Mathematics Summary

Unit 4 Trigonometry
Allied Angles:
To connect the trigonometrical ratios of with those of 
Thus sin (−θ )=−sin θ , cos (−θ )=cosθ and tan (−θ ) =−tan θ
Similarly cosec (−θ )=−cosec θ , sec (−θ ) =secθ and cot (−θ )=−cot θ
sin (90 – ) = cos  cosec (90 – ) = sec 
cos (90 – ) = sin  sec (90 – ) = cosec 
tan (90 – ) = cot  cot (90 – ) = tan 
To connect the trigonometrical ratios of 90 + with those 
sin (90 + ) = cos  cosec (90 + ) = sec 
cos (90 + ) = –sin  sec (90 + ) = –cosec 
tan (90 + ) = –cot  cot (90 + ) = –tan 
To express the trigonometrical ratios of 180  – in terms of those of 
sin (180 – ) = sin  cosec (180 – ) = cosec 

cos (180 – ) = –cos  sec (180 – ) = –sec 
tan (180 – ) = –tan  cot (180 – ) = –cot 
Multiple and Sub-multiple angle
The angles 2A, 3A, 4A etc., are called multiple angles. And etc., are called submultiple angles.
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 – 2
sin2 A = 2 cos A2 – 1
2 tan A
tan 2A =
1−tan 2 A
Unit 5 Limits and continuitye
Theorem(): It (an) and (bn) and two sequences converging to a and b respectively, then
a) (an + bn) → a + b
b) (an – bn) → a – b
c) (kan) → ka
d) (anbn) → ab
e) provided bn  0 for all n and b  0.
• We study important properties of limits of functions as a theorem. We can evaluate limits using
this theorem (noted as a proposition).
• Proposition:
where k is a constant
It x=a It k =k It x 2=a2 It x 3=a3

x→a x→a x→a x→a
It x n =an It √ x=√ a
x→a x→a
Theorem: Let k be a constant, f and g functions having limit at a and n a positive integer. Then the
• Two
following important trigonometric limits:
hold good.
If f(x) = sin x, then

Unit 6 Diffferentiation
• Two important trigonometric limits:
sin x 1−cos x
It =1 It =0
x→0 x x→0 x
'
If f(x) = sin x, then f ( x )=cosx
'
If f(x) = cos x, then f ( x )=−sin x .
Differentiation by Substitution
• Sometimes a function becomes simpler if we introduce a new variable which is a function of x.

Mostly we will be using trigonometric functions for substitution. It is better to remember the
following formulas.
sin θ= √ 1−cos2 θ 2
sec θ=1+ tan θ
2
2 tanθ 2 tan θ
tan 2 θ= sin 2θ= =2sin θ cos θ
1−tan2 θ 1+ tan 2 θ
2 tanθ
cos 2 θ= 2
=cos 2 θ−sin 2 θ=2 cos 2 θ−1=1−2 sin 2 θ
1+ tan θ
List of the integrals of some of standard function
x3
x n 1
 x dx  n  1  c when n  1
n  x 2 dx  c
 kdx  kx  c 3
dx
x2
 log  x  x 2  1   c
 xdx 
2
c
 cos xdx  sin x  c 2
x 1  
dx
x 2
x 1
 sec 1 x  c  sec
2
xdx  tan x  c

1
dx  log x  c
x
 cos ec
2
dx xdx   cot x  c dx
 1  x 2  tan 
1
xc  sin 1 x  c
1  x2
 sin xdx   cos x  c  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c cosecxcotxdx cosec xc
e dx  e x  c
x
Rules of Integration
2 Sin A Cos B = Sin (A + B) + Sin (A – B)
2 Cos A Sin B = sin (A + B) – Sin (A – B)
2 Cos A Cos B = Cos (A + B) – Cos (A – B)
2 sin A Sin B = Cos (A – B) – Cos (A + B)
More formulas in integration
Using the method of substitution or integration by parts, we can derive the following formulas
Integral of functions of the form
a cos x+b sin x

cos x +d sin x
Method
Step 1: Let numerator = A (Denominator) + (Denominator)
Step 2: Find the values of A and B
Step 3: Split the function and integrate
We have already seen this
Completion of squares
All the subsequent methods use a technique called “Completing the square”. It is simply writing a
quadratic expression in the form, a2 + x2,
a2 – x2, x2 – a2.
• Integration of functions of the form
Ix +m
ax 2 + bx+ c
Method:
d
Step 1: Write Ix+m= A ( ax 2 +bx +c ) + B
dx
Integration of functions of the form

1
2
ax + bx+ c
Method: Write ax 2 +bx +c 2 2 2 2 2 2

in the form x +a or x −a or a −x
Ix+m
√ax 2+bx +c
Method:
d
Step 1: Write Im+ A ( ax 2 +bx + c ) + B
dx
Integrals of functions of the form
1
√ax 2+bx +c
Method: Write √ ax 2 +bx+c in form √ a2+x2 or √a 2−x 2 or √ x 2−a2
and integrate
( Ix+m ) √ax 2 +bx +c
Method:
d
( Ix+m )= A ( ax 2 +bx +c ) + B
Step 1: Write dx

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Unit 4 Trigonometry

To connect the trigonometrical ratios of with those of 

cos (90 – ) = sin  sec (90 – ) = cosec 

tan (90 – ) = cot  cot (90 – ) = tan 

To connect the trigonometrical ratios of 90 + with those 

sin (90 + ) = cos  cosec (90 + ) = sec 

cos (90 + ) = –sin  sec (90 + ) = –cosec 

tan (90 + ) = –cot  cot (90 + ) = –tan 

To express the trigonometrical ratios of 180  – in terms of those of 

sin (180 – ) = sin  cosec (180 – ) = cosec 

tan (180 – ) = –tan  cot (180 – ) = –cot 

Multiple and Sub-multiple angle

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 – 2

Unit 5 Limits and continuitye

e) provided bn  0 for all n and b  0.

It x=a It k =k It x 2=a2 It x 3=a3

If f(x) = sin x, then

• Two important trigonometric limits:

• Sometimes a function becomes simpler if we introduce a new variable which is a function of x.

List of the integrals of some of standard function

2 Sin A Cos B = Sin (A + B) + Sin (A – B)

2 Cos A Sin B = sin (A + B) – Sin (A – B)

2 Cos A Cos B = Cos (A + B) – Cos (A – B)

2 sin A Sin B = Cos (A – B) – Cos (A + B)

More formulas in integration

Integral of functions of the form

a cos x+b sin x

Step 1: Let numerator = A (Denominator) + (Denominator)

Step 2: Find the values of A and B

Step 3: Split the function and integrate

We have already seen this

• Integration of functions of the form

Step 3: Split the function and integrate

Integration of functions of the form

Method: Write ax 2 +bx +c 2 2 2 2 2 2

Integration of functions of the form

Step 3: Split the function and integrate

Integrals of functions of the form

Integration of functions of the form

( Ix+m ) √ax 2 +bx +c

Step 3: Split the function and integrate

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