Numerical Ana Interpo-2 Dr.

Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454

DHAKA COMMERCE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Numerical Analysis
Numerical Interpolation
Theorems Sheet
Subject Code: 233705
Sheet No.-2
PROF. DR. MIRAJ AKAND
B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Math)
(First Class, DU)
M.Phil. (BUET), Ph.D. (JU)
Chairman
Department of Computer Science and Engineering(CSE)
Dhaka Commerce College
Dhaka-1216.
Faculty Member (Adjunct)
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT)
Mirpur, Dhaka-1216.
Tutor
BBA Programme, School of Business, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur.
Study Centre : Dhaka Commerce College, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216.

Mob: 01615315454, 01715315454 Email: [email protected]

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Definitions/Quiz Questions

1. Operator E / Shift operator

2. Operator  / Forward difference operator/ Descending difference operator
NU-1999, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2013, 2017
3. Operator  / Backward difference operator/ Ascending difference operator
NU-1999, 2002, 2004
4. Interpolation NU-2001, 2001(old), 2009, 2012, 2015, 2016
5. Divided differences NU-1996, 2001, 2004, 2008
6. Finite differences

Some Relation / Formulae

1. Newton-Gregory formula for forward interpolation
2. Newton-Gregory formula for backward interpolation
3. Different operators
4. Divided difference table
5. Diagonal difference tables
6. Horizontal difference tables
7. Central difference table

Theorems
1. Newton-Gregory formula for forward interpolation
NU-1996, 2000, 2001, 2001(old), 2002, 2004,
2008(old), 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2017
2. Newton-Gregory formula for backward interpolation
NU-1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2001(old), 2007, 2013, 2016
3. Newton’s divided difference formula for interpolation
NU-1996, 2000, 2000(old), 2007, 2008(old), 2014
OR Newton’s formula for unequal intervals
OR Newton’s general interpolation formula

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4. Lagrange formula for interpolation

NU-1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001,2002, 2003,
2005, 2007, 2007(old), 2012, 2015, DU-2016, 2017
5. Gauss’s formula for forward interpolation NU-1996, 1999, 2000, 2018
6. Gauss’s formula for backward interpolation NU-2002
7. Prove that the Lagrange formula can be in the form
n
 ( x) f ( xr ) n
Pn ( x)   , where  ( x)    x  xr 
r  0  x  xr   ( xr ) r 0

8. Discuss the Gauss’s central difference formulae. From these deduce the stirling’s formula.
NU-1996, 2000
9. Prove that the nth difference of a polynomial of degree n is constant.
NU-1996, 2003

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3. Newton’s divided difference formula for interpolation

NU-1996, 2000, 2000(old), 2007, 2008(old), 2014
OR Newton’s formula for unequal intervals
OR Newton’s general interpolation formula
Proof: Let f ( x0 ), f ( x1 ),, f ( xn ) be the values of f ( x) for the corresponding values of

x0 , x1 , , xn , not necessarily equally spaced.

Now we know that by the definition of divided differences

f ( x)  f ( x0 )
f ( x, x0 )   (i )
x  x0
 f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x, x0 )
Again we have
f ( x, x0 )  f ( x0 , x1 )
f ( x, x0 , x1 )   (ii )
x  x1
 f ( x, x0 )  f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x1 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 )  (iii )

From (i) and (iii) we get

f ( x)  f ( x0 )
 f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x1 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 )
x  x0
f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 )
f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 )

Similarly we can write

f ( x, x0 , x1 )  f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )  ( x  x2 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 , x2 )
f ( x, x0 )  f ( x0 , x1 )
  f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )  ( x  x2 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 , x2 ) [by (ii )]
x  x1
 f ( x, x0 )  f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )  ( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 , x2 )
f ( x)  f ( x0 )
  f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )  ( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 , x2 ) [by (i )]
x  x0
 f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) f ( x, x0 , x1 , x2 )
This is the polynomial of degree three.
Proceeding in this way, f ( x) is the polynomial of degree n such that
f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
   ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) ( x  xn ) f ( x, x0 , x1 , , xn )
This is the Newton’s divided difference interpolation formula.
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