XI

Computer Science (083)

Board : CBSE

Unit 1

CLOUD COMPUTING AND INTRODUCTION

TO PARALLEL COMPUTERS
 Unit I
Computer Systems and Organisation (CSO)

(10 Theory + 02 Practical)

Prepared by

Praveen M Jigajinni
Department of Computer Science, Sainik School Amaravathinagar)
Cell :9431453730
Email : [email protected]
Courtesy CBSE
CLOUD COMPUTING
 CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud Computing Definition is that it is a

shared pool of configurable computing resource
(eg. networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) network on demand over the internet.
Cloud computing literally, is the use of remote
servers (usually accessible via the Internet) to
process or store information. Access is usually
using a Web browser. Save files on a server via
the Internet is one example.
 Why the Name Cloud?

The term “Cloud” came from a network

design that was used by network engineers to
represent the location of various network devices
and there inter-connection. The shape of this
network design was like a cloud

Cloud
END
USER
SERVICE PROVIDER
Advantages of Cloud Computing
 Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Cost Reduction 7. Towards Green IT

2. Storage Increase 8. Keep Updated Things

3. Resource Pooling 9. Quick Elasticity

4. Highly Automated 10. Measurement Service

5. Greater Mobility

6. Change the IT Focus

 Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Cost Reduction
Cloud computing is seen as an incremental investment,
companies can save money in the long term by
obtaining resources.

2. Storage Increase
instead of purchasing large amounts of storage before
the need, organizations can increase storage
incrementally, requesting additional disk space on the
service provider when the need is recognized.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing

3. Resource Pooling

In the IT industry, this feature is also known as

Multi-tenancy, where many users / clients share a
type and varied level of resources.

4. Highly Automated
As the software and hardware requirements are
hosted on a cloud provider, IT departments sites
no longer have to worry about keeping the things-
to-date and available.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing

5. Greater Mobility
Once the information is stored in the cloud, access it
is quite simple, just you have an Internet connection,
regardless of where they are located.
6. Change the IT focus
Once the responsibility of the computing environment
has, essentially shifted to the cloud provider, IT
departments can now focus more on the
organization's needs and the development of strategic
applications and tactics and not on operational needs
of the day-to-day.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing

7. Towards Green IT
By releasing the physical space, virtualization of
applications and servers contributes to the reduction
of equipment as well as the need for air conditioning,
consequently, less energy waste.

8. Keep Updated Things

Similar to change the IT focus, this benefit is because
of the new demands of providers cloud services, ie,
the focus of providers is to monitor and maintain the
most recent tools and techniques for the contractor.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Cloud Computing

9. Quick Elasticity
This characteristic has to do with the fundamental
aspects of Cloud flexibility and elasticity. For example,
the web shops carry a standard amount of
transactions during the year, but it is necessary to
increase near Christmas time. And of course these
stores do not want to pay for that capacity at peak
during the rest of the year.

10. Measurement Service

Which means services monitored, controlled and reported.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing

10. Measurement Service

This feature allows a model of pay-per-use service,

or pay for use. It has similarities with the concept of
telephone service packages where you pay a standard
signature to basic levels, and paid extra for the additional
service, without changing the contract.
Limitations of Cloud Computing
 Limitations of Cloud Computing

Problem areas for cloud computing are:-

1. Security

2. Location and Data Privacy

3. Internet Addiction

4. Levels of Availability and Service

 Limitations of Cloud Computing
The various problem areas for cloud computing
environments are:
1. Security
As the data are no longer in their own
organization, security becomes a major issue and
questions must be answered, such as: Data is
protected as adequate? There is a hacker-proof
system? Can you meet the requirements regulations
and government for privacy? How do you discover
the leak information? Note also that corporate
governance is always very concerned about the data
that is stored outside the organization.
 Limitations of Cloud Computing

2. Location and Data Privacy

Where the data is stored? How data is

stored? The provider has adequate security for
data in places where they are stored?

3. Internet Addiction
Since the cloud features are not available on
the local network, you have to worry about the
availability of the Internet.
Contd…
 Limitations of Cloud Computing

3. Internet Addiction

If you lose access to the Internet out, what

that happens to your cloud computing
environment? If your service provider increasing
period unavailability, what you do with your
employees and customers? What do you do in case
of increased latency or delays the answers?

4. Levels of Availability and Service

Most organizations are familiar with the
 Limitations of Cloud Computing

4. Levels of Availability and Service

Agreements service levels. The service level

agreement specifies the amount of service
capacity that someone has to provide, along with
the penalties for not providing this level of service.
How you can be sure that the cloud service
provider has sufficient resources to maintain a
service level agreement you signed with them?
Types of Cloud Computing
 Types of Cloud Computing

There are four different cloud models that you can

subscribe according to business needs:

1. Private Cloud

2. Community Cloud

3. Public Cloud

4. Hybrid Cloud
 Types of Cloud Computing

There are four different cloud models that you can

subscribe according to business needs:

1. Private Cloud

Here, computing resources are deployed

for one particular organization. This method is
more used for intra-business
interactions. Where the computing resources
can be governed, owned and operated by the
same organization.
 Types of Cloud Computing

2. Community Cloud
Here, computing resources are provided for
a community and organizations.

3. Public Cloud
This type of cloud is used usually for B2C
(Business to Consumer) type interactions. Here the
computing resource is owned, governed and
operated by government, an academic or business
organization.
 Types of Cloud Computing

4. Hybrid Cloud

This type of cloud can be used for both type

of interactions - B2B (Business to Business) or
B2C ( Business to Consumer). This deployment
method is called hybrid cloud as the computing
resources are bound together by different clouds.
Cloud Computing Services
 Cloud Computing Services

The three major Cloud Computing

Offerings are

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Cloud Computing Services
Cloud Computing Services
 Cloud Computing Services

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS or software as a service is a software
distribution model in which applications are
hosted by a vendor or service provider and made
available to customers over a network (internet).
SaaS is becoming an increasingly prevalent
delivery model as underlying technologies that
supports Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) or
Web Services. Through internet this service is
available to users anywhere in the world.
 Cloud Computing Services

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Traditionally, software application needed to

be purchased upfront &then installed it onto your
computer. SaaS users on the other hand, instead of
purchasing the software subscribes to it, usually on
monthly basis via internet.
 Cloud Computing Services

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Anyone who needs an access to
a particular piece of software can be
subscribe as a user, whether it is one
or two people or every thousands of
employees in a corporation. SaaS is
compatible with all internet enabled
devices.
Many important tasks like
accounting, sales, invoicing and planning
all can be performed using SaaS.
 Cloud Computing Services

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Platform as a service,
is referred as PaaS, it
provides a platform and
environment to allow
developers to build
applications and services.
This service is hosted in the
cloud and accessed by the
users via internet.
 Cloud Computing Services

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

To understand in a
simple terms, let compare
this with painting a picture,
where you are provided
with paint colors, different
paint brushes and paper by
your school teacher and you
just have to draw a
beautiful picture using
those tools.
 Cloud Computing Services

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS services are constantly updated & new

features added. Software developers, web
developers and business can benefit from PaaS. It
provides platform to support application
development. It includes software support and
management services, storage, networking,
deploying, testing, collaborating, hosting and
maintaining applications
 Cloud Computing Services

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS (Infrastructure As A Service) is one of

the fundamental service model of cloud computing
alongside PaaS( Platform as a Service). It provides
access to computing resources in a virtualized
environment “the cloud” on internet.
 Cloud Computing Services

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

It provides computing infrastructure like

virtual server space, network connections,
bandwidth, load balancers and IP addresses. The
pool of hardware resource is extracted from
multiple servers and networks usually distributed
across numerous data centers. This provides
redundancy and reliability to IaaS.
 Cloud Computing Services

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS(Infrastructure
as a service) is a
complete package
for computing. For
small scale
businesses who are
looking for cutting
cost on IT
infrastructure,
 Cloud Computing Services

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is one of the
solutions. Annually a
lot of money is spent
in maintenance and
buying new
components like hard-
drives, network
connections, external
storage device etc..
 Cloud Computing Services

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

which a business
owner could have
saved for other
expenses by using
IaaS.
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services
List of Companies providing
Cloud Computing Services

And many more!!!!!

Introduction to Parallel Computing
 Introduction to Parallel Computing

Computer software were written

conventionally for serial computing. This meant
that to solve a problem, an algorithm divides the
problem into smaller instructions. These discrete
instructions are then executed on Central
Processing Unit of a computer one by one. Only
after one instruction is finished, next one starts.
 Introduction to Parallel Computing

Real life example of this would be people

standing in a queue waiting for movie ticket and
there is only cashier. Cashier is giving ticket one by
one to the persons. Complexity of this situation
increases when there are 2 queues and only one
cashier.
So, in short Serial Computing is following:
1. In this, a problem statement is broken into
discrete instructions.

2. Then the instructions are executed one by one.

 Introduction to Parallel Computing

3. Only one instruction is executed at any moment

of time.
Look at point 3. This was causing a huge problem
in computing industry as only one instruction was
getting executed at any moment of time. This was
a huge waste of hardware resources as only one
part of the hardware will be running for a
particular instruction and of time. As problem
statements were getting heavier and bulkier, so
does the amount of time in execution of those
statements. Example of processors are Pentium 3
and Pentium 4.
 Introduction to Parallel Computing

Now let’s come back to our real life problem. We

could definitely say that complexity will decrease
when there are 2 queues and 2 cashier giving
tickets to 2 persons simultaneously. This is an
example of Parallel Computing.
What is Parallel Computing?
 What is Parallel Computing?

Parallel Computing –

It is the use of multiple processing elements

simultaneously for solving any problem. Problems
are broken down into instructions and are solved
concurrently as each resource which has been
applied to work is working at the same time.
Parallel Computing Advantages
 Parallel Computing Advantages

Advantages of Parallel Computing over Serial

Computing are as follows:

1. It saves time and money as many resources 2.

working together will reduce the time and cut
potential costs.

2. It can be impractical to solve larger problems on

Serial Computing.
 Parallel Computing Advantages

3. It can take advantage of non-local resources

when the local resources are finite.

4. Serial Computing ‘wastes’ the potential

computing power, thus Parallel Computing makes
better work of hardware.
Limitations of Parallel Computing
 Limitations of Parallel Computing

1. It addresses such as communication and

synchronization between multiple sub-tasks and
processes which is difficult to achieve.

2. The algorithms must be managed in such a way

that they can be handled in the parallel
mechanism.

3. The algorithms or program must have low

coupling and high cohesion. But it’s difficult to
create such programs.
 Limitations of Parallel Computing

4. More technically skilled and expert

programmers can code a parallelism based
program well.
***
Applications of Parallel Computing
 Applications of Parallel Computing

1. Data bases and Data mining.

2. Real time simulation of systems.

3. Science and Engineering.

4. Advanced graphics, augmented reality

and virtual reality
Types of Parallelism
 Types of Parallelism

1.Bit-level parallelism

2. Instruction-level parallelism

3. Task Parallelism
 Types of Parallelism

1.Bit-level parallelism

It is the form of parallel computing which is

based on the increasing processor’s size. It
reduces the number of instructions that the
system must execute in order to perform a task on
large-sized data.

Example: Consider a scenario where an 8-bit

processor must compute the sum of two 16-bit
integers. It must first sum up the 8 lower-order
 Types of Parallelism

1.Bit-level parallelism

bits, then add the 8 higher-order bits, thus

requiring two instructions to perform the
operation. A 16-bit processor can perform the
operation with just one instruction.
 Types of Parallelism

2. Instruction-level parallelism

A processor can only address less than one

instruction for each clock cycle phase. These
instructions can be re-ordered and grouped
which are later on executed concurrently without
affecting the result of the program. This is called
instruction-level parallelism.
 Types of Parallelism

3. Task Parallelism

Task parallelism employs the

decomposition of a task into subtasks and then
allocating each of the subtasks for execution. The
processors perform execution of sub tasks
concurrently.
 Types of Parallelism

3. Task Parallelism

Task parallelism employs the

decomposition of a task into subtasks and then
allocating each of the subtasks for execution. The
processors perform execution of sub tasks
concurrently.
Future of Parallel Computing
 Future of Parallel Computing

The computational graph has undergone a

great transition from serial computing to parallel
computing. Tech giant such as Intel has already
taken a step towards parallel computing by
employing multicore processors. Parallel
computation will revolutionize the way computers
work in the future, for the better good. With all
the world connecting to each other even more
than before, Parallel Computing does a better role
in helping us stay that way. With faster networks,
distributed systems, and multi-processor
computers, it becomes even more necessary.
CLASS TEST
 CLASS TEST
Time: 40 Min Max Marks 20

1. What is cloud computing? explain 05

2. What are the types of cloud? explain 05
3. What are the advantages of cloud computing?
05
4. What is Parallel Computing? Explain 05
5. Explain types of Parallelism 05