Unit 4 Trigonometry

Allied Angles:

To connect the trigonometrical ratios of with those of 

Thus sin (−θ )=−sin θ , cos (−θ )=cosθ and tan (−θ ) =−tan θ
Similarly cosec (−θ )=−cosec θ , sec (−θ ) =secθ and cot (−θ )=−cot θ
sin (90 – ) = cos  cosec (90 – ) = sec 

cos (90 – ) = sin  sec (90 – ) = cosec 

tan (90 – ) = cot  cot (90 – ) = tan 

To connect the trigonometrical ratios of 90 + with those 

sin (90 + ) = cos  cosec (90 + ) = sec 

cos (90 + ) = –sin  sec (90 + ) = –cosec 

tan (90 + ) = –cot  cot (90 + ) = –tan 

To express the trigonometrical ratios of 180  – in terms of those of 

sin (180 – ) = sin  cosec (180 – ) = cosec 

 cos (180 – ) = –cos  sec (180 – ) = –sec 

tan (180 – ) = –tan  cot (180 – ) = –cot 

Multiple and Sub-multiple angle

The angles 2A, 3A, 4A etc., are called multiple angles. And etc., are called submultiple angles.

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 – 2

sin2 A = 2 cos A2 – 1

2 tan A
tan 2A =
1−tan 2 A

Unit 5 Limits and continuitye

Theorem(): It (an) and (bn) and two sequences converging to a and b respectively, then

a) (an + bn) → a + b

b) (an – bn) → a – b
 c) (kan) → ka

d) (anbn) → ab

e) provided bn  0 for all n and b  0.

• We study important properties of limits of functions as a theorem. We can evaluate limits using
this theorem (noted as a proposition).

• Proposition:

where k is a constant

It x=a It k =k It x 2=a2 It x 3=a3

x→a x→a x→a x→a

It x n =an It √ x=√ a
x→a x→a

Theorem: Let k be a constant, f and g functions having limit at a and n a positive integer. Then the
• Two
following important trigonometric limits:
hold good.

If f(x) = sin x, then

Unit 6 Diffferentiation

• Two important trigonometric limits:

sin x 1−cos x
It =1 It =0
x→0 x x→0 x

'
If f(x) = sin x, then f ( x )=cosx
'
If f(x) = cos x, then f ( x )=−sin x .
Differentiation by Substitution

• Sometimes a function becomes simpler if we introduce a new variable which is a function of x.

Mostly we will be using trigonometric functions for substitution. It is better to remember the
following formulas.

sin θ= √ 1−cos2 θ 2
sec θ=1+ tan θ
2

2 tanθ 2 tan θ
tan 2 θ= sin 2θ= =2sin θ cos θ
1−tan2 θ 1+ tan 2 θ

2 tanθ
cos 2 θ= 2
=cos 2 θ−sin 2 θ=2 cos 2 θ−1=1−2 sin 2 θ
1+ tan θ

List of the integrals of some of standard function

x3
x n 1
 x dx  n  1  c when n  1
n  x 2 dx  c
 kdx  kx  c 3

dx
x2
 log  x  x 2  1   c
 xdx 
2
c
 cos xdx  sin x  c 2
x 1  

dx
x 2
x 1
 sec 1 x  c  sec
2
xdx  tan x  c

1
dx  log x  c
x

 cos ec
2
dx xdx   cot x  c dx
 1  x 2  tan 
1
xc  sin 1 x  c
1  x2

 sin xdx   cos x  c  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c cosecxcotxdx cosec xc
e dx  e x  c
x
Rules of Integration

2 Sin A Cos B = Sin (A + B) + Sin (A – B)

2 Cos A Sin B = sin (A + B) – Sin (A – B)

2 Cos A Cos B = Cos (A + B) – Cos (A – B)

2 sin A Sin B = Cos (A – B) – Cos (A + B)

More formulas in integration

Using the method of substitution or integration by parts, we can derive the following formulas

Integral of functions of the form

a cos x+b sin x

cos x +d sin x
Method

Step 1: Let numerator = A (Denominator) + (Denominator)

Step 2: Find the values of A and B

Step 3: Split the function and integrate

We have already seen this

Completion of squares

All the subsequent methods use a technique called “Completing the square”. It is simply writing a
quadratic expression in the form, a2 + x2,
a2 – x2, x2 – a2.

• Integration of functions of the form

Ix +m
ax 2 + bx+ c

Method:
d
Step 1: Write Ix+m= A ( ax 2 +bx +c ) + B
dx
Step 2: Find the values of A and B

Step 3: Split the function and integrate

Integration of functions of the form

1
2
ax + bx+ c

Method: Write ax 2 +bx +c 2 2 2 2 2 2

in the form x +a or x −a or a −x

Integration of functions of the form

Ix+m
√ax 2+bx +c
Method:
d
Step 1: Write Im+ A ( ax 2 +bx + c ) + B
dx
Step 2: Find the values of A and B

Step 3: Split the function and integrate

Integrals of functions of the form

1
√ax 2+bx +c
Method: Write √ ax 2 +bx+c in form √ a2+x2 or √a 2−x 2 or √ x 2−a2
and integrate

Integration of functions of the form

( Ix+m ) √ax 2 +bx +c

Method:
d
( Ix+m )= A ( ax 2 +bx +c ) + B
Step 1: Write dx
Step 2: Find the values of A and B

Step 3: Split the function and integrate