AAT

ON
“CELL PHONE ANTENNAS”
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the completion of
AAT FOR ANTENNA THEORY (19EC5PCAT)
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
Student’s Name USN
Joshiga M 1BM17EC038
Nikita Kumari 1BM17EC064
Shirisha B N 1BM17EC100
Name of the course instructor
Vijaya K
Dec 2020

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.M.S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous College Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum)
Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore-560019
 CONTENTS

S NO TOPIC

1 ABSTRACT

2 INTRODUCTION

3 TYPES OF ANTENNA

4 EXTERNAL ANTENNA

5 INTERNAL ANTEENA

6 PIFA ANTENNA

7 SAR MEASUREMENT

8 ADVANCEMENTS & FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES

9 CONCLUSION

10 REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT

This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the
historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in
mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA
antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS
frequency (1.575GHz).

The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA
single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design
concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz.
This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz),
Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband
PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both
models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.

The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting
with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and
hand-held environment.
 INTRODUCTION
The huge development of the mobile phones have grown up rapidly in the last years,
frequency bands have come up and the market is asking for smaller mobile phones with
more services which give the user the ability to use the mobile phone with good signal
performance and helps to use the mobile phone around the all world. On top of that it is
important to reduce the risks affecting in the human body because of the antenna radiation.
In the past the mobile phone was so heavy, big and had external antenna on the top of the
phone which effect badly on the human head and most of the signal radiate is reflected and
absorbed by the human head which lead to bad efficiency. Nowadays the internal antenna
has been using instead of the external antenna the main reason of that is the internal
antenna has a good relation with SAR rate, on the other hand the size of the phone became
smaller. Recently there are many types of the internal antennas for example PIFA antenna
(Planar Inverted- F Antenna), fractal antenna and monopole antenna. Those kinds of
antennas can cover a single band, dual band, wideband and multiband based on the design
of the antenna. PIFA antennas are used widely in mobile phone antennas design due to its
advantages such as SAR rate and less interaction with hand-held environment, but one of
the significant problems of PIFA antennas that’s PIFA antennas have a narrow bandwidth.
Wideband and multiband PIFA antenna can be a solution of that problem. By designing
multiband antenna or wideband antenna 2 it’s possible to have one antenna can cover more
frequency such as using one antenna that can cover the very important bands which are in
use in most countries GSM, UMTS, Wi-Fi and LTE.

An Antenna converts electromagnetic radiation into electric current, or vice versa .

Need of Antenna :

 For transmission and reception of the radio signal .

 Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical
connection to the electromagnetic field.
 TYPES OF ANTENNA
Following are some of the antennas used in cellular phones :

1) External Antennas
a. Retractable Monopole ( whips ) antennas
b. Helical antennas
2) Internal Antennas
a. Microstrip antennas ( MSA )
b. Planar inverted - F antennas ( PIFA )
 External Antennas

Retractable Monopole Antenna

This antenna configuration uses an antenna element, consisting of a straight conducting wire in both
the extended and retracted positions, by changing the feed point on the element. We found that the
optimization of some parameters, such as the element length and the feed point, enable the input
impedance of the retracted position to be adjusted to that of the extended position. This
characteristic guarantees a low mismatch loss in both the extended and retracted positions. We also
discuss the effect of the terminal height and the gap width between the element and the terminal.
The numerical simulations and experiments using a simplified model prove that this antenna
configuration has an excellent return loss characteristic above 20 dB, even in the retracted position,
and that also it has a high efficiency of 85% in the extended position including the matching circuit
loss. Since this antenna configuration also provides a spatially efficient and mechanically durable
structure, we used it in a cellular portable phone.

Helical Antenna
A helical antenna is a specialized antenna that is considered to be a hybrid between a loop
antenna and a dipole antenna. It consists of a conducting wire wound in the form of a helix.
Helical antennas are usually mounted over a ground plane and the feedline is connected
between the bottom of the helix and the ground plane. Helix Antennas usually support wide
bandwidths compared to other types of antennas. To the casual observer, they appear as
one or more "springs" or helixes mounted against a flat reflecting screen. These antennas
emit and respond to electromagnetic fields with circular polarization
 INTERNAL ANTEENA
Our Indoor Building Antennas for cell phone signal boosters are designed specifically to deliver
coverage for 3G/ 4G/ LTE cellular networks. However, they are also capable of delivering coverage
for 802.11a/b/g/n and 802.11ac Wi-Fi networks, which makes them perfect for DAS applications.
MIMO antennas (Multiple-In-Multiple-Out antennas) consist of multiple antennas in a single
package, and are intended to accompany MIMO-compliant new generation wireless Access
Points/CPE radios. DAS (Distributed Antenna System) wireless networks have been specifically
designed to provide both cellular and Wi-Fi coverage throughout an entire structure. Standard
applications include 3G/4G/LTE Cellular networks and 802.11a/b/g/n and 802.11ac networks.
 PIFA ANTENNA
Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) is a linear Inverted F antenna (IFA). In order to increase the
Bandwidth and resonating frequency, the radiator element is replaced by a plate. PIFA which has
reduced backward radiation enhance antenna performance in terms of gain and minimizes the wave
produced due to power absorption. It has maximum gain in terms of polarization states like
horizontal and also vertical. By chaging the height, length, width of the ground plane the bandwidth
can be tuned. To decrease the quality factor and to boost the bandwidth, many slits can inserted in
the ground plane. In medical applications, the main aim is to reduce the size of PIFA antenna
maximum.
 SAR MEASUREMENT
SAR is a measure of the rate of RF (radiofrequency) energy absorption by the body from the
source being measured – in this case, a cell phone. SAR provides a straightforward means
for measuring the RF exposure characteristics of cell phones to ensure that they are within
the safety guidelines set by the FCC.

Many people mistakenly assume that using a cell phone with a lower reported SAR value
necessarily decreases a user’s exposure to RF emissions, or is somehow “safer” than using a
cell phone with a high SAR value.
 ADVANCEMENTS & FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES

The constant evolution of wireless handheld devices together with the apparition of
multiple wireless communication systems fosters the antenna community to design new
radiating and measurements systems capable of satisfying the market demands. It is an
object of the present paper to provide an overview of the evolution that wireless handheld
technology has experienced in the last years. In this sense, a description of the evolution of
wireless handheld devices, regulations, challenges in today’s smartphones, and handset
characterization is reviewed. Finally, recent advances in antenna technology for wireless
handheld or portable devices are presented.
 CONCLUSION

Mobile phone antennas have several critical parameters such as the geometric dimensions,
dialectical materials which are used in design, and the ground plane of the antenna. All of
that should be taken into account for optimizations process. The fast development of
mobile phones devices add more demand on optimizations of the antennas.

We investigate PIFA antenna type by design two models of it. The first model handles one
single band with resonant frequency 1.575GHz which could be suitable at that frequency for
GPS signal with reasonable gain from -6dBi to 1.5dBi and with return loss (S11) -13dB. The
bandwidth 1% which is sufficient since there is no bandwidth practically.

The second proposed PIFA is a wideband antenna with dimensions 24 × 10 × 4𝑚𝑚3 cover
range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This important range covers GSM (1800MHz &
1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz), and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz,
and 2.6GHz). The Bandwidth is 36.36% which is considered as a wide bandwidth. This
wideband PIFA antenna is designed using slotted ground plane and air as a dielectric
material between the planar element and the ground plane. Mobile phone antennas design
is a big challenge. Mobile phone antennas designs have lot problems. Low efficiencies can
be the most critical problem which leads to tradeoff between size and performance.
 REFERENCE
1) Kin-Lu Wong, “Planar Antennas for Wireless Communication”, Published by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chapter: 2, Pages: 26-65, 2003.
2) C. Rowell, E.Y. Lam, “Mobile-phone antenna design”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation
,Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 4, Page(s): 14 – 34, 2012.
3) Images from shutterstock.com, antenna-theory.com, istockphoto.com, empire.de,
antenova.com, nearfield.org, gsmarena.com.