Component Tolerance Modelling and Analysis Using

MATLAB
 I. Table of Contents

1. Introduction: 3
1.1. Background 3
1.2. Extreme Value Analysis 6
1.3. Monte Carlo Method 6
2. Analysis and Simulation 7
2.1. Exercise 4.1 Non-Inverting Op-Amp 7
2.2. Exercise 4.1 Conclusion: 11
2.3. Exercise 4.2 Active High Pass Filter 12
2.4. Exercise 4.2 Conclusion: 18
2.5. Exercise 4.3 Voltage Limiting Circuit 19
2.6. Exercise 4.3 Conclusion 26
3. Discussion 27
4. Conclusion 28
4.1. Summary: 28
4.2. Future Recommendation: 28
5. References 28
6. Appendices 29
Abstract
Tolerance design methods are becoming increasingly necessary to improve the
manufacturing output of large-scale electric circuits. The Tolerance of Electrical Circuits
project describes the tolerance. When building an electrical system, some components may
have specific tolerances on certain key parameters (e.g. inductor inclusions). Poor tolerance
components are often less expensive, so they are more cost-effective to use. The
component tolerance, on the other hand, affects system performance, introducing changes
in some key parameters. This report discusses production and component tolerance and
component tolerance analysis techniques on the given circuits.
1. Introduction:
Tolerance analysis is used to investigate the aggregation of deviations on the geometric
property of concern (measurement, location, positioning, etc.). This is important because
the test measurement is not vaguely defined. The most common example is the study of
approvals in assemblies, which can include many components of an association or variations
of a particular item. All ratios and tolerances that affect clearance are called givers. A stack,
also called a stack path, tolerance chain, datum flow chain, or measurement loop, is a
continuation of a measurement determined by one feature of attention from another
feature (beginning and end of the stack). This is achieved by crossing a sequence recognized
as a dimension.
Tolerance stack-ups or tolerance stacks are terms used in mechanical engineering to
represent the problem-solving process of assessing the consequences of cumulative
variation permitted by specified dimensions and tolerances. These measurements and
tolerances are often indicated on an engineering design. It is usual to do a tolerance analysis
initially at the stage of circuit project where the influence of component tolerances essential
be considered.
This study gives an overview of illustrative tolerance investigation methodologies, the goal
of which is to anticipate the influence of tolerances necessarily connected with produced
components on circuit performance.
As Yield is the proportion of a process that is defect-free. Yield is defined as a percentage of
fulfilled commitments (total number of defect-free occurrences) divided by total number of
chances.
Component tolerance examination, which will be utilized to evaluate the performance of
several circuits in the future. There are two technique which we discuss in this report, one
is Extreme Value Analysis and the other is Monte Carlo analysis which is a specific approach
of tolerance analysis that may also serve as the foundation for successful ways of tolerance
design.
1.1. Background
To build dependable hardware, you must explanation for entirely tolerances throughout the
project process. Numerous sources cover energetic module faults caused by limit variations,
including in what way to compute the impacts of op amp voltage offset, input flow of
current and other factors, then only a limited address passive tolerances component.
Positions that fix proceeds component tolerances into account fix so from the standpoint of
expert moderately than a circuit exclusive.

However, you can determine the series of worst case range which are circuit parameter like
voltage which can take up during the whole life of the tools by utilizing fundamental
equations for a circuit and the component's edge values. Worst-case design allows
components to take on extensive series of values, resulting in a diverse set of solutions,
some of which may be unpleasant.

 Tolerances for Passive Components are Important.

Because resistors are so important in all electric circuits, one should think about this
carefully. Resistors has specified purchase tolerances denoted by P, this can be measure in
percentage. Some popular examples includes 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10%. When you receive
resistor, the purchased tolerance ensures, that it is inside its nominal value. Many
manufacturers choose and remove the centre of the distribution when grading resistors to
offer as their tougher tolerance classes, thus the value of a resistor is typically at its limit
when you buy it.

During the assembly process, external stressors like soldering make values of resistor to
vary. As a result, before the final product leaves the manufacturer, resistor values might
vary elsewhere the purchase tolerance.

External stressors like temperature, age, humidity, pressure, mounting, sunshine and dust
affect the composition of component, surface properties and size, affecting component
values to vary with time. Drift tolerances, D, refer to component-value variations that occur
during operation and are measured in percent.

The drift tolerance is determined by the manufacturing process of resistor and its
functioning environment. Because extreme drift leads in production rejections, vendors
build close-fitting tolerance resistors with steady, regulated techniques and materials that
repel drift. Procedure and material govern strategies which are effective in the factory
cannot be effective in the field. The worst-case drift limits are shown in Table 1 with an
ambient temperature range of –25°C _+85°C and moderate external stress. Unless the
manufacturer says differently, temperature drift is unavoidable and resistor values might
rise or fall as the temperature rises. Before adopting reduced drift tolerances, designers
should check the resistor manufacturer.
 Table 1

R1 and R2 are the most common resistor symbols. Using this nomenclature, the ultimate
resistor value may be computed as (1 ±T) *R1, where T is the whole tolerance expressed in
decimal. Because polarity of the tolerance is dependent on external variables, production
processes, materials, and internal tensions, you utilize the plus/minus symbol. During your
computations, you should use the worst case tolerance polarity. If the datasheet states that
all resistors must drift in the same direction, you must describe individual resistor tolerances
as negative (-) or positive (+), whichever yields the worst-case estimate.

You must use [1+0.01*5 +0.01*5]* R1 =1.1*R1 equal to 11 k ohm when computing the
entire worst-case extreme value for R1 =10 k ohm, 5%. [1–0.01*P–0.01*D] *R1 = [(1)–
(0.05)–(0.05)] R1 =9 k ohm is the entire worst case value for the given resistor.

Because tolerances do not split out in non-ratio-metric circuits you need to assume the
entire tolerance of resistor. The output voltage is computed as VOUT =IR, where I is a 1mA
current source and R is a 5% resistor, as illustrated in Figure 1a. 1 milli-ampere (10,050, 05)1
k= (10,050, 05) V VOUT =1 mA (10.050.05) V VOUT has a range of 0.9VVOUT1.1V, however it
may be narrowed by reducing the initial tolerance with another resistor.

Figure 1 Non-ratio circuit

We can calculate Rp adjustable resistor value.

The classic ratio-metric circuit is basically voltage divider shown in Figure 2, expressed in Equ
1. When looking at tolerance equation we can get that a ratio of the tolerance is divided

away.
Equation 1.

Figure 2 Ratio Voltage Divider Circuit

By setting the tolerance for R1 low and R2 high to get greatest gain value. Because R2 has
such a wide tolerance, it appears in all portions of the equation as (1+T) R2. When the
tolerances of both resistors in voltage divider are low or high at the same time, the
tolerances split out. The temperature tolerance splits out while the resistor producer
ensures that complete resistors drift respectively and in the same way when the ambient
value of temperature differs.
When you're examining your circuit for durable performance and manufacturability, retain
these things in mind. Because these parameters determine component tolerance.
1.2. Extreme Value Analysis
A nominal value and a tolerance are generally used to quantify an electrical component like
a resistor or capacitor. The actual performance of a circuit may not match its planned
performance due to the large number of components in a circuit and their compounding
tolerances. EVA is a statistical method that uses a limited simple conventions and
experimental/measured facts to estimate the chance of extreme values occurring. While the
results of this sort of study will never be able to match a full examination, this will be a
valuable instrument for PCI partial coverage inspection which is when a dataset is
incomplete due to access, cost, or other factors. EVA may be used in PCI to determine the
biggest fault that could occur. The return level technique is commonly utilized to do this.
The doubts connected with the return level on the other hand, are less frequently stated.so
in simple words (EVA) is a simulation method that simulates the behavior of a circuit for
every combination of extreme component parameters and extreme values for all other
components.

1.3. Monte Carlo Method

The statistical variability of the components has an impact on the statistical variability of the
entire system. The Monte Carlo technique entails using statistical repetition to derive an
estimate of this impact. The component parameter values are generated using a known
distribution, and then a simulation is run to get system level results. Simulations are carried
out several times. The system output distribution may be fairly deduced if the number of
runs is high enough.
The study shows how a Monte Carlo simulation may identify any potential trade-offs
between individual requirements and industrial production. The ability and expertise of the
designer, on the other hand, will decide how successfully the tolerance sensitivity
information may be employed. .
2. Analysis and Simulation

The nominal frequency range of the CUT is determined by the Monte Carlo Analysis,
which takes into account the tolerance of major technical and design parameters. The
oscillation frequency of the oscillatory operational amplifier is calculated and compared to
the normal oscillation frequency of the fault-free circuit. The amplifier is considered fault
free if the fluctuating frequency is close to the nominal frequency variability. The sensitivity
of the oscillation frequency to component variations can be seen as an observation of a
defect in a component (or parameter).
2.1. Exercise 4.1 Non-Inverting Op-Amp

Part 1: The non-inverting amplifier is an amp amp circuit that produces an amplified
output signal in phase with the applied input signal.

In other words, the non-inverting amplifier acts like a voltage follower circuit. A negative
feedback connection is used in the non-inverting amplifier, but instead of sending the
full output signal to the input, only a fraction of the output signal voltage is returned to
the input terminal of the opt-inverting MP as input.

High input impedance and low output impedance of non-inverting amplifier make it
ideal for impedance buffering applications.Working Principle of Operation for Non-
Inverting Op-Amp:

In this arrangement, the input voltage signal (VIN) is applied directly to the non-
inverting (+) input terminal, resulting in a "positive" output, as opposed to the "inverting
amplifier" circuit we have Tested in the previous tutorial, which had a negative output. As a
result, the output signal is "phase locked" to the input signal. A low output barrier, near Rain
Infinity. Follow the steps outlined below.

Figure 3 Non-inverting Amplifier Configuration

This is how Non-Inverting operational Amplifier works.

Part 2: Derive the voltage gain in terms of R1 and R2

 There would be a feedback voltage produced across resistor

  
ACL = VOUT / VIN 

 = (R1 + R2) / R1 

 ACL = 1 + (R2 / R1) 

Part 3: Using extreme value analysis, obtain the following equation for voltage gain
tolerance

From step 2, we have equation of voltage gain which is:

G=1+ (R2/R1)

Now we have ΔR that is tolerance of resistors and ΔG is tolerance of voltage gain

Now

G (+-) ΔG= 1+ ((R2 (+-) ΔR2)/ (R1(+-)ΔR1))

This is expression for the tolerance of voltage gain.

Part 4: With different values of ΔR state weather EVA meet the specifications:

ΔR G ΔG

1% 10 +-2%

2% 10 +-2%

5% 10 +-2%
 10% 10 +-2%

It meets the specifications of the EVA.

Part 5: Using MATLAB include histogram of non-inverting op-amp

[1].MATLAB Code: When tolerance is 1%

clc;
close all;
clear all;
Rnom1=2000;
Rnom2=18000;
dR=0.01;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1+((Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))/(Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 4 when tolerance is 1%

[2].MATLAB Code: When tolerance is 2%

Rnom1=2000;
Rnom2=18000;
dR=0.02;
for ind=1:1000
 R(ind)=1+((Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))/(Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 5 when tolerance is 2%

[3].MATLAB Code: When tolerance is 5%

Rnom1=2000;
Rnom2=18000;
dR=0.05;

for ind=1:1000

end
hist(R)
 Figure 6 when tolerance is 5%

[4]. MATLAB Code: when tolerance is 10%

Rnom1=2000;
Rnom2=18000;
dR=0.1;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1+((Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))/(Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 7 when tolerance is 10%

Part 6: Maximum tolerance using Monte Carlo Method:

By using equation in step 3 and code in step 4 we can say that the maximum
tolerance that meet the specifications is 5% above from this didn’t meet the specification.
As prove we have output graph with 10% tolerance in step 5 that tells us above from 5%
didn’t give us total tolerance of 2%.
 2.2. Exercise 4.1 Conclusion:

In this exercise we learn about the properties of non-inverting op-Amp and relation of
tolerance
 In first point we explain the behaviour of op-Amp and principle of operations
 In 2nd point we find the expression for the op-Amp
 In 3rd point we find the expression of tolerance using EVA
 In 4th point we use our expression of 3rd point and find the tolerance of circuit at
different tolerance levels
 In 5th point we use uniform distribution and perform Monte Carlo analysis for 10000
circuits
 In the last point we find the largest tolerance value that meet the specifications by
using Monte Carlo method.

2.3. Exercise 4.2 Active High Pass Filter

The basic purpose of an Active High Pass Filter (HPF) is the same as that of a similar RC
passive high pass filter circuit, with the distinction that the circuit incorporates an
operational amplifier or gain control. In terms of technology, there is no such thing as an
active high pass filter. In contrast to passive high pass filters, which have a “infinite”
frequency response, the maximum pass band frequency response of an active high pass
filter is limited by the open-loop characteristics or bandwidth of the operational amplifier
being used, giving the impression that they are band pass filters with a high frequency cut-
off determined by the omp gain and selection.

First Order (Single Pole) Active High Pass Filter: As the name suggests, a first order (single
pool) active high pass filter reduces the low frequency while passing the high frequency. It is
composed of a non-inverting operational amplifier and a passive filter. The frequency
response of the circuit is like a passive filter. Except that the advantage of the amplifier is to
increase the signal amplitude, and the non-inverting amplifier has a pass band voltage
advantage of 1 + Rf / Ri, as in the low pass filter circuit.
We have seen in the Operational Amplifier section that the maximum benefit of an
operational amplifier / bandwidth product or open loop voltage gain (AV) limits the
frequency response of the AMP, resulting in a bandwidth interruption where the Amp amp
is turned off. Loop response is similar to open loop response, which results in bandwidth
constraints.
Part 1: Discuss High Pass Filter-Op-Amp System Characteristics:

High Pass Filter is a filter that allows high-frequency components of a signal while
attenuating all low-frequency components of a signal. It accepts high-frequency
components larger than the cut-off frequency while rejecting all other undesirable
frequency components of a signal.
Some characteristic are given below:
 The HPF circuit enables frequencies over the cut-off frequency to pass through it.
 It may be constructed with a capacitor followed by a resistor.
 It is critical to disconnect if distortion develops as a result of a low-frequency signal,
such as noise.
 It exceeds the cut-off frequency.
 The HPF may be utilized in amplifiers such as low noise, audio, and so on.

Advantages of High Pass Filter:

An active High Pass Filter has several advantages, including the following:
 An active High pass Filter is employed whenever a little signal is present to raise the
amplification factor, which also enhances the loudness of those small signals.
 Active high pass filters may transport effective signals without any loss in the
previous circuit due to their extremely high input impedance.
 Active filters often have a very low output impedance, which is ideal for efficiently
transmitting signals to the next stage, especially when employed in many multistage
filters.
 Smooth frequencies are produced by this sort of filter.
 They have a quick roll-off reaction.
 Receivers with high transmitting power can pick the required channel frequency.
 In any electrical or electronic equipment, this is the best option for audio processing.
 Active HPF inhibits amplification by DC and other sources.
The given circuit is high pass filter having a feedback amplifier and a capacitor. It possess the
same characteristic as simple amplifier removing specific frequency range as discussed
upper.

Part 2: Derive expression for vo/vin:

Vin / Z1 = -Vout / (R1+R2)

Vout / Vin = – (R1+R2)/ Z1

Vout / Vin = – (R1+R2) / (1/sC1)

Vout / Vin = -s(R1+R2)C1 = Gain

Part 3: Derive Expression for Corner Frequency

In most cases, the magnitude of voltage increase is expressed in decibels (dB):

-3 dB = 20 log10 (0.707 * Vout/Vin) Av(dB) = 20 log10 (Vout/Vin)

The formula below can be used to compute the cut-off frequency that separates the pass
and stop bands.

fC = 1 / (2πRC)

The active high pass filter has the same phase shift as the passive high pass filter. At the cut-
off frequency fC, it equals +45°, and this phase shifts.

Ø = tan-1(1/2πfcRC)

Part 4: Derive expression for Tolerance using EVA:

Vout / Vin = -s (R1+R2)C1 = Gain

Using above equation

G(+-)ΔG=-s((R1(+-)ΔR1)+(R2(+-)ΔR2))C1(+-)ΔC

We get above equation by putting tolerance of the components.

5: Tolerance in HPF Corner:

 When tolerance is 1%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.01;
dC=0.1;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dC)));
end
hist(R)
 Figure 8 with tolerance 1%

 When tolerance is 2%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.02;
dC=0.1;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dC)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 9 with tolerance 2%

 When tolerance is 5%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.05;
dC=0.1;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dC)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 10 with tolerance 5%

 When tolerance is 10%

Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.1;
dC=0.1;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dC)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 11 with tolerance 10%

Part 6: Using MATLAB show Histogram:

 When ∆R 1%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.01;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 12 when ∆R 1%

 When ∆R 2%
%Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.02;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 13 when ∆R 2%
  when ∆R 5%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.05;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 14when ∆R 5%

 when ∆R 10%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.1;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 15 when 10%

Part 7: By using expression in part 4 tell maximum tolerance of capacitor:

If we use expression in part 4 the maximum tolerance of capacitor will be 10% as overall
tolerance of the circuit will be same.

Part 8: By using step 7 preform GPD:

Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dC=0.1;
dR=0.02;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dC)));
end
hist(R)

Figure 16 GPD Graph

2.4. Exercise 4.2 Conclusion:

 In first point we discuss the properties of active high pass filter

 In 2nd point we design the feedback network by attaching the R1 and R2 in series as
feedback network of opAmp
 In 3rd point we derive the expression for HPF cornor frequency
 In 4th point we derive expression for tolerance using EVA
 In fifth point we use the expression of 4th point and find the tolerance of HPF cornor
frequency at different levels of resistive tolerance
 In 6th point we find the yeild of 10000 circuits using EVA and gausion distribution.
 In 7th point we find the largest tolerance value using expression in part 4
  In last part of this exercise we use value in part 7 and perform monte carlo analysis
for 10,000 circuits

2.5. Exercise 4.3 Voltage Limiting Circuit

The unduly cautious approach to this problem is to use the established relationship between
reference voltage tolerances and output voltage to compute the worst case output voltage that
might occur if all tolerances are at their worst case extremes at the same time. Keep in mind that
accurate values for R1 and R2 may not be accessible, thus an extra, although static, voltage error
may be need to be accepted. Further calculations for subparts are given below.

Part 1: Derive expression for vin (lim)

The given circuit is voltage limit circuit,using KVL
We have
(Vout-Vd)/ ((R2//R3)/ (R1+(R2//R3)))=vin
This is the expression for the given circuit.

Part 2: Derive expression for Vout

From the step 1
By rearranging equation, we get:
Vout=vin (((R2//R3)/(R1+(R2//R3))))-Vd

Part 3: Value of vin

By putting values in equation of step 1
Vin=4.3/ (2500/4700)
Vin=8.11v

Part 4: Plot Vout with t:

t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
Vout=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
hist(Vout,t);
 Figure 17 Output Voltage as Histogram

Part 5: Maximum Output Voltage:

The maximum output voltage is 2.3v

Part 6: Power dissipation at each component:

P(R3)=25/10000=0.0025
P(R1)=4.3/2200=0.0019
P(R2)=4.3/3300=0.0013
P(D)=0.7
Part 7: maximum output voltage:
t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.01;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
R(out)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
hist(vout)
 Figure 18 Vout (max)

The maximum output voltage is 2.3.

Part 8:

As our tolerance is very low so we can neglect it as they say in pdf so our expression
will be:
Vout(max)=vin(((R2//R3)/(R1+(R2//R3))))-Vd

Part 9: Using step 8, determine maximum Output Voltage

t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.01;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
end
hist(R)
 Figure 19 with tolerance 1%

 with tolerance 2%

t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.02;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
end
hist(R)

Figure 20 with tolerance 2%

 with tolerance 5%
t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.05;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
end
hist(R)

Figure 21 with tolerance 5%

 with tolerance 10%

t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.1;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
end
hist(R)
 Figure 22 with tolerance 10%

Part 10: Assuming resistor values follow uniform distribution perform Monte Carlo
analysis

 When tolerance is 1%
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.01;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=((vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd)*dR;
end
hist(R)

Figure 23 with tolerance 1%

  When tolerance is 2%

vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.02;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=((vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd)*dR;
end
hist(R)

Figure 24 with tolerance 2%

 When tolerance is 5%
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.05;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=((vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd)*dR;
end
hist(R)
 Figure 25 with tolerance 5%

 When tolerance is 10%

vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.1;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=((vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd)*dR;
end
hist(R)

Figure 26 with tolerance 10%

2.6. Exercise 4.3 Conclusion

 In first point we derive expression for input voltage using KVL

 In 2nd point we derive expression for vout using expression in part 1
 In 3rd point we find the value of input voltage
  In 4th point we plot the output voltage
 In fifth point we find the maximum output voltage
 In 6th point we instantaneous power distribution in each component.
 In 7th point we normalize the resistance value and plot the output voltage value at
maximum.
 In 8th point we derive the expression for assuming tolerance is very less than 1%
 In 9th point we find the output voltage at different levels of resistance tolerance
 In last point we apply Monte Carlo analysis on 10000 circuits and find the maximum
output voltage at different levels of resistance tolerance and show the histogram of
all levels.

3. Discussion

For all the three exercises program and derivation are discussed in relevant section. First
we talk about the advantages of the technique we applied to obtain results for this report.
By using Extreme Value Analysis EVA, Worst-case performance estimate as close to reality
as possible (best first WCCA method). We observe that the database just has to give portion
factor variation extremes (at ease to relate).

If circuit passes EVA, it will always work properly (high confidence for important production
submissions). The result estimated through Monte Carlo Analysis (MCA) we observed that
it’s provides the most accurate prediction of true worst-case presentation and also delivers
extra information to aid in the evaluation of circuit/product risk.

The conventional kind of tolerance stack-up calculations are used in the worst-case
tolerance analysis paradigm. It adjusts the various variables to their tolerance bounds in
order to sort the dimension as large or small such as feasible. The worst-case tolerance
analysis approach does not examine whether or not the different variables are delivered,
but rather whether or not they exceed their respective set limitations. The worst-case
tolerance model also forecasts the measurement's greatest anticipated variation. As a
result, designing to worst-case tolerance requirements ensures that 100% of the
components will work and assemble correctly, regardless of component variance.

All the subpart are executed through MATLAB programme, and gathered desired results.
The need for software is that rather of performing all of the statistical computations by
hand, MATLAB provides a straightforward approach to execute Monte Carlo tolerance
analysis for a very large circuit. The majority of circuit simulators lack these capabilities,
forcing you to learn statistical programming on your own.
4. Conclusion

4.1. Summary:

The modelling of component tolerances is an important aspect of the design and

manufacturing process. It's critical to understand the limitations of the component you're
using in your projects. Every component must operate within its constraints in order for the
overall characteristics, performance, and usefulness to be achieved.
This approach is a quick and easy way to get results for a large number of potential
component values while staying within defined limits. Because you're just utilizing normal
MATLAB to calculate results for each randomly created circuit, this approach may also be
utilized with nonlinear circuits.

4.2. Future Recommendation:

As EVA is pessimistic circuit worst-case presentation estimation. Here is deficient data if the
circuit fails to analyse the risk (change the circuit to satisfy the risk). Use RSS or MCA to
meet EVA criteria for a less conservative outlook) Use of a computer is required. Consumes
a significant extent of CPU period Acquaintance of part limitation is required.

5. References

[1]. L. Shiyao, Statistical methods for extreme values and degradation analysis [Ph.D. thesis].
Iowa State University, 2013.
[2]. E. Gumbel Statistics of extremes Dover Publications, Inc., New York (2004)
[3]. J.A. Tawn An extreme-value theory model for dependent observations J
Hydrol, 101 (1988), pp. 227-250
[4]. J. Leyva-Ramos, R. Mota-Varona, M. G. Ortiz-Lopez, L. H. Diaz-Saldierna, D. Langarica-
Cordoba, "Control Strategy of a Quadratic Boost Converter With Voltage Multiplier Cell
for High-Voltage Gain", Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics IEEE Journal
of, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1761-1770, 2017.
[5]. Ali Mostaan, Ahmed Abdelhakim, Mohsen Soltani, Frede Blaabjerg, "A switched-boost
DC/DC converter with high voltage gain and continuous input current", Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) 2018 IEEE, pp. 1540-1545, 2018
[6]. R.A. Fisher, L.H.C. Tippett Limiting forms of the frequency distribution of the largest
or smallest member of a sample Proceed Cambridge Philos Soc (1928)
[7]. M. BoasMathematical methods in the physical sciences Wiley Interscience, New
York, USA (2006)
[8]. Talebi R, Fayaz F, Naji N (2009) Effective selection criteria for assessing drought stress
tolerance in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Gen Appl Plant Physiol 35: 64–74 Zeinali
Khanghah H,
[9]. Izanlo A, Hosseinzadeh A, Majnoun
[10]. Hosseini N, (2004) Determine of appropriate drought resistance indices in
imported soybean cultivars. Iran J Agric Sci 3: 875–885
 [11]. Shirinzade E, Zarghami R, Shiri MR (2009) Evaluation of drought tolerant in
corn hybrids using drought tolerance indices. Iran J Crop Sci 10: 416–427
[12]. Shoa Hoseini M, Farsi M, Khavari Khorasani S (2007) study effect of water deficit
stress on yield and yield components if some corn hybrids using path analysis. majale
danesh keshavarzi 18: 71–85 (In Persian)
[13]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_value_theory
[14]. https://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sps/ug/converter-dcdc-llc-tolerance-
montercarlo.html
[15]. https://www.electronicshub.org/active-high-pass-filter/
[16]. https://www.ti.com.cn/cn/lit/an/sboa356/sboa356.pdf?
ts=1628244317028&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F
[17]. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9781848160972_0004?
utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=World_Scientific_TrendMD_0
[18]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963869517300488
[19]. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9781848160972_0003?
utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=World_Scientific_TrendMD_0
[20]. https://les-electroniciens.com/sites/default/files/cours/wcca.pdf
[21]. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slyt120/slyt120.pdf?ts=1628257332062&ref_url=https
%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F

Sio-Se Mardeh A, Ahmadi A, Poustini K,

Mohammadi V
(2006) Evaluation of drought resistance
indices under
various environmental conditions. Field
Crop Res 98: 222–
229
Talebi R, Fayaz F, Naji N (2009) Effective
selection criteria
for assessing drought stress tolerance in
durum wheat
(
Triticum durum
Desf.). Gen Appl Plant Physiol 35: 64–74
Zeinali Khanghah H, Izanlo A,
Hosseinzadeh A, Majnoun
Hosseini N, (2004) Determine of
appropriate drought
resistance indices in imported soybean
cultivars. Iran J
Agric Sci 3: 875–885
Talebi R, Fayaz F, Naji N (2009) Effective
selection criteria
for assessing drought stress tolerance in
durum wheat
(
Triticum durum
Desf.). Gen Appl Plant Physiol 35: 64–74
Zeinali Khanghah H, Izanlo A,
Hosseinzadeh A, Majnoun
Hosseini N, (2004) Determine of
appropriate drought
resistance indices in imported soybean
cultivars. Iran J
Agric Sci 3: 875–885
6. Appendices

Codes for exercise 4.1

Part 5 Codes.when tolerance is 1%
%clc;
%close all;
%clear all;
%Rnom1=2000;
%Rnom2=18000;
%dR=0.01;
%for ind=1:1000
% R(ind)=1+((Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))/(Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
%end
%hist(R)

%when tolerance is 2%
%Rnom1=2000;
%Rnom2=18000;
%dR=0.02;
%for ind=1:1000
% R(ind)=1+((Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))/(Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
%end
%hist(R)

when tolerance is 5%
Rnom1=2000;
Rnom2=18000;
dR=0.05;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1+((Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))/(Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)

when tolerance is 10%

Rnom1=2000;
Rnom2=18000;
dR=0.1;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1+((Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))/(Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)
Codes for exercise 4.2
Part 6 Codes: Using MATLAB show histogram:
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.01;

for ind=1:1000
 R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)
When tolerance 2%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.02;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)
When tolerance 5%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.05;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)
Tolerance 10%
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dR=0.1;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR)));
end
hist(R)
Part 8 Code: using step 7 preform gpd:
Rnom1=1600;
Rnom2=0.000001;
dC=0.1;
dR=0.02;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=1/2*pi*((Rnom1*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dR))*(Rnom2*(1+2*(rand-0.5)*dC)));
end
hist(R)
Codes for exercise 4.3
t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
Vout=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
hist(Vout,t);
Part 7 Codes: maximum output voltage
t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.01;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;

R(out)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
hist(vout)
Part 9 Codes:
t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.01;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
end
hist(R)

With tolerance 2%

t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.02;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
end
hist(R)
Code, with tolerance 5%
t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.05;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
end
hist(R)

Code, with tolerance 10%

t=0:10;
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.1;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=(vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd;
end
hist(R)
Part 10 Codes:
When tolerance is 1%
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.01;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=((vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd)*dR;
end
hist(R)
code, When tolerance is 2%

vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.02;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=((vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd)*dR;
end
hist(R)
When tolerance is 5%
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.05;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;
for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=((vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd)*dR;
end
hist(R)
Code ,When tolerance is 10%
vin=5;
R2=3300;
dR=0.1;
R1=2200;
Vd=0.7;

for ind=1:1000
R(ind)=((vin*(R2/(R1+R2)))-Vd)*dR;
end
hist(R)