Verb + Ing Conditionals
Verb + Ing Conditionals
Verb + Ing Conditionals
We saw everybody running away.
I could hear someone singing.
Examples:
The children admitted taking the sweets.
I considered becoming a singer when I left school.
Do you fancy going to see a movie tonight?
Would you mind opening the window? It's rather hot in here.
He suggested eating out, but I had already prepared dinner at home.
Phrasal verbs
Examples:
The children carried on playing even though it had started to rain.
I gave up smoking 3 years ago.
The teacher went on talking even though some of the students weren't listening.
Why do you keep on eating fatty food when you know it's bad for you?
Negatives
a) I can't afford (GO) on vacation right now. I've got too many expenses.
b) If you happen (to come) to Glasgow in summer, please give me a call!
c) She doesn't mind (helping) us with the party.
d) Lisa enjoys (looking) around antique shops.
e) We could go for a walk when you finish (doing) your homework.
f) We shouldn't forget (to call) her before we leave for the airport.
g) I hope (to BECOME) an excellent lawyer one day.
h) I can't stand (having) to do housework on Saturdays. It kills me!
i) Do you fancy (watching) a horror movie tonight?
j) Luisa and Justin decided (to SPEND) their vacation in Italy.
k) I don't mind (going) on a cruise this year. We can always go backpacking next summer.
l) You should remember to (BUY) a present for your parents. It's their 30th wedding anniversary.
a) After (walking) for a while, we could sit in a terrace and have a snack.
b) It's great to (HEAR) from you! How have you been?
c) What about (going) to the theatre? I've heard Hamlet is being performed at the
auditorium.
d) Thanks for (talking) to James. He really needs his friends now.
e) Susan lent me some clothes after my luggage was lost. It's nice to know there are people kind enough to (HELP)
you when you need it.
f) This closet is used for (keeping) old exams.
g) I'm looking forward to (seeing) you again!
h) You need to have some knowledge of computers (WORK) here.
i) Why can't you have a coffee without (SMOKing)? It would be nice not to sit alone in the bar!
j) I feel totally rested after (SLEEPing) 8 hours!
There are many verb + -ing combinations. Here are some common ones:
This means I
have already started travelling. I like to travel. This means a wish or intention.
Am I correct?
Regards
Andrew
Hello Andrew,
Both of these are expressions of preference, but neither tells us whether or not you are travelling at the moment. We use 'ing' after
like with the meaning of 'enjoy' - the act of travelling gives me pleasure. We use 'to verb' after like to describe our preferred way
of spending time - in other words, to say that this is something that we choose to spend time on.
Best wishes,
CONDITIONALS
Type I, II or III
2.If you speak English, you will get along with them perfectly.
3.If they had gone for a walk, they would have turned the lights off.
8.My friend will meet me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
10.If my father doesn't pick me up, I'll take the bus home.
If you go out with your friends tonight, I will watch the football match on TV.
If we had listened to the radio, we would have heard the news.
If you had switched on the lights, you would not have fallen over the chair.
She would have come to our party if she had not been on holiday.
He would have repaired the car himself if he had had the tools.
He almost fell from the balcony. I'm sure that if he had fallen, he (break) his leg or something.
Correct answer: would have broken
2If I leave now, I (be) home in two hours.
Correct answer: will be
3If you (like) , I'll lend you my car for two days.
Correct answer: like
4If we increased the price, we (run) the risk of pricing ourselves out of the market.
Correct answer: would run/would be running
5If you (ask) your boss, I'm sure he would have considered your proposal.
Correct answer: had asked
6The radio is broken. When you turn it on, it (make) a strange noise.
Correct answer: makes
7I'd set them the task if they (be) more reliable. However, I don't think they're capable of doing
it.
Correct answer: were
8If I had known how long the journey was, I (take) something else to read with me.
Correct answer: would have taken
9If you (not/manage) to finish the catalogue on time, we'll have to postpone the printing until next
month.
Correct answer: don't manage
10The accident (might/not/be) so bad if you'd been driving more slowly.
Correct answer: might not have been
If/when you heat water to 100 If/when you don't heat water to What happens if/when you heat
degrees, it boils. 100 degrees, it doesn't boil. water to 100 degrees?
If I'd (I had) known you were If she hadn't (had not) been ill,
Would you have told me if you'd
coming, I would have waited for she would have gone to the
(you had) known about it?
you. cinema.
If you come with me, I will do the shopping with you.
1.Walter will help his mother in the garden if she reads him a story this evening.
2.If it rains , I will stay at home.
3.Our teacher will be happy if we learn the poem by heart.
4.If they had enough money, they would buy a new car.
5.We would pass the exam if we studied harder.
6.If Pat repaired his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us.
7.She would get 100 pounds if she sold this old shelf.
8.If I was/were you, I would invite Jack to the party.
9.If the weather is fine, the children can walk to school.
If it rains, the boys won't play hockey.
1.If he grew his own vegetables, he wouldn't have to buy them.
2.Jim would see whisky distilleries if he travelled to Scotland.
3.Would you go out more often if you didn't have to do so much in the house?
4.She wouldn't have yawned the whole day if she hadn't stayed up late last night.
5.If you wait a minute, I'll come with you.
6.If we arrived at 10, we would miss Tyler's presentation.
7.We would have helped John if we'd known about his problems.
8.If they had used new batteries, their camera would have worked correctly.
9.If I went anywhere, it would be New Zealand.
If you like, you can stay for two days.
1.If I had seen the film in the cinema, I wouldn't have watched it on TV again.
2.If the parents bought the cat, their children would be very happy.
3.Metal expands if you heat it.
4.He should have received my e-mail if he'd been online yesterday evening.
5.They'd have been able to return the bottle if they hadn't torn off the labels.
6.If she tidies up her room, she must find the receipt.
7.What would you do if you had a million dollars.
8.Where would you live if you were younger.
9.If you wait for a little moment, I'll tell the doctor you are here.
Q1 - If I ...... you, I would tell him straightaway
were
am
will mix
mix
take
don't take
Were I to know
Had I known
had been
were
Q7 - Provided you ........ there half an hour before it starts, you'll get straight in
will get
get
will stop
stop
But for
If only
were there
had been there
If he will be
Should he be
Q15 - Suppose there ......... a problem, what would you have been able to do?
had been
was
Q16 - If the weather holds, I ........ play golf this afternoon
will
would
could
can
will be able to
can
Would
Will
Q20 - If she ..... there, will you give her a message for me?
is
will be
will you
would you
Q23 - He ....... be able to see you if you get there before nine o'clock
would
might
Q24 - Provided you work hard, you ....... pass the exam without any difficulty
would
will
arrested
arrest
Q26 - Provided you ......... the application forms, you should get the loan straightaway
will complete
complete
Q28 - She ............. so worried about the operation if the doctor had explained things better
would be
were
Q31 - If he ........ earlier, many lives wouldn't have been ruined
Q32 - What ........... if you had seen an accident on your way here?
Q33 - If the ambulance had arrived sooner, they ......... her life
had saved
might have saved
will
would
Q36 - If you'd told me earlier, I ....... to help you the other day
might be able
might have been able
Q37 - If I had my life over again, I ...... to university to study history
Q38 - If he's there, you ...... to tell him what happened
ought
should
1.If he (be) had been/'d been careful, he would not be have had that terrible accident.
2.I (pass) would have passed/'d have passed the exam if I had worked hard .
3.Her father would not have died, if he (go) had gone/'d gone to the doctor.
I wish I had not eaten so much. Then I wouldn't feel so sick now
The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.
For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result
sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still
true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts)
Snakes bite if they are scared
It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will
happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.
For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time
a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting)
But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen
today, another day might be different)
The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas the second
conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my
point of view.
For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will
study harder and so she'll pass)
But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study
harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass)
The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:
(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing).
First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm
imagining some dream for example.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)
Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true.
Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:
If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to
call him).
If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.
This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more
unlikely.
For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms
and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)
But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll
have enough money to buy some shoes)
We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past
participle in the second part of the sentence:
It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of
this situation.
If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and
so she didn't pass)
If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).
If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine
Wish
Wish используется, когда речь идет о желаниях, как правило, нереальных, — в настоящем и
прошлом.
«Я хотел бы, чтобы это было так» (но это не так).
I wish I knew what to do about the problem. – Жаль, что я не знаю, что делать с этой проблемой (и
я сожалею).
I wish the weather would get better - Я бы хотел, чтобы погода стала лучше.
He wishes she wouldn't stay here in the future - Он бы не хотел, чтобы она останавливалась здесь в будущем.
Does he wish she would call? - Он бы хотел, чтобы она позвонила?
Why does he wish she would be kinder to animals? - Почему бы он хотел, чтобы она стала добрее к животным?
Внимание! В данной структуре глаголы wish и would не могут иметь одно и то же подлежащее. Нельзя сказать: I
wish I would... В таких случаях употребляется конструкция: Подлежащее + wish + Подлежащее + could +
неопределённая форма глагола.
Например:
I wish I could speak English - Как бы мне хотелось говорить по-английски. (в будущем или настоящем)
Does he wish he could swim better? - Ему бы хотелось плавать лучше? (Ему жаль, что он не может плавать
лучше?) или (Ему жаль, что он не сможет плавать лучше?)
Однако, эта конструкция служит только для утвердительных и вопросительных предложений и употребляется как
для соотнесения с будущим временем, так и с настоящим. Если лицо, выраженное подлежащим, желает для себя
что-либо отрицательное, употребляются другие грамматические структуры.
Например:
I wish he wouldn't get sacked - Я хотел бы, чтобы его не уволили.
Но:
I hope I won't get sacked - Я надеюсь, что меня не уволят.
I wish you had been in Australia at that time - Как мне хотелось, чтобы ты был в Австралии в то время. (Как жаль,
что тебя не было в Австралии в то время.)
I wish he had not brought his son over - Как мне не хотелось, чтобы он приводил своего сына. (Как жаль, что он
привёл (тогда) своего сына.)
Does he wish they hadn't lost their money then? - Ему хотелось бы, чтобы они не потеряли тогда деньги? (Ему
жаль, что они тогда потеряли деньги?)
Who wishes I had been here at that time? - Кому хотелось бы, чтобы я была здесь в то время? (Кому жаль, что
меня не было здесь в то время?)
Wish употребляется в пожеланиях.
I wish you good luck. – Я желаю тебе удачи.
She wishes you well. – Она желает тебе поправиться.
Если речь идёт о воображаемом событии, то глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в форме Past Simple, а глагол to be для всех
лиц имеет форму were.
I wish it were summer now (it is not summer). – Хотел бы я, чтобы сейчас было лето (сейчас не лето).
I wish it were possible (it is impossible). – Хотел бы я, чтобы это было возможно (это невозможно).
Если речь идёт о том, что уже произошло, и говорящий хочет сказать, что он бы предпочёл другое развитие событий,
придаточное предложение строится в форме Past Perfect, а вся фраза переводится конструкцией «Жаль, что…».
I wish I had known that he was ill. Sure I would have visited him. –
Жaль, я не знала, что он болен. Я бы обязательно его навестила.
Если говорящий хочет пожаловаться или попросить кого-либо о чём-либо, используется конструкция wish + would.
Когда речь идёт о третьем лице (он/она/они/оно), предложение приобретает эмоциональную окраску раздражения.
I wish you would do this translation for me. – Я бы хотел, чтобы вы сделали мне этот перевод.
I wish this rain would stop. – Скорее бы этот дождь перестал.
I wish she would go! – Когда уже она уйдёт!
В предложениях, выражающих сожаление о чем-либо, жалобу, раздражение по поводу чего-либо или просьбу используется
глагол wish в Present Simple или Past Simple. Такие предложения могут относиться к настоящему, прошлому или будущему
моменту.
Unless means the same as if...not. Like if, unless is followed by a present tense, a past tense, or a past perfect
tense (never by a conditional). Unless is used instead of if...not in conditional sentences of all types. The order of
the clauses doesn't matter with sentences using unless.
We’ll have to cancel the show unless we sell more tickets at the last minute. (We’ll have to cancel the show if we do
not sell more tickets/except if we sell more tickets at the last minute.)
Warning:
We don’t use unless and if together:
We’ll go to the coast tomorrow unless it rains.
Not: We’ll go to the coast tomorrow unless if it rains.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES - UNLESS
«Unless» is often used in conditional sentences and it basically means the same thing as «if ... not».
eg.: "Unless you study, you will fail"
means the same thing as
"If you do not study, you will fail."
«Unless» can be used with the first, second or third conditional.
eg.:
First Conditional:
"You'll be unhappy unless you break up with her"
"You'll be unhappy if you do not break up with her."
Second Conditional:
"I wouldn't ask her out unless you told me it was OK"
"I wouldn't ask her out if you told me it was not OK."
Third Conditional:
"They wouldn't have come over unless we'd invited them"
"They wouldn't have come over if we had not invited them."
"You can't go on vacation unless you save some money."
"If you don't save some money, you can't go on vacation."
"You will feel cold if you don't wear a coat."
"You will feel cold unless you wear a coat."
Unless is good to use when it highlights an exception to what is generally true. In this example I only have one reason
why i may be late: traffic (vehicles on the road):
This next example shows us that sometimes the context can change and unless is not exactly interchangeable
with if...not.
Конструкция "Have something done". используется в том случае, если вы хотите сказать, что кто-то
выполнил за вас некую работу.
I can’t ask you to dinner this week as I am having my house painted at the moment.- Я не могу пригласить вас на обед, мой дом
сейчас красят.
I`m having a copy of the report sent to my boss.- Копию моего доклада отправят моему начальнику.
We`re getting a new security system installed.- Нам устанавливают новую систему безопасности.
I got the bill sent direct to the company.- Я попросил отправить счет прямо в компанию.
Порядок слов в данном выражении всегда одинаков: have + дополнение + Past Participle.
Конструкция “have/got something done” может быть использована и в тех случаях, когда с людьми или их принадлежностями
произошло что-то плохое. Они этого не хотели.
The houses had their roofs ripped off by the wind.- У домов оторвало крыши от ветра.
Michael had all his money stolen from his hotel room.- У Майкла украли все деньги из отеля.
We had our car damaged by a falling tree.- Нашу машину повредило падающее дерево.
I got my nose broken playing football.- Мне сломали нос, когда я играл в футбол.
He has two of his teeth knocked out.- Ему выбили два зуба.
Вопросительные, равно как и отрицательные предложения с данной конструкцией образуются с помощью вспомогательного
глагола do.
Do you have your windows cleaned every month?- Тебе моют окна каждый месяц?
I didn’t have central heating put in last year.- Я не подключил центральное отопление в прошлом году.
This construction is passive in meaning. It may describe situations where we want someone else to do something for
us.
Это страдательная (рассивная) конструкция. Она может описывать ситуации, когда мы хотим, чтобы кто-то
другой (например, мастер) сделал что-то для нас
Examples Примеры
If the verb refers to something negative or unwanted, it has the same meaning as a passive sentence:
При этом с тем же смыслом "сделали для меня" действие глагола может означать что-тоотрицательное или
нежелательное
The construction can refer to the completion of an activity, especially if a time expression is used:
Эта конструкция, как и прежняя, имеет страдательный (пассивный) смысл. В ней мы акцентируем внимание
на человеке/вещи, которая будет подвергнута действию, например:
5.As Phil had a broken arm, he had his texts typed by his secretary.
8.Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, she has her bags carried into her room.
Sarah isn't making her own wedding dress, she (it / make) by a designer in Italy.
1. We [No answer] are having the house painted (the house/paint) at the moment.
2. I lost my key. I will have to [No answer] have another key made (another key/make).
3. When was the last time you [No answer] had your hair cut (your hair/cut) ?
4. do you have a newspaper delivered (you/a newspaper/deliver) to your house every day, or
do you go out and buy one ?
5. What are those workmen doing in your garden ? ...Oh, we are having a garage built (a
garage/build).
6. This coat is dirty. I must have it cleaned (it/clean).
7. If you want to wear earrings, why don't you have your ears pierced (your ears/pierce)?
8. Why did you go to the cleaner's ? ...I needed to have my jacket cleaned (my jacket /clean).
1) I washed my car. (have) I had my car washed.
4) I fixed the washing machine. (get) I got the washing machine fixed.
1
We had the roof repaired last year. It cost us a packet. (repair)
7You don't think Liv Tyler's beautiful?! You should have your eyes tested. (test)
8After the plague of fleas, the boss had the office disinfected. (disinfect)
9Your cat's coughing. You need to have him treated for parasites. (treat)1
0Daphne has her legs done once a fortnight. (do)
12The headmaster had all the lockers searched for the missing footballs. (search)
14Have you had that poster I bought you framed yet? (frame)
15The house is in chaos. We're having a new kitchen put in at the moment. (put)
Passive Form
Have + something + done (verb 3) + (by someone)
In passive form, we use something and past participle of the verb (verb 3) after the
verb "have".
Mary had her temperature checked by the nurse.
I must have my car checked by the mechanic.
We've had our website made by a web designer.
I have the floor cleaned by the cleaners every day.
She will have the house painted by Tom.
Please have the letter faxed me by your secretary.
Когда можно опустить THAT
That можно опустить в следующих случаях:
I. После глаголов отчетности
Глаголы отчетности (reporting verbs): say, tell, consider, think, state, regret, imply, hint, suggest, believe, agree, decide и
т.д. (часть из них приведена здесь). То есть вместо «I said that I was ill» можно сказать: «I said I was ill«.
Например:
Jennifer said (that) she was in a hurry.
(Дженифер сказала, что она торопится)
Jack told me (that) he wanted to move to New York.
(Джек сказал мне, что он хочет переехать в Нью-Йорк)
The boss implied (that) the company was doing very well.
(Начальник дал понять, что дела в компании идут хорошо)
II. После прилагательных
Некоторые прилагательные могут поясняться подчиненным предложением, начинающимся с that и отвечающим на
вопрос «why?» Например, I am glad that you came (Я рад, что ты пришел). В таких случаях that можно опустить — I am
glad you came.
Например:
I’m happy (that) you found a new job.
(Я счастлив, что ты нашел новую работу)
She’s sad (that) he’s going to move to New York.
(Она опечалена тем, что он собирается переехать в Нью-Йорк)
Jack is anxious (that) he didn’t pass the test.
(Джек беспокоился, что не сдал экзамен)
III. В значении «который»
That можно опустить в случае, если оно открывает определительное придаточное и переводится как «который».
He invited the boy (that) he met on the train.
(Он пригласил мальчика, которого встретил в поезде)
Shelly purchased the chair (that) she had seen at the auction.
(Шелли купила стул, который увидела на аукционе)
Alfred wants to read the book (that) Jane recommended.
(Альфред хочет прочесть книгу, которую рекомендовала Джейн)
Yes, you can not leave out the subject of a clause. However, you can sometimes omit a subject and the
appropriate form of BE as in: "The man (who is) sitting there is my brother".
Если относительное местоимение в английском языке является подлежащим придаточного предложения, опускать
его нельзя. Как определить, что относительное местоимение в этом предложении является подлежащим?
Посмотрите на придаточное предложение. Если между относительным местоимением и глаголом предложения нет
имени существительного или другого местоимения, то именно относительное местоимение является подлежащим.
The drawer I keep my documents in was unlocked. – Ящик стола, в котором я храню свои документы,
был открыт.
Обычно этот вид придаточных предложений относится к слову, фразе или смыслу главного предложения, которые выступают
антецедентом (существительное или его эквивалент, к которому относится последующее местоимение).
В следующих примерах относительные местоимения whom и that воздействуют на подлежащее, которое является
антецедентом:
The neighbour, whom I saw this morning, crashed his car. — Сосед, которого я видел этим утром, разбил свою машину.
The cake that Jane cooked was nice and tasty. — Торт, который испекла Джейн, был красивый и вкусный.
Употребление того или иного относительного местоимения напрямую зависит от типа придаточного предложения. Существует
два вида придаточных определительных предложений: ограничительные (уточняющие смысл) и распространительные
(дополняющие новую информацию). В обоих случаях относительное местоимение может выступать подлежащим,
дополнением или притяжательным местоимением (whose).
Данная информация играет ключевую роль в правильном понимании смысла главного предложения, поэтому ее нельзя
опустить. Проще говоря, без придаточного ограничительного главное предложение попросту теряет смысл.
I was nicely surprised to meet guys who also arrived to support their favorite team. — Я был приятно удивлен встречей с
парнями, которые тоже пришли поддержать свою любимую команду.
Oтносительные местоимения в роли дополнения, определяющие человека или предмет, можно опустить. Однако официальный
английский требует употребления относительного местоимения.
Если относительное местоимение является дополнением предлога, which следует употреблять вместо that, например: in which
(в котором), about which (о котором), for which (для которого). Рассмотрим примеры:
Официальный английский: Dr. Smith was the person to whom I expressed my deep esteem and whose reputation was known
to everyone. — Доктор Смит был человеком, которому я выразил свое глубочайшее уважение и чья репутация была известна
каждому.
Неофициальный английский: Dr. Smith was the person I expressed my deep esteem to and whose reputation was known to everyone.
Официальный английский: There was a wonderful landscape at the exhibition that Jane adored. — На выставке был чудесный
пейзаж, который восхитил Джейн.
Неофициальный английский: There was a wonderful landscape at the exhibition Jane adored.
Официальный английский: Tom achieved the cave about which he had heard so many tales. — Том добрался до пещеры, о
которой слышал так много легенд.
Неофициальный английский: Tom achieved the cave he had heard so many tales about.
В американском английском относительное местоимение whom употребляется довольно редко и обычно заменяется на who,
а в разговорной речи и вовсе опускается:
Официальный вариант: The man to whom you said hello in the morning is my uncle. — Человек, с которым ты поздоровался
утром — мой дядя.
Разговорный вариант: The man you said hello to in the morning is my uncle. (The man who you said hello to in the morning
is my uncle.)
Однако если относительное местоимение whom находится после предлога и является его дополнением, его нельзя опускать:
The man for whom she was waiting so many years finally appeared. — Наконец-то появился мужчина,которого она ждала так
много лет.
В английском языке только whose является притяжательным относительным местоимением. Его антецедентом могут
выступать как лица, так и предметы.
The boy whose toy engine broke yesterday was presented a new beautiful toy truck. — Мальчик, чьямашинка вчера сломалась,
получил новый первоклассный игрушечный грузовик.
The bag whose owner got off the bus was delivered to the nearest lost-property office. — Сумка,владелец которой сошел с автобуса,
была доставлена в ближайшее бюро находок.
Как правило, придаточные распространительные не несут ценной информации об антецеденте в главном предложении. Данная
информация не является ключевой в правильном понимании мысли главного предложения и может быть опущена без потери
его смысла.
The summit, which lasted for three days, resulted in signing a set of important agreements. — Результатом
саммита, который продолжался три дня, стало подписание пакета важнейших соглашений.
The movie, which he admired, was going to be shown in the cinema. — Фильм, который его восхитил, собирались показывать в
кинотеатре.
Разговорный английский: Robert Burns is a Scottish poet that wrote a lot of wonderful poems and songs in the Scots language and
standard English. — Роберт Бернс — шотландский поэт,который написал множество чудесных стихов и пеcен на шотландском
диалекте и литературном английском языке.
Письменный, официальный английский: Robert Burns is a Scottish poet who wrote a lot of wonderful poems and songs in the
Scots language and standard English.
Robert Burns is a Scottish poet who wrote a lot of wonderful poems and songs in the Scots language and standard English
Особые правила употребления относительных местоимений
При описании людей неофициальный английский допускает использование как who, так и that. Но если речь идет
о характеристиках или способностях человека/группы лиц, то лучше употреблять относительное местоимение that (хотя
употребление who также допускается):
She is the kind of woman that always looks charming. — Она из тех женщин, которые всегда выглядят очаровательно.
Если же в официальном стиле речь идет о конкретном человеке, who употреблять предпочтительнее:
The man who won the prize was a cook. — Мужчина, который выиграл приз, был поваром.
В английском существует несколько ситуаций, где использовать that более уместно, чем which. После местоимений many, few,
all, little, much, every(thing) и any(thing) следует употреблять именно that:
There are many ways that may help him resolve this complex issue. — Существует множество способов, с помощью которых он
может решить этот сложный вопрос.
Существительное, определяемое прилагательным в превосходной степени, также требует относительного местоимения that:
This is the most beautiful car that he has ever seen. — Это самая прекрасная из виденных им машин.
Для начала нужно разобраться, какой частью речи являются эти слова:
Надеемся, что небольшой экскурс в русскую грамматику не был обременительным, а наоборот, принес свои
плоды. Итак, предлагаем Вам рассмотреть следующие примеры на употребление that и what, а в следующем
посте у Вас будет возможность проверить свои силы, пройдя тест.
Ответы:
1. what, 2. that, 3. what, 4. what, 5. that
1. I don't want to know what he said.
2. I thought that you wanted to go to University.
3. She is certain that she saw her cousin last night.
4. what I want is more freedom.
5. She doesn't understand what is going on.
6. She doesn't understand that her mother is manipulating her.
7. what the teacher said didn't make sense.
8. My father thinks that respect is a core strength.
9. My father thinks what he wants.
10. I could not believe what he was saying.
11. I could not believe that he was telling my secret to everyone.
12. Everyone says he is a liar.that doesn't surprise me.
13. I think that you could have more responsibilities.
14. Her parents don't know about the things that she does in their back.
15. Children have to follow the rules that their parents set.
16. He claimed his mother let him do what he wanted.
17. The cellphone that was confiscated was Andrew's.
18. Her parents don't know about the things that she does in their back.
26. My father thinks what he wants.
1.Please take a seat over there and Fill out___ these forms with your information.
2. Could you __Hand out_ one book to each member of the class please.
3. My friend was going to be on a reality TV programme but she Backed out___ at the last minute.
4. We are going to _Eat out__ tonight, at an amazing restaurant near Picadilly.
5. She wears crazy outfits because she loves to _Stand out__.
6. Somehow my baby _Broke out__ of her cot last night. Luckily I woke up before she got to the door.
7. I'm going to try _Cutting out__ dairy from my diet, to see if I feel any better.
“Yeah, I found out that the server was undergoing some maintenance. It’s back online now!”
“Great! How’d you solve the problem with the physics and the chemistry class that were both on Wednesday mornings?”
“It turns out that I don’t actually need to take physics until next semester.”
“Well, I tried doing it for a few weeks, but it was just too stressful. I’m just not cut out for that type of work – I prefer to be part of a team rather than
“Really? So how are we going to keep track of customers and their orders?”
“Oh hey, before you go – my friends and I are going to hang out at the park on Saturday – maybe play some soccer, have some lunch – you’re
back out = decide not to do something you first intended to do: "We can't back out of the holiday now – we've already paid for it!"
bring out = make more noticeable: "The lemon brings out the taste of the strawberries."
check out (1) = look at: "You've got to check out this new website – it's really useful."
check out (2) = investigate: "The police are checking out his story."
cut out = eliminate: "He's cut out all the fat from his diet and he's a lot slimmer."
eat out = eat in a restaurant: "Do you fancy eating out tonight?"
hand out = distribute: "The teacher handed out the English books to the students."
fill out = complete a form: "You need to fill out all the sections on this form."
make out = see well: "I can't make out the name on this envelope. Is it Jones or James?"
pass out = faint: "It was so hot in the room that she passed out."
put out = inconvenience someone: "Thanks for your offer of letting us stay. Are you sure that we won't be putting you out?"
stand out = be easily distinguishable: "With the way he dresses, he always manages to stand out!"
take out = withdraw money: "I've taken out a lot of money from my account recently."
work out (1) = calculate: "We've worked out our profit margin."
work out (2) = get better: "Everything worked out well in the end."
work out (3) = understand: "I really can't work it out. Why did she leave such a well-paid job?"
Examples of adjectives
Typical adjective endings
1. They live in a beautiful house.
4. He writes meaningless letters.
7. Ben is an adorable baby.
2. A biological experiment.
3. A wooden boat.
4. I married an American woman.
2. Daniella is a part-time worker.
3. This is an all-too-common error.
4. Beware of the green-eyed monster.
5. He is a cold-blooded man.
6. We saw a man-eating shark!
Ok, we’ll hold him off for a while. - Хорошо, мы его задержим ненадолго.
This application enables to add and find toys for share them with people's nearby. - Это приложение позволяет
добавлять и находить ...
Could you please specify where exactly do you see any problems
Having been promised that it would work fine, it isn’t and our partner is pulling his hair out and giving us rather a
lot of grief.-когда Пообещали, что всё будет хорошо работать
Just want to notify you, that the system is updated on time.
i’ll ask Roman if he can take a call while he is not at office.
Unfortunately because of poor internet connection in Thai, Roman can't take a call until he is back to office.
All functions will be tested in the desiredsequence of actions, like users will do.
what the instructions of Simon Evgeny wasn’t followed to?
Could you tell me when can you take a call to clarify for us your vision of the future app design, and discuss it
with out art director?
Сould you please specify what exactly you want to integrate and how it should work
Если вы столкнетесь с ниже перечисленными условиями, вы можете не соблюдать правила согласования времен в английском
языке.
The pupils were told that the Earht moves around the Sun. — Ученикам сказали, что Земля
вращается вокруг Солнца.
2.В придаточном предложении есть модальный глагол must, should, ought to:
I said that I must meet her. – Я сказал, что мне надо встретить ее.
3.Если говорящий ссылается на слова, которые только что были сказаны:
Kate: Stay with me, Mark. I will cook something delicious. – Кейт: Останься со мной,
Марк. Я приготовлю что-нибудь вкусное.
Mark to Elza: Kate said she will cook something delicious. – Марк Эльзе: Кейт сказала,
что приготовит что-то вкусное.
4.В придаточном предложении, вводимом союзами when / since, простое прошедшее время (Past
Simple) не изменяет своей формы:
I answered that I hadn’t met her since we moved. – Я ответил, что не видел ее после того,
как мы переехали.
5.Если в придаточном предложении прошедшее длительное время (Past Continuous), то оно тоже
не меняется:
Steve said that when he came home his father was watching TV. – Стив сказал, что, когда
он пришел домой, его отец смотрел телевизор.
1.He said he had gone to the city centre the day before. (если при обращении прямой речи в
косвенную глагол в главном предложении стоит в Past Simple (said), то в придаточном
предложении действует согласование времен. В данном случае Past Simple меняется на Past
Perfect: went –> had gone.)
2.My mother said that she had washed the dishes. (если при обращении прямой речи в косвенную
глагол в главном предложении стоит в Past Simple (said), то в придаточном предложении
действует согласование времен. В данном случае Present Perfect меняется на Past Perfect: have
washed –> had washed.)
3.Kristy asked me whether I wanted to stay there. (если при обращении прямой речи в косвенную
глагол в главном предложении стоит в Past Simple (asked), то в придаточном предложении
действует согласование времен. В данном случае Present Simple меняется на Past Simple: want –>
wanted.)
4.She asked us why we had come so late. (если при обращении прямой речи в косвенную глагол в
главном предложении стоит в Past Simple (asked), то в придаточном предложении действует
согласование времен. В данном случае Present Perfect меняется на Past Perfect: have come –> had
come.)
Задание 2.
Задание 3.
Задание 5.
+ (is)
1.- (was)
2.- (had called)
3.+ (lives)
4.- (couldn’t afford)
5.- (had read)
6.+ (goes to bed)
7.- (had left)
8.+ (consists of)
9.+ (are)
Sequence of
He lives in New York. Одновременное действие
I thought that he lived in New York.
Mother is sleeping. Одновременное действие
I knew that mother was sleeping.
He has returned from London. Предшествующее действие
I was told that he had returned from London.
He bought a new car. Предшествующее действие
I heard that he had bought a new car.
He will send us a letter. Последующее действие
I supposed that he would send us a letter.
Правила согласования времен обязательны, если действие придаточного предложения
рассматривается с позиции прошлого времени.
Если действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного
предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляются Past Simple или Past Continuous
независимо от того, какое прошедшее время использовано в главном предложении.
He didn’t know where she was.
They noticed that he was smiling.
Если говорящий ссылается на слова собеседника, которые только что были сказаны.
Mary: What’s the weather like in Moscow?
Ann: Oh, it’s snowing heavily.
Mary to Bess: Ann said that it is snowing heavily in Moscow.
Прошедшее простое время Past Simple в придаточных предложениях времени, вводимых союзами when
и since, не претерпевает никаких изменений.
John said,”I haven’t met Susan since we parted.” – John said that he hadn’t met Susan since they parted.
При передаче последовательных событий, где указывается конкретная дата, прошедшее время глаголов
не подвергается сдвигу времен.
He said that he was born in Kaluga in 1983 and soon the family moved to Moscow.
She said she graduated from University in 1996.
EXAMPLES
If you heat ice, it melts.
Ice melts if you heat it.
When you heat ice, it melts.
Ice melts when you heat it.
If it rains, the grass gets wet.
The grass gets wet if it rains.
When it rains, the grass gets wet.
The grass gets wet when it rains.
If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.
The zero conditional is also often used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause.
EXAMPLES
If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema.
Ask Pete if you're not sure what to do.
If you want to come, call me before 5:00.
Meet me here if we get separated.
Условные предложения 0 типа образуются по схеме If/When+ a present form + present simple or imperative
В придаточной части поле if могут быть использованы различные времена группы Present: Present Simple
If you fly with budget airline, you have to pay for your snacks and drinks.
Present Continuous
When unemployment is rising, people always tend to stay in their present jobs.
Present Perfect
When Fred has finished an article, he always asks Molly to read it through.
В главной части используется только Present Simple (иногда Imperative): Present Simple Unless you've seen
it yourself, you don't understand how amazing it is.
Imperative When you go on holiday to Brazil, take sun cream .
Мы будем употреблять условные предложения 0 типа, когда речь идет о реальных событиях – это real
conditional. Более того, события, о которых идет речь, являются 100 % вероятными.
Zero Conditional употребляется, если речь идет о научных фактах (Scientific Facts)
If you heat water to 1000 Celsius, it boils.
прописных истинах (General Truths)
If you drop a book, it falls.
правилах (Rules)
If you take drugs, don’t drive.
очевидных причинах и следствиях (Obvious Causes and Effects)
If you disconnect the battery, the computer turns off.
привычных действиях (Routine)
Molly uses glasses when she types.
Одним из признаков Zero Conditional является тот факт, что вы всегда сможете заменить if (если) на when
(когда) без изменения смысла предложения.
Water and oil do not mix if you combine them. – Вода и масло не смешиваются, если Вы соединяете их.
Water and oil do not mix when you combine them — Вода и масло не смешиваются, когда Вы соединяете их.
Примеры предложений zero conditional с переводом.
When water temperature reaches 100 degrees, this liquid always boils. Когда температура воды достигает 100
градусов, эта жидкость всегда закипает.
When Jill eats fish, she is sick. – Когда Джилл ест рыбу, ее подташнивает.
One's practice always suffers if one disregards it. Бизнес всегда страдает, если пренебрегать им. Anybody is
satisfied if the thing they want to rent looks new. Всякий рад, если вещь, которую он собирается взять в
аренду, выглядит как новая. If there's no God, there's no virtue. – Если нет Бога, нет и добродетели.
If a and c are nonzero prime integers, t is equal to 3. Если а и с — отличные от нуля простые целые числа, то
t равняется 3.
Experiment can happen only if both conditions exist. Эксперимент возможен лишь при выполнении обоих
условий.
If a small firm faces a monopoly, it comes into its total power. Cталкиваясь с монополией, маленькая фирма
оказывается в ее полной власти.
If you drink a little alcohol, never drive. – Если выпил немного алкоголя, никогда не садись за руль
If Mona sees a ghost, it’s a ghost but not a fragment of her dream. Если уж Мона видит призрака, это и
вправду призрак, а не плод ее воображения.
Упражнения на Zero Conditional.
Упражнение 1. Вставьте глагол в нужной форме, чтобы образовать условные предложения 0-го типа. If
you __________ (to drive) along the river bank it _______ (to be) twenty miles out of your way. If you _____
(to take) your mobile phone into class, it __________ (must) be turned off. We ________ (not use) calculators
when we ________ (write) tests. If you ________ (to push) this button, the volume __________ (to increase). If
you __________ (to close) the door, it _________ (to lock) automatically. I_________ (to wear) my old boots
when I ___________ (to work). When I ___________ (to cook) salads, I _________ (to use) only olive oil.
When I ___________ (to concentrate), please ____________ (not to make) so much noise. Unless prices
________ (to rise), it_________ (not to be) a good investment. Unless someone_________ (to ask) you politely,
___________ (to refuse) to do anything.
Упражнение 2 Translate Zero Conditionals into your language. Если стихи веселые, то я читаю их детям.
Если у меня есть время, я смотрю романтические фильмы. Если идет дождь, земля становится мокрой.
Если апельсин оранжевый, значит он спелый. Если потерялся – спроси дорогу. Если я наемся на ночь, я
плохо сплю. Если работать усердно – можно многого достичь. Если он ест много сладкого, у него
появляется аллергическая сыпь. Я хожу на работу даже если болею. Если Молли не спит ночью, утром
она чувствует себя разбитой. Если нарушать правила, можно получить штраф
Zero conditional
Zero conditional - Нулевое условное предложение в английском языке. Когда мы говорим о вещах,
которые как правило верны, мы можем использовать: If/When/Unless и настоящую форму или же
повелительное наклонение смыслового глагола.
If Margaret gets there before me, ask her to wait.- Если Маргарет доберется раньше меня, попроси ее
подождать меня.
When you heat ice it turns to water.- Если подогреть лед, он превратится в воду.
Unless you need more space, a small car is big enough for one person.- Если ты не нуждаешься в
дополнительном месте, маленькая машина идеально подходит одному человеку.
Обратите внимание, что в Zero conditional мы не говорим о каких-то конкретных событиях, а о фактах,
которые являются правдой, именно поэтому мы используем нулевое условное предложение в английском
языке.
В условных предложениях мы можем использовать самые разные группы времен, которые относятся к
настоящему. В главном предложении же может стоять только время present simple или же повелительная
форма глагола.
If you visit Moscow in winter, bring warm clothes with you.- Если вы едете в Москву зимой, привезите с
собой много теплой одежды.
If unemployment is rising, people stay in their present jobs.- Когда уровень безработицы повышается, люди
остаются на своих старых работах.
If you`ve done that, go and have a cookie.- Если ты закончил с этим, иди и съешь печенье.
When you go on holiday, take sun cream. It`ll be hot.- Отправляясь на отдых, захватите с собой
солнцезащитный крем. Там будет жарко.
When I`m trying to work, please don`t make noise.- Когда я пытаюсь работать. Пожалуйста, не нужно
шуметь.
When I`ve finished a translation, I always ask Linda to read it through.- Когда я заканчиваю работать над
переводом, я прошу Линду перечитать его.
Обратите внимание, что “unless” означает то же самое, что и “если не“.
Unless she asks you politely, refuse to do any more work for her. – Если она не попросит тебя как следует,
откажись работать с ней.
Unless prices are falling, it is a good investment.- Конечно, если цены не упадут, это неплохое вложение.
Unless you`ve been in that country yourself, you don`t understand how fantastic it is.- Если ты не был в этой
стране, ты не представляешь, насколько это замечательное место.
If you press that button, the light comes on.
а) уметь говорить.
My sister speaks very slowly - Моя сестра говорит очень медленно (то есть она в целом, всегда говорит очень медленно, у нее
такая манера разговора).
2. Глагол to talk.
В употреблении очень похож на глагол to speak. Однако разница между ними заключается в том, что to speak - более
официальный, а to talk - более разговорный. В то же время есть некоторые случаи, когда употребление глагола to speak
неуместно.
Please stop talking - Пожалуйста, перестаньте разговаривать (в этом случае нельзя было бы поставить глагол to speak).
3. Глагол to say.
4. Глагол to tell.
Этот глагол употребляется в значении - рассказывать, сказать кому-либо, сообщать. После него следует дополнение,
обозначающее лицо, с которым идет речь.
John told me about it - Джон рассказал мне об этом.
Еще один вариант употребления глагола to tell - велеть, приказать. Это значение он обретает, если за косвенным дополнением
следует инфинитив.
My mother told me to wash a car - Моя мама велела мне помыть машину.
Начнем с глагола speak – разговаривать. Употребление данного глагола говорит о самом факте речи, — Mary speaks – Мэри
говорит (а не поет). Мы также используем глагол To speak когда необходимо указать на каком языке кто-то говорит. Mary
speaks English – Мэри говорит на английском. Если необходимо сказать, что кто-то взял слово и желает выступить на собрании,
произнести речь, то также следует использоваться глагол to speak.
At 8 o’clock the president will speak to the students at the University – в 8 часов президент будет говорить со студентами университета
She can speak four foreign languages well – она может говорить на четырех иностранных языках.
to talk
Что касается глагола talk, мы используем его в значении «разговаривать» с кем-то, что-то обсуждать. В отличие от предыдущего глагола,
который носит формальный характер, to talk ближе к значению «болтать, сплетничать, лясы точить».
My wife can talk hours on the phone – моя жена может часами говорить по телефону
Следующий на очереди глагол say — «сказать», поэтому мы его используем в основном в косвенной речи, когда передаем чужие слова –
He said that would meet me at the station – он говорит, что встретит меня на станции
They say prices for meat will fly – говорят, цены на мясо поднимутся
to tell
Did you hear about that guy who won 180 million dollars in the lottery? If I (win) won that much money, I (quit) would quit my job the next day.
most luxurious hotels. If I (want) wanted anything, I (buy) would buy it. If I (see) saw a beautiful Mercedes that I wanted, I (buy) would buy it.
(be) were full, I (buy) would buy the hotel and make them give me a room. I (can) could do anything in the world if I had 180 million dollars ...
(do) would do good things with the money as well. If anybody (need) needed help, I (give) would give them some money to help them out. I (d
give money to help support the arts. If I (win) won that much money, I wouldn't keep it all for myself. I (help) would help as many people as po
Michael: Sharon, I am having some problems at work, and I was wondering if you might be able to give me some advice.
Michael: The computer sales business is more difficult than I thought. When customers (come) come in to look at the new computer models, th
(ask) ask me to suggest a model, I (be) am usually quite honest with them. Most computer users don't need a very advanced computer; they ju
processing, bookkeeping and Internet access. If I am honest and I (recommend) recommend one of the cheaper models, my boss (get) gets a
convince a customer to buy one of the more expensive advanced models. I don't really feel comfortable doing that. What would you do in my si
don't need?
Sharon: I think you should help your customers make an intelligent decision. If I (be) were you, I (educate) would educate the customers. I (te
themselves. I (make, not) would not make the decision for them. When a customer (ask) asks a question, answer it honestly. You don't need t
for them.
Michael: When I (sell) sell an inexpensive computer to a customer, my boss (complain) complains that I am not trying hard enough. What wou
Sharon: If I (be) were in your situation, I (tell) would tell him that I wasn't comfortable forcing customers to buy products which they don't need
you want to provide them with good service. Remind him that when customers (get) get good service, they (return) return to a store and spend
Michael: I think that's a great idea. He (might) might change his mind if I said that to him. Maybe he (realize) would realize that good service i
(feel) would feel much more comfortable if I (be) were able to be honest with the customers. Thanks for your advice.
Present Real Conditional
USE
The Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in real-life situations.
Examples:
If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
B: I stay at home.
IMPORTANT If / When
Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests that something happens less frequently. Using "when"
Examples:
USE
The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do in imaginary situations.
Examples:
She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have much money.
In the Present Unreal Conditional, the form "was" is not considered grammatically correct. In written English or in testing situations, you
should always use "were." However, in everyday conversation, "was" is often used.
Examples:
Only the word "if" is used with the Present Unreal Conditional because you are discussing imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.
Examples:
There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:
The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be used in these special forms.
Examples:
The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot combine them with "would."
Examples:
1.If Sue cuts the onions for the salad, Caroline will peel the mushrooms.
5.If Alan and Rebecca organise the food, Mary and Conor will make the sandwiches.
4.If I owned a lonely island, I would build a huge house by the beach.
6.I would pick my friends up in my yacht if they wanted to spend their holidays on my island.
If you do your homework now, we will go to the cinema in the evening.
3.If I met my favourite movie star, I would ask him for an autograph.
6.If he doesn't have time tomorrow, we will meet the day after.
7.If I were you, I wouldn't know what to do.
8.If we don't order the tickets soon, there won't be any tickets left.
8.If you hate walking in the mountains, you will not enjoy the tour.
Once upon a time the cat bit the mouse's tail off. “Give me back my tail,” said the mouse. And the cat said, “Well, I would give you bac
impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
1.The mouse, however, went to the cow. “The cat will only give me back my tail if I fetch her some milk.”
2.And the cow said, “Well, I would give you milk if you got me some hay. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
3.The mouse, however, went to the farmer. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow gives me some milk. And the cow will only
4.And the farmer said, “Well, I would give you hay if you brought me some meat. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like yo
5.The mouse, however, went to the butcher. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow gives me milk. And the cow will only give
6.And the butcher said, “Well, I would give you meat if you made the baker bake me a bread. But that's impossible to do for a little m
The mouse, however, went to the baker. “The cat will only give me back my tail if I fetch her some milk. And the cow will not giveme mil
hay if the butcher has some meat for him. And the butcher will not give me meat if you do not bake him a bread.”
1.And the baker said, “Well, I will give you bread if you promise never to steal my corn or meal.”
2.The mouse promised not to steal, and so the baker gave the mouse bread, the mouse gave the butcher bread. The butcher gave the
farmer gave the mouse hay, the mouse gave the cow hay. The cow gave the mouse milk, the mouse gave the cat milk. And the cat gav
4.If the mouse had not promised never to steal corn or meal, the baker would not have given the mouse bread.
5.If the baker had not given the mouse bread, the butcher would have refused to give her meat for the farmer.
6.If the butcher had refused her any meat, the farmer would not have been willing to give the mouse hay.
7.If the farmer had not been willing to give the mouse hay, the mouse would not have received milk from the cow.
8.If the mouse had not received milk from the cow, she would not have got back her tail.
6. I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn't afford to go. If I (have) had
had enough money, I (go) would have gone with them.
7. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to chocolate. If I (know) had known, I (make) 'd have
made you a vanilla birthday cake.
8. Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if I (know) knew what she bought
you, I (tell, not) wouldn't tell you.
9. Nobody here speaks English. Too bad Gloria isn't here. If she (be) were with us, she (can) could act
as our interpreter.
10. I am afraid I won't be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending
me to New York to attend a trade show. I (miss, never) 'd never miss your wedding if I (have) had a
choice in the matter.
11. If the weather is nice tomorrow, she (walk) will walk along the river to school.
12. If you help me move tomorrow, I (treat) will treat you to a dinner and a movie.
13. If you were to help me move tomorrow, I (treat) 'd treat you to a dinner and a movie.
14. If I were in Tahiti right now, I (snorkel) would be snorkeling along a beautiful reef. I wouldn't be
stuck here in this office with mountains of paperwork.
15. If Jerry hadn't stopped to pick up that quarter, he (cross) would have been crossing the street
when the bus ran the red light. He might have been killed!
16. Tina's train arrived ahead of schedule. If I hadn't decided to go to the train station early, she
(wait) would have been waiting there for more than twenty minutes before I arrived.
17. If I (pass) had passed the test, I (get) would have got an "A" in the class. Instead, I got a "C." I
really should have studied more.
19. We (go) would go skiing this weekend, but there's no snow. Oh, well! We will just have to find
something else to do instead.
20. If Heather spoke Chinese, she (translate) would have translated the email for you yesterday.
By using the word 'need' instead of 'want' you are expressing something that is required or wanted.
The word 'want' can also be used to express something YOU would like someone else to do
or that something you personally would enjoy.
1. Sam really wanted a dog, but his parents wouldn't let him have a pet.
2. I can't believe she made you look at her vacation pictures again last night. We have to look at those
stupid pictures every time we go to her house.
3. I don't know how you convince your children to clean up their rooms. I couldn't get my children to
clean up their rooms if my life depended on it.
4. Professor Yu had each of her students write an essay describing their future goals in life.
5. Professor Yu let her students use a dictionary while they were taking the test.
6. Debbie's husband hates the opera. But after days of nagging, she finally got him to go see the new
production of La Boheme.
7. Sally made me take off my shoes before I went into her house. She said she wanted to keep the
carpet clean.
8. Rebecca Smith requested a copy of that expense report, so I had the courier take one over to her
last week.
9. Diane thinks television is a waste of time, so she won't let her children watch TV.
10. Mr. Levine had his secretary call Ms. Jackson and reconfirm their meeting on Thursday.
11. Marcus let me drive his new BMW. I couldn't believe how quickly it picked up speed.
12. How did you get the doctor to make a house call? I haven't heard of a doctor actually going to a
patient's house in years.
13. My boss makes me get him coffee, pick up his dry cleaning and buy presents for his wife. He can't
do anything by himself!
14. Tommy didn't want to go to his cousin's birthday party, but his mom made him go.
15. I can't believe the zoo keeper let you feed the snake. That was so cool!
16. The contract was very detailed, and it was essential that the wording be absolutely correct.
Therefore, I had the translator recheck his work several times to make sure there would be no
misunderstandings.
17. Cheryl didn't want to wash her car, so with a little smooth talk she got her boyfriend to wash it for
her.
18. If you ask me nicely, I'll let you lick the bowl after I make the cookies.
20. The news coverage of the recent tornado was incredibly moving. The interview with the little boy
who lost his family in the tragedy made everyone cry.
The following is a mini-tutorial on the use of the causative verbs "let," "make," "have," and "get." After
you have studied the tutorial, complete the associated exercises. If you already know how to use these
verbs, you can skip the explanation and go directly to the exercises.
Let
FORM
[let + person + verb]
USE
This construction means "to allow someone to do something."
Examples:
Make
FORM
[make + person + verb]
USE
This construction means "to force someone to do something."
Examples:
Have
FORM
[have + person + verb]
USE
This construction means "to give someone the responsibility to do something."
Examples:
Get
FORM
[get + person + to + verb]
USE
This construction usually means "to convince to do something" or "to trick someone into doing
something."
Examples:
Examples:
I got the mechanic to check my brakes.
At first the mechanic didn't think it was necessary, but I convinced him to check the brakes.
I had the mechanic check my brakes.
I asked the mechanic to check the brakes.
The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.
I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.
There those thousand thinkers were thinking how did the other three thieves go through.
How many cookies could a good cook cook If a good cook could cook cookies? A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good
cook who could cook cookies.
How much ground would a groundhog hog, if a groundhog could hog ground? A groundhog would hog all the ground he could hog,
if a groundhog could hog ground.
Mr. Tongue Twister tried to train his tongue to twist and turn, and twit an twat, to learn the letter "T".
She saw Sherif's shoes on the sofa. But was she so sure she saw Sherif's shoes on the sofa?
Rory the warrior and Roger the worrier were reared wrongly in a rural brewery.
How much caramel can a canny canonball cram in a camel if a canny canonball can cram caramel in a camel?
The ruddy widow really wants ripe watermelon and red roses when winter arrives.
Round and round the rugged rock the ragged rascal ran.
While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washington's windows with warm washing water.
A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he
coughed and hiccoughed.
Seven slick and sexy sealskin ski suits slid slowly down the slope.
Dear mother,
give your other udder
to my other brother.
Stop
Stop + Gerund => to finish doing an activity completely
Example:
The bank stopped making exceptions to mortgage underwriting guidelines while the financial world hopes for a turnaround.
Stop + Infinitive => to pause an action, usually some form of movement, in order to do something else
Example:
Ingrid stopped to make a bank deposit before she went to the next meeting.
Forget
Example:
Example:
Remember
The bank manager remembers seeing the second mortgage form in the lobby cabinet.
Example:
verb + -ing
I enjoy going out.
Often we use -ing for an action that happens before the first verb or at the same time:
verb + to…
I want to go out.
This difference is often helpful but does not explain all uses of -ing and to…
remember
I remember doing something = I did it and now I remember this.
I'm absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it. (= I locked it, and now I remember this)
He could remember driving along the road just before the accident happened, but he couldn't remember the
accident itself.
I remembered to lock the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows. (= I remembered that I had to
lock the door and so I locked it)
regret
I regret to say / to tell you / to inform you = I'm sorry that I have to say (etc.):
(from a formal letter) We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job.
go on
After discussing the economy, the minister then went on to talk about foreign policy.
These verbs can be followed by -ing or to … with little or no difference in meaning. So you can say:
It has started raining. or It has started to rain.
Примечание:
После некоторых глаголов возможно употребление, как герундия, так и инфинитива, однако,
есть различия в смысле высказываний. Герундий выражает название действия как такового и не
относится к конкретной ситуации. Например, если вы хотите сказать, что увлекаетесь чтением
книг, и это является вашим постоянным время препровождением, то вам следует
употребить герундий.
Например:
I like reading books.
Я люблю читать книги.
Если же вы хотите сказать, что события происходят, время от времени или в конкретной
ситуации, то необходимо употребить инфинитив.
Например:
I like to read a book now and then before going to bed.
Я люблю почитать книгу перед сном время от времени.
Например:
The child was afraid to be left alone.
Ребёнок боялся, что его оставят одного.
Например:
I'll try to do what I can.
Я попытаюсь сделать всё, что смогу.
Например:
He tried speaking English with me, but I couldn't understand a word.
Он попытался поговорить со мной по-английски, но я ничего не понял.
Например:
She went on to say that I could completely trust the man.
Затем она сказала, что я могу полностью доверять этому человеку.
Например:
She went on talking.
Она продолжала говорить.
Например:
I remembered to lock the door.
Я не забыл закрыть дверь.
To remember + герундий - помнить.
Например:
I remember locking the door.
Я помню, что закрыл дверь.
To forget + инфинитив - забыть
Например:
I forgot to mention this fact in my report.
Я забыл упомянуть об этом факте в своём докладе.
To forget + герундий - сделал что-то, но забыл об этом.
Например:
I forgot mentioning this fact in my report.
Я забыл, что упомянул об этом факте в своём докладе.
Например:
I stopped to talk to Jane.
Я остановилась, чтобы поговорить с Джейн.
Например:
I stopped talking to Jane.
Я перестала разговаривать с Джейн.
Глагол + инфинитив
plan
ask
promise
offer
want
refuse
can't afford pretend
hope
decide
help
would like
manage
Глагол + герундий
consider
apologize for
thank for
suggest
enjoy
give up
think about
agree to
be proud of
be responsible for
insist on
be interested in
be good at
be grateful for
be sorry for
be surprised at
be tired of
be keen on
be/ get used to
prevent from
to feel like
Сегодня в выпуске:
- грамматика - герундий в функции обстоятельства;
- герундий или инфинитив?;
- фразовые глаголы;
- анекдот;
- новости и анонсы сайта.
Герундий в функции обстоятельства.
Примечание:
Предлог on в отличие от предлога after употребляется для обозначения быстро следующих одного за другим действий.
После некоторых глаголов возможно употребление, как герундия, так и инфинитива, однако, есть различия в смысле
высказываний. Герундий выражает название действия как такового и не относится к конкретной ситуации. Например,
если вы хотите сказать, что увлекаетесь чтением книг, и это является вашим постоянным время препровождением, то
вам следует употребить герундий.
Например:
I like reading books.
Я люблю читать книги.
Если же вы хотите сказать, что события происходят, время от времени или в конкретной ситуации, то необходимо
употребить инфинитив.
Например:
I like to read a book now and then before going to bed.
Я люблю почитать книгу перед сном время от времени.
Как герундий, так и инфинитив употребляются со следующими глаголами:
to like, to love, to prefer, to be afraid of, to begin, to start, to intend, to continue, etc.
Например:
The child was afraid to be left alone.
Ребёнок боялся, что его оставят одного.
Например:
I'll try to do what I can.
Я попытаюсь сделать всё, что смогу.
Например:
He tried speaking English with me, but I couldn't understand a word.
Он попытался поговорить со мной по-английски, но я ничего не понял.
Например:
She went on to say that I could completely trust the man.
Затем она сказала, что я могу полностью доверять этому человеку.
Например:
She went on talking.
Она продолжала говорить.
Например:
I remembered to lock the door.
Я не забыл закрыть дверь.
To remember + герундий - помнить.
Например:
I remember locking the door.
Я помню, что закрыл дверь.
To forget + инфинитив - забыть
Например:
I forgot to mention this fact in my report.
Я забыл упомянуть об этом факте в своём докладе.
To forget + герундий - сделал что-то, но забыл об этом.
Например:
I forgot mentioning this fact in my report.
Я забыл, что упомянул об этом факте в своём докладе.
Например:
I stopped to talk to Jane.
Я остановилась, чтобы поговорить с Джейн.
Например:
I stopped talking to Jane.
Я перестала разговаривать с Джейн.
В первой колонке таблицы даны глаголы, после которых употребляется только герундий, во второй - только инфинитив,
в третьей - и тот и другой с полным или частичным изменением смысла.
Глагол +
инфинитивГлагол +
Глагол + герундий
герундий или
инфинитив
consider plan
apologize for ask
thank for promise
suggest offer
enjoy want
give up refuse
think about can't afford pretend
agree to hope
be proud of decide
be responsible for help
insist on would like
be interested in manageremember
be good at doing (помню, что
be grateful for сделал)
be sorry for remember to do (не
be surprised at забудь сделать)
be tired of forget doing (cделал,
be keen on но забыл)
be/ get used to forget to do (забыл
prevent from сделать)
to feel like go on
doing (продолжать)
go on to say (далее …
сказала)
try
doing (эксперименти
ровать)
try to do (пытаться)
like
love
start
begin
finish
be afraid
prefer
intend
can't stand
continue
hate
Для полной проверки навыков употребления герундия в английском языке предлагаем вам пройти тест на нашем сайте
- The Gerund.
Phrasal Verbs. Глаголы c наречиями-послелогами.
О том, что такое фразовые глаголы мы рассказали вам в прошлом выпуске. Сегодня мы познакомим вас еще с
несколькими примерами наиболее распрастраненных фразовых глаголов.
Мы употребляем сочетание remember doing something (помнить о том, что что-то сделано) после совершения какого-
либо действия. Иначе можно сформулировать так: I remember doing something - Я что-то делал и помню об этом.
Изучите пример.
I remember sending a letter - Я помню, что я отправил письмо (я отправил письмо и хорошо помню об этом).
'Backward looking.' This form looks back at the past - at things that one
did. (Michael Swan, Practical English Grammar, OXFORD 2009, p.275)
It means that you remember/forget doing sth
PRESENT SIMPLE: REMEMBER DOING
Sentence:
I remember reading this book. > (Now) I remember that I read this book.
Question:
'Do you remember reading this book?' > 'Do you remember that you read this book?'
Negative:
'I don't remember reading it' > 'I don't remember that I read it' (I did I just can't remember)
'I remembered reading this book.' > '(Then) I remembered that I read this book.'
'Did you remember reading this book?' > 'Did you remember that you read this book?'
'I didn't remember/forgot reading this book' > 'I didn't remember/forgot that I read it' (I forgot the story so I can read it again)
PRESENT PERFECT
She has forgotten sending the letter > She has sent the letter but she has poor memory so she came back to post office and
sent it again. (The receiver will get two letters)
'I will remember reading this book' > 'I will remember that I read this book' (I did read it and it was so great that I will
remember)
Will you remember reading this book? > 'Will you remember that you read this book?'
'I won't remember reading this book' > 'I won't remember that I read this book' (I will not remember it because it was dull or
boring)
OTHER EXAMPLES:
'I suddenly remember leaving the stove on.' > 'I suddenly remembered that I’d left the stove on.'
I'll never forget doing it = I'll never forget reading it
How could I forget reading this book? > How couldn't I remember reading this book
REMEMBER + INFINITIVE
(FORGET + INFINITIVE)
Remember and forget with the infinitive refer to necessary actions and
whether they are done or not (Ronald Carter, Michael McCarthy, CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR
OF ENGLISH, p. 516) 'Forward looking' - "looks forward in time - at things that
one still has or still had to do at the moment of remembering or
forgetting." (Michael Swan, Practical English Grammar, OXFORD 2009, p.275)
I remember to do sth = I remembered that I have to/should do it = not to forget to do sth when you intend to
Sentence:
I remember to read this book. > (Now) I remember that I have to/need/should read this book.
Question:
'Do you remember to read this book?' > 'Do you remember that you have to/should read this book?'
Negative:
'I don't remember to read it regulary' > 'I don't remember that I have to/ should read it regulary' (I don't do it because I can't
remember to do it)
'I remembered to read this book.' > 'I remembered that I had to read/should have read this book.'
'Did you remember to read this book?' > 'Did you remember that you had to read/should have read this book?'
'I didn't remember to read this book' > 'I forgot/didn't remember that I had to read it'
'I will remember to read this book' > 'I will not forget to read this book'
Will you remember to read this book? > 'Won't you forget that you have to read this book?'
'I won't remember to read this book' > 'I will/can forget to do it'
PRESENT PERFECT
She has forgotten to post the letter. > She hasn't done it and the letter hasn't been sent.
OTHER EXAMPLES:
'Don't forget to buy some milk!' = 'Remember to buy some milk!'
1. The lecturer ignored the interruption and went on speaking. (= continue the same action)
2. He went on to explain the problem of heat loss. (= start next action)
3. I remember putting that awful boiled cabbage into my pockets when I was at school. (=
remember a past event)
4. I'll have to go back - I forgot to switch off the heater.
5. I've forgotten watching the film, but my daughter tells me I did so.
6. Your hair needs cutting. (Your hair wants cutting.) (= something should be done)
7. I need to go to the bank.(= need some money)
8. I regret telling him about it now. (= feel regret about what happened)
9. We regret to tell you that your application has been unsuccessful. (= formal way to
communicate bad news)
10. I'll try to come a bit earlier.
11. You could try mixing some wine in the sauce - it might improve it. (= test or experiment)
12. My mother helped to look after the children.
13. I can't help falling in love with you.
14. Did you remember to switch off the gas? (= remember you must do something)
Do you remember playing basketball in the park when we were in high school?
My father always remembered to bring the big red and white beach umbrella.
Joe didn’t remember to bring his karaoke machine to the party. (He forgot to bring it.)
Please remember to remove your shoes when you enter the house.
Remember + gerund
This is when you remember something that has happened in the past. You have a memory of it, like
being able to see a movie of it in your head.
I remember going to the beach when I was a child. (= I have a memory of going to the beach).
He remembers closing the door. (= He has a memory of closing the door).
Remember + to + infinitive
This is when you think of something that you need to do. (And usually, you then do the thing).
I remembered to buy milk. (= I was walking home and the idea that I needed milk came into
my head, so I bought some).
She remembered to send a card to her grandmother.
Forget + gerund
This is the opposite of remember + gerund. It's when you forget about a memory, something that
you've done in the past.
Have we really studied this topic before? I forget reading about it.
I told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at Granny's house in 1985, but he'd forgotten
going there.
Forget + to + infinitive
This is the opposite of remember + to + infinitive. It's when you want to do something, but you forget
about it.
I forgot to call my mother. (= I wanted to call my mother, but when it was a good time to call
her, I forgot. I was thinking about something else, and the idea to call my mother didn't come
into my head).
She keeps forgetting to bring his book back.
Try + gerund
This is when you do something as an experiment. The thing you do is not difficult, but you want to see
if doing it will have the result that you want.
I wanted to stop smoking, so I tried using nicotine patches. (= Using nicotine patches was easy,
but I wanted to know if it would help me stop smoking).
She tried giving up chocolate, but it didn't help her lose weight. (It was easy for her to give up
chocolate. She gave it up to see if it would help her lose weight, but it didn't).
Try + to + infinitive
This is when the thing you do itself is difficult and you don't succeed in doing it.
I tried giving up chocolate (it was no problem to stop eating chocolate) but it didn't make me
feel more healthy.
I tried to give up chocolate, but it was too hard. I always ate some when my friends offered it to
me.
It was too hot in the room. I tried opening the window (it was easy to open the window). It
didn't help though, because it was very hot outside too. I tried to open the window, but I
couldn't because it was stuck.
Stop + gerund
When we stop doing something it means the verb in the gerund is the thing that we stop. It can mean
'stop forever' or 'stop at that moment'.
I stopped working when I was expecting a baby. (Working is the thing I stopped).
My grandmother stopped driving when she was 85. (Driving is the thing she stopped).
My boss came into the room, so I stopped browsing the internet.
There was a fire alarm, so I stopped eating and went outside.
Stop + to + infinitive
In this case, we stop something else in order to do the verb in the infinitive.
I stopped to eat lunch. (I stopped something else, maybe working or studying, because I
wanted to eat lunch.
She was shopping and she stopped to get a cup of coffee. (She stopped shopping because she
wanted to get a cup of coffee).
Regret + gerund
This is when you are sorry about something you did in the past and you wish you hadn't done it.
Regret + to + infinitive
We use this construction when we are giving someone bad news, in quite a formal way. The verb is
almost always something like 'say' or 'tell' or 'inform'.
1. Miranda stopped watching the horror film as it was getting too scary. (watch)
2. I was late for work because I stopped ______to talk_________ to some friends. (talk)
3. We regret _______to inform________ you that our hotel is fully booked until the end of August. (inform)
5. I clearly remember _______seeing________ Grace at the party. She was talking to Charlotte and Amy. (see)
7. Don't forget to pack your swimsuits! There's a lovely pool at the hotel. (pack)
8. Amanda will never forget ________seeing_______ George Michael in concert. What a great night out! (see)
9. Real Madrid tried very hard _______to score________ an equalising goal but they just couldn't get through Barcelona's
defence. (score)
10. For a delicious alternative try ______adding _________ grilled halloumi cheese instead of feta to a Greek salad. (add)
1. watching
2. to talk
3. to inform
4. going
5. seeing
6. to phone
7. to pack
8. seeing
9. to score
10. adding
to get
getting
Q3 - Jon, I have some bad news- I regret _____ that your application has been unsuccessful.
to say
saying
to smoke
smoking
to be
being
to become
becoming
to call
calling
to turn
turning
to work
working
3.I was talking to Marc. But when my boyfriend came in, I could not talk to Marc anymore.
I stopped to talk to him.
I stopped talking to him.
Both possibilities are correct.
5.I wanted to write a letter, but I didn't know what to write. (So in the end, I didn't write one.)
I tried to write a letter.
I tried writing a letter.
Both possibilities are correct.
7.She read the text. Then she stopped. Now I want her to continue with the text.
Go on to read.
Go on reading.
Both possibilities are correct.
8.You think your computer does not work, but you just haven't switched on the monitor yet.
Your computer does not work? Try to switch on the monitor.
Your computer does not work? Try switching on the monitor.
Both possibilities are correct.
Examples of using the word 'I can't help 'and 'I cannot help':
I can't help thinking about the exam tomorrow.
I can't help going running so much.
I can't help working at the office for long hours.
I can't help smiling when I see my baby daughter.
I can't help eating cakes so much.
I can't help loving my girlfriend she is my life.
Слова so и such, которые на русский язык переводятся «так» и «такой», необычайно популярны и
постоянно используются в устной речи для придачи экспрессии и усиления значения сказанного. «Я
такой голодный! Она так устала! Она такая умница!». Давайте разберемся, когда же следует
употреблять so , а когда such.
Such – такой
Such — такой – является прилагательным и употребляется только в сочетании с существительными или
прилагательным + существительное.
• I don’t like such naughty children – я не люблю таких непослушных детей
• She cooks such tasty dishes! – она готовит такие вкусные блюда!
• I have never heard such a good story – Я никогда не слышал такой хорошей истории.
• He is not clever enough to solve such a problem – он недостаточно умен, чтобы решить такую проблему
• It’s good you had such a brilliant idea – хорошо, что у вас появилась такая прекрасная идея!
Если за словом such следует существительное в единственном числе, необходимо использовать
неопределенный артикль.
So – так
So – так – является наречием, и, в отличие от such, сочетается только с прилагательными или наречиями
без существительного, например: the film was so interesting, that I couldn’t turn away – фильм был такой
интересный , что я не мог оторваться.
Мы можем также использовать so с наречиями — so loudly – так громко, so badly – так плохо.
• It was so difficult to translate the article, that I decided to take your advice – было так трудно переводить
статью, что я решил посоветоваться с вами.
• I was so hot that I ate three ice-creams — мне было так жарко что я съел три порции мороженого
• He is small, but runs so quickly! – он маленький, но так быстро бегает!
• His temperature was so high that I decided to give him one more pill – у него была такая высокая
температура, что я решила дать ему еще одну таблетку
Наречие so входит в состав распространенного словосочетания not so…as (не такой как), выражений so
often — so rarely (так часто/так редко), so many — so much (так много); so few / so little (так мало). После
выражений many — much, few — little существительное всегда будет во множественном числе и
подобное сочетание указывает на чрезмерное количество чего-то. Синонимом so many – much является
such a lot of .
• This building is not so high as that one – это здание не такое высокое как то
• Why do you eat so many sweets? – почему ты ешь так много конфет?
• We go to see our grandmother so rarely! – мы навещаем бабушку так редко!
• Why did you put so much sugar into your tea? – почему ты положил столько сахара в свой чай?
• You have bought such a lot of fruit! – ты купил так много фруктов!
Следующая таблица наглядно демонстрирует правила употребления so и such
Запомните конструкции so far / such a long way и so long /such a long time, которые на русском языке
звучат как «так далеко» и «так долго». • We haven’t met for so long / we haven’t met for such a long time –
мы так давно не встречались
• I live so far from my work / I live such a long way from my work. – я живу так далеко от своей работы.
А также конструкцию so…that… / such…that… — такой…что (поэтому….)
• I was so hungry that I ate everything you have cooked – я был такой голодный, что съел все что ты
приготовила.
• It was such a heavy box that I couldn’t carry it – коробка была такая тяжелая, что я не мог нести ее.
Прилагательное such
Прилагательное such (такой) всегда – отметьте это слово – употребляется в группе с другим прилагательным
и существительным, либо просто с существительным (обычно категоричным или оценочным). А если
существительное еще и в единственном числе, то не забываем про неопределенный артикль.
I didn’t enjoy the book. It was such a stupid story. – Мне не понравилась книга. Такая
глупая история.
She has such beautiful eyes! – У нее такие красивые глаза!
I have never seen such a sight. – Я никогда не видел подобного зрелища.
I am not such a fool to believe him. – Я не такой дурак, чтобы поверить ему.
They’ve got such a lot of money, they don’t know what to do with it. – У них так много денег,
что они не знают, что с ними делать.
Наречие so
Наречие so (так, такой) наоборот употребляется с прилагательным, но без существительного. Возьмем тот же
пример про книгу:
I didn’t enjoy the book. The story was so stupid.
Употребление so также возможно с наречиями (so quickly – так быстро; so well – так хорошо и т.д.).
Everything is so expensive these days, isn’t it? – Сейчас все так дорого (такое дорогое), не
так ли?
The wind was so strong, it was difficult to walk. – Дул такой сильный ветер, что было
трудно идти.
Kerry speaks English so fluently that I thought she was American. – Керри так хорошо
говорит по-английски, что я подумал – она американка.
Please, don’t drive so fast! – Пожалуйста, не едь так быстро!
Употребление so также отмечено в следующих словосочетаниях или выражениях: so…as to… (достаточно,
чтобы; такой, чтобы); so many / so much (так много); so few / so little (так мало); so often / so
rarely(так часто/так редко). К many / much, а также few / little прилагается существительное во
множественном числе. В этом случае такая комбинация демонстрирует крайнюю степень какого-либо
количества. Очень часто используется в восклицательных предложениях. Кстати, аналогом so
many / much будет является сочетание such a lot of.
He is not so silly as to ask her about it. – Он не настолько глуп, чтобы спрашивать ее об
этом.
Why have you got so much furniture in this room? – А почему у вас в этой комнате так
много мебели?
I never knew she had so few friends! – Я никогда не знал, что у нее так мало друзей.
My brother visits us so rarely! – Мой брат так редко навещает нас!
Why did you buy so much food (such a lot of food)? – Почему ты купил столько еды
(продуктов)?
Изучая употребление so / such, необходимо запомнить некоторые конструкции и словосочетания, которые
являются своеобразным алгоритмом использования этого наречия и прилагательного в речи. К примеру, so
long (such a long time) и so far (such a long way), которые переводятся соответственно «так
долго» и «так далеко».
I haven’t seen him for so long (for such a long time). – Я так долго его не видел.
He lives so far from me (such a long way). – Он живет так далеко от меня.
Или конструкция so…that… / such…that…, в которой that можно опускать. Переводить мы будем при
помощи фраз «так / такой…что / поэтому…».
I was so tired that I went to bed at 7 o’clock. – Я так устал, поэтому лег в 7 часов.
It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down. – Книга была настолько интересная,
что я не мог от нее оторваться.
Но не забывайте, что употребление so / such может и не служить своей основной цели, а именно, не
усиливать значение слов, а просто констатировать факты (действительное положение вещей):
I expected the weather to be much warmer. I didn’t expect it to be so cold again. – Я ждал,
что погода будет теплее, и не ожидал, что снова будет так холодно (как есть сейчас).
I was shocked when he told me the house was built in eighteenth century. I didn’t think it was
such an old building. – Я был шокирован, когда узнал, что этот дом был построен в
восемнадцатом веке. Я не думал, что это здание такое старое (как есть на самом
деле).
Practice
Представьте, вы рассказываете другу о фильме, который вам очень понравился. Одним Very не обойтись, когда вас
переполняют эмоции: «Фильм такой интересный! Он такой непредсказуемый! Актеры простовпечатляющие!».
Попробуйте поиграть с Such и So в этой ситуации:
This movie is so interesting! This is such an interesting movie!
It is so unpredictable! This is such an unpredictable movie!
The actors are so impressive! There are such impressive actors in this movie!
So…that, such…that
Если для вас Such и So теперь понятны как дважды два, усложним задание. Сложноподчиненные предложения! Это
Магомедовская гора, на которую многие так боятся вскарабкаться, просто потому что не знают проторенной
тропинки. Она перед вами: «So…that» и «Such…that» – «настолько…что», «такой…..что».
Например: Фильм был такой скучный, что мы заснули!
The movie was so boring that we fell asleep!
It was such a boring movie that we fell asleep!
Живой язык
Несколько свежих разговорных фишек специально для вас!
Пока! – So long!
Так себе – So-so
И что с того? – So what?
Такова жизнь. – So goes the world.
И самое забавное:
Номер дома такой-то на такой-то улице – Number so-and-so in such-and-such street.
Such people usually work hard. — Такие люди обычно работают усердно. (people —
существительное)
He has lived such an interesting life. — Он прожил такую интересную жизнь. (interesting life —
прилагательное + существительное)
She was so frustrated. — Она была так расстроена. (So усиливает to be frustrated)
2. Sarah and Ed are such crazy people! I never know what they are going to do next.
4. Although most of the audience had never been exposed to such music, they thoroughly enjoyed the
performance of
the Tibetan folk choir.
7. Most students never discuss such topics in class, but I think it is important to teach our children to
question the media.
10. There was so little interest in his talk on macroeconomics that the room was half empty by the time
he stopped speaking.
12. He is such a jerk! He hasn't said one nice thing since he started working here.
13. That new song is so cool that it hit the top ten within a week of being released.
14. Martha is such a good cook that she is writing her own book of family recipes.
15. I don't know if that is such a good idea. Maybe we should try something else.
16. She has so many hats that she needs two closets to store them all.
17. That takes so little time and effort that you might as well do it yourself.
18. I had to pay $140 for books for my new Spanish class. I don't know why my professor has to
choose such expensive books for her course.
19. Please, don't drive so fast! I'm terrified we're going to have an accident.
20. I really wish you wouldn't smoke so much! It's destroying your health.