rare
ii) Bushbar zone backup
protection. PQ-Z Setting of relay Radius of circle. Trip R
ii) Carrier blocking protection schemes.
PF Z Impedance up to fault.
iv) Blocking of power
swing. FR
Practically in typical protection scheme,
a
Rarc then PR =
PF + FR =
Z +Rarc
normal mho three units are used. The first two units is more than the Fig. 3.7.2
relays while the third unit is offset are
he arc resistance Rae
mho relay. R, then the total impedance realised by the will fail to
and the relay
the PQ which is the circle radius
De more than

operate.
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 Distance Protection of Transmission Line
S W C g

Distance Protection o
3- 20
Switchgear and Protection
8.8 Effect of
Power wing on Distar ce Relays
ansmission Line

%under reach = 100

of a
GTUES 819, Winter-19,20
onsider the part power system in which
rating stations as show in the Fig. 3.8.1.
generatb
a
transmissio line Connects the two
2. Effect fo Arc Resistance on Mho Relay
There phase difference of 8
is
3.7.3 shows the characteristics of Mho relay when the fault occurs at F. Relay
The Fig. between the vol ges at the two ends of
The relay set for PQ
is Z. The fault resistance
=
line. The current in the
transmission
PF Z while FR is arc resistance Rarc As long as FR Rare a
system depends on this angle. Under
EpZ0 EgZo
PR Z +Rarc is less than Z, the relay will operate.
R steady state,
as long as the load is
For the fault 1 yond point F, for FR Rarc, the PR =

is Fig. 3.8.1 Effect of power

will be more than Z and relay will fail to operate. constant, the phase angle constant. swing
Hence the reach of the relay reduces from PQ to PF. P Iip +R suThonever there is sudden charnge in the load or
Thus there is under reach. Restrain the
Or changes. Hence the rotor swings around itslarge disturbance, the phase angle of
farge inertia. Thus the rotor angle undergoes oscillationsposition
of
The % under each for the Mho till the
equilibrium due to its
relay is given by, Fig. 3.7.3 e the current in the system also undergoes oscillations and steady state is achieved.
due to this,
FQ realised by the relay also varies. Such a phenomenon is called impedance
%under reach =px
PQ
100
power surges or power
swings in a power system.

3. Effect of Arc Resistance

The power swing experienced by the relay appears like a fault and there
on Reactance Relay of the may be the
+ X
Line fault
maloperation relay due to the power swing. At some point
The Fig.
3.74 shows the haracteristics of Restrain
characteristic during the power
Swing, the impedance realised by the relay may enter its
reactance relay. The relay is set for reactance X. Trip
trip region of the
characteristics, causing its operation.
Setting X
Through there is an arc resistance FR, the Arc
resistance During the power swing, the impedance
reactance remains the same. Thus the
performance P X is
+R realised by the relay is series combination of
of reactance relay is unaffected due to arc resistance.
same the source impedance behind the
The
relay, the n1
3.7.5 shows the comparison of effect of
Fig. transmission line
Fig. 3.7.4
impedance and the
arc resistance on distance relays. impedance of the source at the remote end.
R
For the resistance The tip of this
arc
FR, it can be seen that mho relay will fail to operate but impedance phasor varies and
impedande and reactance relays are continue to passes through the electrical centre of the n1
Electrical ns1
operate. Ifresistance becomes FR2 >
arc transmission system. This is shown in the
FR, then centre

both impedance and mho Fig. 3.8.2. 3.8.2 Power swing characteristics
relay will fail to operate Reactance Fig.
but reactance relay will continue
to operate. Ep t h e n the locus of power swing on R-X diagram is a family ofcircles with
In
general, due R2 Eo
affected
to arc
resistance,relay mho is Mho /R +R
most, impedance relay is affected characteristics 1s a
Parameter and & as variable. For n 1, the power swing
=

moderately while reactance relay is unaffected. Impedance

straight line perpendicular to line of total impedance and the point of intersection 15 an

electrical centre.
Review Question Fig. 3.7.5 If the
the characteristic zone of the relay long enough,
power swing locus remains in
for which the
1.
Explain the effect of arc resistance the
then the Operates.
relay The operation of the relay depends
on the period
on
performance of plane impedance, reactance and Mho POwer
swing
relays curve influences the relay charactes
GTU Summer-19, Winter-19,20, Marks 4
knowledge
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 Distance Protection of Transmission Line Switcngeara n d P r d roteu 3- 23
Switchgear and Protection 3-22 Distanca Protedcion of
discuss the construction and
Trensmission ing

occupied by the relay characteristics on the R-X diagram Let us peration of these
Thus the larger the area
types of distance
of relay by the power swing and more are thhe relays.
more are the chances of infiuenang Definite Distance Type impedance
chances of its maloperation. 3.9.1
hence it is least
ion
construction of this relay can be balanced beam
The mho has the least area occupied on the R-X diagram,
relay
The
type or induction
infuenced by the power swing. The impedance relay
has more area occupied on the R-X eam type construction of definite distance dise type. The
balanced

impedance relay is shown in the

remains under the influence of power swine Fig. 3.9.1.
diagram than the mho relay and hence
more than the mho relay.While the reactance relay ocupies largest area on the R-X To trip circuit
the power swing. The characteristics of these
diagram and hence it is most affected by
relays along with power swing are shown in Fig. 3.8.3.
Beam
Largest area
X Least area occupied
Occupied by by mho relay
Armature
reactance relay
Reactance
relay LAAAA

Restraining Operating
R From Coil coil
P.T. I from C.T.
Mho relay Fig. 3.9.1 Definite distance type impedance relay
Moderate area
OCCupied by impedance
Impedance relay consists of a balanced beam pivoted at the central point C. The beam carries the
It
relay (more than mho but
less than reactance relay) armatures of the two electromagnets. The two electromagnets are energized by a current
from C.T. and voltage from P.T., which are located in the circuit to be
Fig. 3.8.3 Effect of power swing on distance relays The protected.
voltage coil acts as restraining coil while the current coil acts as operating coil. The
In general, the mho relay is least affected, the impedance relay is moderately affected beam also carries the moving contacts which can bridge the two fixed contacts of a trip
and the reactance relay is severely affected by the power swing. circuit when the relay operates.
Review Questions Operation: The torque produced by voltage coil is proportional to square of the
voltage (K V) while the torque produced by current coil is proportional to the square
1.Explain with the help of suitable diagrams, the effects of power swing on the performance of ot
(K2 1). Under normal operating conditions, the torque produced by
mho, impedance and reactance relays.
the current
GTU: Summer-19, Winter-19,20, Marks 4 vOltage coil is more than the
torque produced by the curent coil Thus restraining
2 Explain the phenomenon of power swing Orque is more than the operating torque and hence the relay is inoperative. On the
GTU : Summer-18, Marks3 increases. Thus the
e of any tault, the voltage of system decreases and current
3.9 Classification of Distance Relays wnich is impedance also decreases. It falls below preset its value. Ihe forque

We have seen that the distance

relay basically
measures ohmic values and
produced by current coil becomes greater than the torque produced by the voltage o
operates the beam tilts, tne mving
when the impedance is below the
preset value. The distance relays are classified as, Deam experiences a pull on the current coil side. As tne np
1. Definite distance r beam bridges the fixed contacts of the trip circuit. This operates
relays : These can be of impedance type, reactance type or mno Circuit and
type. This operates instantaneously for the faults opens the circuit breaker.
upto certain predetermined proportional to
V while
that by
distance from the relay. Equation : The torque by voltage coil is
2. Distance time current coil is I'.
relays These can be also of impedance type, reactance coil is less than
that
type. In these relays the time of type or mo by voltage
operate when torgue produced
fault from the
operation proportional to the distance ot the
is Producod i
PrOduced by current coil. So
point where relay is installed. The fault nearer to the we can
wrie . Relay operates
it faster than for the faults relay operates
further away from the
relay. K, V<K,
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 3-24 Distance Profectiorh of
iransmissionn Line
Switchgeer and Protection Switchgear a n d P r o t e c t i o n
3 25
Distance otection of
ransmission Line
Constants
where K, Ka =

The Fig. 3.9.3 shows the schematic

arrangement of distance
time
impedance relay
To trip aircut

-Fixed contacts

From Moving cortacts

P.1.

less than K2/K,the relay operates.

Sofor impedance value
dependent on the ampere turns of the
The constants K and K
are
two
electromagnets. By providing
tappings
be changed Spirai spring coupling
on the coils, K and K can Voltage restraining
magnet and armature
value for the
and hence any preset
impedancecan be adjusted as per the Time

requirement.
The Fig. 3.9.2
Characteristics
shows the characteristics of the definite
From
distance type impedance relay. The C.T.
Y-axis represents time for operaion
while the X-axis Tepresents distance inducion tyoa
Overcurrent r9iay
which 15 measured interms of X iouctopn
aisc
impedance between fault position and Distance
the point where relay is installed. Fig. 3.9.2 Characteristics of definite distance
For the entire length AB of the line, impedance relay
the time of operation remains constant, irrespective of distance. But if fault occurs in the
of line which is not protected,
section
shown in the
the operating time becomes suddenly infinite as
Fig. 3.9.3 Distance time impedance relay
Fig. 3.9.2. Towards end of the protected zone, the curve rises gradually.
It consists of an induction
Its advantages are, type overcurrent relay unit which is a curent drven
1.
element. The spindle which is carrying the disc of the element is cornected to a second
Superior to the time graded overcurrent relay. This second spindle carries
2. Number of feeders in series which can be protected is unlimited as the relay timt
spindle with the help of spiral spring coupling
can bridge the trip contacts
when
moving
which
is constant.
Otacts which is nothing but a bridging piece is held in this posthon
elay operates. The trip contacts are normally open and spindle This electromagriet s
The one limitation of these relays is the absence of back up
protection.
a n armature held
against the pole face of an electromagnet.
energized by the voltage of the circuit to be protected.
3.9.2) Distance Time Impedance Relay peration: Under normal conditions, the force
exerted by voltage restraining magnet
Thus the trip contacts
his relay adjusts overcurrent induction element.
automatically, its time or
operation corresponding to the
e of n a n that produced by an
the fault from the distan emain open and the
relay. relay is inoperative. disc 1s
lhe speed or the
disc starts rotating.
Operating time Z Distance E the fault occurs, the induction ettect. Hence the time wheh
neglecting the spring
h n a l to the operating current, varies inversely
With currernt. As
the
disc requires to turn through the given angle
ne
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 Distance Protection or Trensmission Ling S w i t c h g o a ra n d P r o t o c t i o n
3-27
3-226
-

tance Protection of
Switohgear and Proteotion Tra
dransmiasion Line
a force
on
armature so as ull iit away
to pull Review Questions

wound. This exerts till the tension of

disc rotates, spiral
spring is disc continues
to rotate
construction arnd working of,
restrained magnet.
The
force produced by
voltage restrae 1 Explain the
trom the voitage
the restraining the fixed conta s Definite distance type mpedance relay i)
sufficient to
overcome
contacts bridge tac Distance time
impedance relay.
spring is the moving of
Immediately section.
to isolate the faulty
the armature. State the adoantages and applications of distance relays.
magnet on circuit breaker
This opens the contacts deperme
tripping circuit. to close the trip ends «
must rotate
which the disc of Distance Relays
The angle through
armature which
is restrained by voltage restraining
magnet
This 3.10 Seting
the pulil required by Greater this pull, greater will be trave
proportional to the voltage
of system.
But the time whic
nasitive phase sequence impedance exists between the location of relay and the
pull is thus to the voltage V.
the disc is proportional of ault beyond hich relay operation should stop. The
of the disc. So travel for
varies inversely with current (1 location of distance setting relays
through certain required angle e one based on this positive phase sequence impedance.
disc takes to rotate
Thus effectively, corresponding distance upto which the relay is operative is called the reach of
The
Time of operation of relay
« Z o Distance
relav. In practice, the value of the positve sequence impedance used for the setting
is taken as 0.8 N/mile or 0.5 Q/km.
of distance relays
In actual practice the pull on
But the relays are fed through the current and potential transformmers. Hence
armature is proportional
to the
imnedance on primary side must be converted to secondary, for setting the distance
while the torque on disc is Time
proportional to the I", Hence the relays.
time distance characteristics of Let Z Primary positive sequence impedance
this relay is nonlinear in nature,
as showrm in the Fig. 3.9.4. The
Z Secondary positive sequence impedance
exact curve is shown dotted Minimum
operating time Then, z, -
Vp C.T. ratio
while the assumed line is shown P. T.
ratio
thick. The minimum operating Distance N
time for the relay is generally (Impedance) But Zp = 0.8 /mile or 0.5 Qkm
02 seconds. Fig. 3.9.4 Time-distance characteristics of distance
time impedance relay
C.T. ratio =
H.V. phase current
3.9.3 Applications and Advantages of Distance Relays Relay phase current
The various advantages of the distance relays are, H.V. phase to phase voltage
P.T. ratio
1. Gives faster operation 2. Simpler to co-ordinate. Relay phase to phase voltage
3. Less effect of fault levels and fault current
magnitudes.
4. Permits high line loading.
5. With the need at
Z, Zpp. T. ratio
readjustments, permanent settings can be done. P.I. raio ot
Thus the distance
relays are used for ence for 100 mile, 132 kV line with 500/5 star connected C.T.s with
backup protection for a.c. transmission andproviding
the primary i.e. main
distribution lines against the following
protection a 132 kV/115 V,
the secondary impedance is given by
1. Three phase faults 2. Phase to taul 115 = 6.96 7Q
phase faults Z (0.8 Q/mile) x 100 miles x
x5 132x10
3. Phase to earth
faults

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-
 Distsnce Protection oI Transmission
3- 28 Line S w l c h g o a ra n d P r o t o c t i o n
3- 29
Switchgeer and Protection - Distance Protecion of Transmission Line
to reach 75 % of the len..

Practically the first

zone of the distance relays is adjusted ngth Operatng region
(ve torquo region)
X
of the two ended line.
0.75 x 7 -
5.25 2
length
-

Z for 75 % reach of
must tall within the Maximum
secondary positive sequence impedance relay torque line
This value of the
distance relays is achieved.
the setting of
setting. This is how,
seguence impedance
seen
by the distance rel
What is the secondary positioe
Example 3.10.1 with 600/5 star connected CTs nd
50 mile, 138 kV ransmission lime provided
fer a
Assume the impedance of tranSmission
line as 0.8 /mile
138000/115 star coimiected P.Ts.
on the positive phase
sequence impedan.
Solution: The distance relay setting depends which operation of a given
and the fault Iocation beyond R
between the position of relay distance is called reach of th
or the corresponding
relay unit stops. The impedance
relay. to secondary value, Modiffed
For converting primary impedance impedanc
ratio V1, C.T. ratio characteristics
Ze 2 P.I.V_C.T.
ratio I P.T. ratio Directional
characteristics

C.I rati0
ZP.T. ratio Fig. 3.11.1 Modified directional impedance relay characteristics

For given lhne,

50 miles =
40 2
Zpri 0.8 Q/mile x
C.T. B
40x o00 115 = 4 2
Zsec4X 138000 *********

P.T Fault F Fauit F

the first of distance relays is adjusted so as to reach 75% of the length
Usually zone

of two ended line.

to reach 75 % length.
Secondary positive sequence impedance
= 0.75xZsec 0.75 x 4 - 3 To trip
Circuit

Review Question
Curre
1. Write a note on setting of distance relays. coil

3.11 Distance Protection of Transmission Lines

Voltage
ection cOll
Let us see how an impedance relay can be used for the transmission line protec
the
The scheme is called distance protection for the transmission line. The voltage coil
o
relay is fed from P.T. while its current coil is fed from CT. as shown in the Fig 3.11. relay
Fig. 3.11.2 Use of impedance

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 c h g e a ra n d P r o t e c t i o n
-31
Distance Protection of
Switchgear and Protection 3- 30
Distance Protection of
ransmission Ling Transmission Line

current when fault occurs at point x

Let Line
Maxirnum
VF Supply voltage when fault occurs
at point X torque line
coil when fault occurs
to current
F Current supplied
coil when fault occurs Y Fault line
V Votage supplied to voitage
Impedance
V Normal supply voltage characteristics

90
Normal line current Positive torque region
I =

section
-
Impedance of healthy
Z +R

when fault occurs

Z E - Impedance
IF
A. The fault o c u r s at point X. The voltage coil of
The relay is connected at point
current coil receives current ip when fault occurs. The
Directional unit
relay receives voltage Vp and characteristics

setting of the relay is

selected such that it protects the transmission line upto point B
similar to that shown at point X, the impedance under
Thus for any fault between A B
-

value of impedance Z and the relay

fault condition will be less than the predetermined
will operate
Fig. 3.11.3
Ifthe impedance relay used is nondirectional, it can protect the line from faults for
all fault positions within the section AC too. So nondirectional relay provides protection Review Question
on either side of the point where relay is located. But if the portion of line AB only is to 1. Explain in detail the use of an impedance relay for the transmission line protection.

be protected, then the directional impedance relay can be used. As directional unit
3.12 Reasons for Inaccuracy of Distance Relay Reach
permits tripping only in one direction, the section AB wil be protected but relay will GTU: Wimter-15,16
not operate for any fault positions between section AC.
Practicallyit is impossible to obtain the exact 100 % reach for distance relay. There
Whether the relay is directional or nondirectional, if its setting is such that tor c Various reasons due to which the reach can not be exact 100 % and there is always
impedance less than Z defined upto point B, the relay should operate then for any fault reach. The operation of the distance
dt amount of uncertainty about the practical
failure of distance relay
positions to the right of point B like point Y the relay will not operate.
cy Deyond the set point distance is called over reach while
wIthin the set distance is called under reach. These reasons are,
The characteristics of the directional distance scheme discussed above can be shown Due to arc
Presence of arc resistance causes under reach of the relay.
R-X
diagram. It is shown in the Fig. 3.11.3. The various sections of the
on
line are the relay is more than the
actual impedance of
represented by straight lines on the R-X diagram. (See Fig. 3.11.3 on next page) t h e impedance seen by outside the
to the point of fault. This may shift point of operation
n e up
For fault at X ZË < Z hence point X is in the operating region and relay will trip. o present operating point causing the under reach.
for any over reach of the relay.
wave causes
fault position along line AB, relay will trip as the entire section AB is in tne 2 The
PEsence of d.c. offset in the fault current
the relay is high.
This
protected zone. For fault at Y, it can be seen that the impedance Z > Due presence of d.c. offset,
the current seen by
Z hence point ie e value. Thus the relay
than its actual
outside the circle hence in the negative
torque region and relay remains ed ne impedance seen by the relay
inoperative tends to over reach.
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3-333
3-32 Distarnco Frotectorn
DiS
Of Tranemission Line Diatsnce Prote tior of
100 % oof
line section Trarismisslon Line
3
Covers
der consideratio
The step
T h e iransent response Capacitive Voitage
of
Transtormer (CVT) also tlhe cause

n(BC) (B)
and 50o % of next line section
(CD). Further time (AB), 00 % of next line
the selectivity. Generally delay is
nds is used provided for the
delay of 0.8 seconds
section
over readh of the distance relay. to
mai
3 for the
of line impedance is another
reason of inaccuracy.Th
iracy. This step
3.13.1 s the high speed 3 stepped distance step 3.
4. The ermor in the calculation the conditions. The Fig. protection of trarnsnission ines
is because the line parameters vary
with atmospheric
transformers (C.T.s and P.T.s) used
The errors in the ratios of instrument s
50 % Saye
another major reason Stage 3 of CO 15 % to 80 %
calculated from the A&
Practically inshead of measurement of line parameters, they are

data obtained. This causes errors in line parameter values, causing inaccuracy in
ihe reach of the relay.
Stage 2
Hage 2
Revicw Questions 50 % AB + 50 %h of
Stage 1 of BC
2. Discuss the reusons for inacCuracy of distance relay reach.
GTU: Winter-15, Marks7 0.2

Erriain the reasons for under and over reacit of distance realys. GTU:Winter-16, Marks 7 Stage
AB+BC+50%of
- 75 % 75
CO
3.13 Three Stepped Distance Protection of Transmission Line
A
of AB of BC
GTU: Summer-17,Winter-17,16,19 Fig. 3.13.1 High speed transmission line protection
Practicaly in some cases it is necessary to operate the relay very fast, in about 20 ms,
The impedance relays are used tor sucn protection hence inpedance for step 1 is
to rapidly discorunect the faults. Such relays are called high speed distance relays 0.75 to 0.8 ZAB), the impedance for step 2 is Z2 =(ZAB +0.5 Zgc) while the
The high speed protection of transmission line uses the combination of: npedance for step 3 is Z3 ZAB + ZBc +0.5 ZcD. An additional distance measuring
impe
1) Deinite impedance relay elements used to operate instantaneously when fault unit is installed whose reach is beyond the reach of step 3 which detects the fauit
occurs within the nearest 75 % or more of the section controlled. This unit is called fault detector
instantly. a (FpD) or starter unit.

2) A short definite time lag is introduced to cover the faults in the remaining sections
and for the backup protection on the following section. 3.13.1 Trip Contact Configuration
This protection practically uses three steps using three definite impedance elements The Fig. 3.13.2 shows the trip contact configuration representing three stepped
on each phase. protection scheme.

Step 1: t is set so as to operate within first 75 % to 80 % of the transmission line When there is a fault Fauit detector
section. within the reach setting of
Step 2: It is set to operate for remaining 25 % and 50 % of the next line section. it detects t

Step 3: It is set to operate for faults beyond the 50 % of the next line section. instantaneously and t Trip
Circuit
initiates the timer. FD has supply
The protection provided in step 1 is instantaneous and no intentional time delay is
provided. Normally Open (NO)
contacts, which get closed 2 Timer
For the seiectivity with step 1, intentional time delay is for the step 2
some
provided when it detects the fault.
Generaily delay of 0.4 seconds is provided. Z0.8 2AB
The timer gives two Trip col
Operating time of step 2 - Operating time of step 1 + Intentional time delay of circuit breaker
ZZAB0.5 Zc
outputs. One output is ZZa 2ac05co
time delay
Practically intentional
breaker and travel time of the
is selected based on operating time of cireuit after a time delay of Ti
contact configuration
over
relay. and other is after Fig. 3.13.2 Trip
output a

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 Switchgear and Protection 3-34 Distance Protection of Transmission
ission Line S w i l c h g e a ra n d P r o t e c t i o n
3 35
Distance rotgction of Transmissio
Line
time delay of T2. Both T and T2 are NO contacts, which get closed once timer gives this
Advantage of this protection is that the
tault in the end
nsideration falls within the step 1 of the 20 % of
distance the line under
output to T and T2. relaysinstalled at the nearest end.
is within Z, (first step) Fp together energizes the trip coil.
then Z1 and il of
Ifthe fault Review Question
circuit breaker. If the fault is within Z2 (second step), trp collgets energized throuo
is within Z3 (third step), trip coil
series combination of Z and T. If the fault ts stepped distance protection.
1. Explain 3
-

GTU: Summer-17,
energized through series combination of Z3 and T2. Winter-17,18,19, Marks 4
Questions and Answers
Protection for Doubly Fed Lines 3.14 Short
3.13.2 Three Stepped State the use of distance relays.
The three stepped protection can be provided to the line which are fed from both the Q.1

ends. When the fault ocurs on such a line, then the fault power fows from both the Ans. Distance relays are generaliy used tor primary and backup protection for
and distribution lines.
transmission
sources. Hence the protection scheme including circuit breakers and three stepped
Name the important distance relays.
protection is required at both the ends. Q,2
The Fig. 3.13.3 shows three stepped protection for doubly fed line. The line AB is the 1. Impedance relay 2. Reactance relay 3. Mho relay
Ans.
line under consideration. State the principle of operation of impedance relay.
Q.3
2 Ans. The impedance relay works based on the ratio of voltage V and current I of the
60 % ircuit to be protected. When the fault occurs in the protected zone then the voltage
20 % ofAB 20 %1 drops and current increases. Hence the ratio V/l i.e. impedance reduces to very small
value. When the impedance reduces than its predetermined value then the relay trips
and opens the circuit breaker.
Source Source
Q.4 Why impedance relay is called voltage restrained relay ?
Ans. In an impedance relay there are two elements. One produces a torque
proportional to current while other produces a torque proportional to voltage. The
torque produced by the current element is used as an operating torque while the

by the voltage element opposes the operating torque. Hence

the
torque produced
reset torque and
torque produced by the voltage element is the restraining torque or
the relay is called
voltage restrained relay.
50% 50 % 50 % i 50 %
EF AE BC Q.5 State the disadvantages of plane impedance relay.
CD
the faults both sides of a pont
operate for
on
t is nondirectional hence can

where relay is connected.

Fig. 3.13.3 Stepped protection for fault affects the
doubly fed lines e n the fault occurs, arc exists. The arc resistance of line
In this case 20 % of line under
consideration from either end is a
part of step 2. Tnu performance of the relay
only 60 % of line AB under consideration the power
gets instantaneous protection. side R-X plane,
by the circle on each
on
On one side, Z2 large area is covered
ZAB +50 %ZBC while on other side
-

d
step 2 which gets protection after Z, ZaR + 50 % ZAE for tne
=

Swings can affect the performance of the relay.

delayed interval T2. Q.6
While for the step 3, What is reactance relay ?
Z3 ZAB + ZBc + 50 %
=

Z3 ZAB +ZAE +50 % ZEF on other side ZcD on one side while of the impedance seen and trips if
which gets Wnich is sensitive to the reactive part
interval l2. protection after delayed the react value is called
a reactance

*1s less than a particular predetermined

relay,
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 S w i t c h g e a ra n d P r o t e c t i o n

Distance Protection of Transmission 3337

3-36 t in Distance Protection of Transmission Line
Switchgear and Protection
State the applications of offse mho
relay,
Q11
of mho relayy
Q7 State the merits Ans.:
co-ordination
2. Simpler for closeup faults.
Ans.: 1. Faster operation ent directio
4. Inherent characteristic ii) Bushbar zone
magnitudes i) Operation backup
3. Reduced effect
of fault current
blocking protection schemes. iv)
protection.
a distance relay is superior to over current protection
for ii) Carrier of power
swing Blocking
in what way lines ? a12 Diferentiate between transfer trip and permissive inter trio.
transmission
protection of
are superior to over Current relays for protection. GTU Winter-19, Marks4
Ans.: The distance relays su
relays are
distance by the changes
not much aftected in .fn transfer trip, any element in the scheme if detects the fault, it
the
as the
Ans.
transmission lines trips the
to overcurrent relays and also less ffected ocal circuit breaker and initiate the transter trip to the remote end. The remote
iit breaker
short circuit current
magnitude as compared end
in the generating
capacity and system configuration. rins immediately on tne recept or thne transter trip signal without any further
by the changes alification and
confirmation. Thus it is
susceptible to maloperation. A permissive trip
of impedance relay on R-X diagram.
Q9 Draw the characteristics os two signals from ditferent zones. The relays in both the zones must agree that
there is a fault on line betore tripping occurs. Thus there is a supervision on the
Ans.
permissive signal received at the remote end. Thus the scheme is less susceptible to

maloperation.

-Y6
Operating Q.13 System impedance ratio is defined as
torque
region
characteristic a) Zs/ZL b) ZL/Zs c) Zsurge/Z d) Z/Zsurge Ans.: a
GTU: Summes-17, Mark 1
+ve
torque
12
region Q.14 The reach of first step of 3 stepped distance is set at
b) 80 85 %, c) 150 %, d) 60 % Ans.: b
+R a) 100 % of the line section,
GTU Summer-17,Mark 1

2 Z

Fig. 3.14.1 Characteristic on R-X diagram

Q.10 Draw the characteristics of mho relay on R-X diagram.
Ans.

ve torque Characteristics
region

+ve torque
region
Zsine X =

+R

Fig. 3.14.2 Operating characteristics of reactance relay

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