Graphical

Representation
of Data

Dr. Hina Dutt

[email protected]
SEECS-NUST
Presentation Of Data
Bar Chart
Categorical data

Histogram
Frequency distribution

Ogive
Cumulative frequency distribution

Dot Diagram
Individual data

Stem and Leaf Display

Bar Chart
Bar Chart
A bar graph is a graph that displays the frequency or numerical
distribution of a categorical variable, showing values for each bar
next to each other for easy comparison.
Bar Chart Characteristics
Data can be
Bars can be vertical
quantitative or
or horizontal
categorical

Y-axis represents the

X-axis represents the quantitative values
categorical displayed of the variable being
displayed

Bars are of uniform

width and uniformly
spaced
Bar Chart; Example 1 (Career Preferences)

Career Preferences
Bar Chart; Exercise 1

Losses at an oil refinery (in millions of dollars) due to excess heat can be
divided according to the reason behind the generation of excessive heat.
oversupplying fuel 202
excess air 124
carelessness of operator 96
incomplete combustion 27
a) Draw a bar chart.
b) What percent of the loss occurs due to
i) excess air?
ii) excess air and oversupplying fuel?
Histogram
Histogram
In a histogram, a bar is centered above each score (or class interval) so that the
height of the bar corresponds to the frequency and the width extends to the
real limits, so that adjacent bars touch.
Difference between Histogram and Bar Chart
Histogram; Example 2 (Management Aptitude
Test)
Class Boundaries Frequency
75 − 80 3

No. of Students
80 − 85 8
85 − 90 6
90 − 95 2
95 − 100 1
Histogram; Exercise 2 (Amount of Sodium in
Cereals)
Construct a histogram for amount of
sodium (mg) in 20 breakfast cereals.
Histogram; Exercise 3
An engineers uses a thermocouple to monitor the temperature of a stable reaction.
The ordered values of 50 observations in tenth of ℃ are
1.11 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.32 1.34
1.34 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.42
1.43 1.43 1.43 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.50 1.50 1.56 1.56 1.60 1.60 1.68
Group these figures into a frequency distribution and plot its histogram.
Ogive
Ogive
An Ogive is a graph obtained by
plotting the cumulative frequencies of
a distribution against the upper and
lower class boundaries depending
upon whether the cumulative
frequency is of less than or more than
type and the points are joined by
straight line segments.
Ogive Characteristics

Line graph (rather than Uses class boundaries

a bar graph) on x-axis

Used to visually
Uses cumulative
represent how many
frequencies rather
values are below a
than individual class
specified upper class
frequencies
boundary
 Heights Frequency Less than
type
Ogive; Example 3 cumulative
frequency
Consider data collected in a nanotechnology setting. 205 − 245 3 3
Engineers fabricating a new transmissiontype electron 245 − 285 11 14
multiplier created an array of silicon nanopillars on a
285 − 325 23 37
flat silicon membrane. The precise structure can
influence the electrical properties, so the heights of 50 325 − 365 9 46
nanopillars were measured in nanometers (nm), or 365 − 405 4 50
10−9 meters.
245 333 296 304 276 336 289 234 253 292 366 323 309
284 310 338 297 314 305 330 266 391 315 305 290 300
292 311 272 312 315 355 346 337 303 265 278 276 373
271 308 276 364 390 298 290 308 221 274 343
Construct a frequency distribution by using 5 classes.
Construct a less than type ogive for the given data.
Ogive; Exercise 4
Construct
a) a histogram
b) less than and more than type ogive
for the following frequency distribution of the heights of 100 male students at a
certain university.

Height (inches) 60-62 63-65 66-68 69-71 72-74

No. of Students 5 18 42 27 8
Dot Diagram
Dot Diagram
A dot diagram is a graph that is constructed by placing a dot for
each observation above its value on a number line.
Characteristics of Dot diagram

More useful Data values

for small data are retained

Exposes
outliers
Dot Diagram; Example 4 (Sodium in Cereals)
Construct a dot diagram for the following data.
Dot Diagram; Exercise 5

Physicists first observed neutrinos from a supernova that occurred outside

of our solar system when the detector near Kamiokande, Japan, recorded
twelve arrivals. The times (seconds) between the neutrinos are
0.107 0.196 0.021 0.281 0.179 0.854 0.58 0.19 7.30 1.18 2.00
a) Draw a dot diagram.
b) Identify any outliers.
Stem and
Leaf Display
Stem and Leaf Display
Stem and leaf display is a technique for simultaneously sorting and
displaying data sets in which each number (value) in the data is
divided into two parts; a Stem and a Leaf. A stem is the leading
digit(s) of each number and is used in sorting, while a leaf is the rest
of the number or the trailing digit(s).

For example, the number 243 could be displayed into two ways

Stem Leaf Stem Leaf

2 43 OR 24 3
Stem and Leaf Display; Example 5

Consider the following humidity

readings:
29 44 12 53 21 34 39 25 48
23 17 24 27 32 34 15 42 21
28 37
Construct a stem and leaf display
for the given data.
Leaf unit=1.0
Stem and Leaf Display; Example 6
Make a stem and-leaf table for the following
data.
Note
• If the data values are 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 1.25, and 1.28. Then its
stem and leaf display has the two-digit stem
• 1.2 | 0 2 3 5 8,
• where the leaf unit = 0.01.

• If the data values are 0.303, 0.317, 0.355, and 0.389. Then the
stem-and-leaf display has the two digit leaves
• 0.3 | 03 17 55 89,
• where the first leaf digit unit = 0.01.
Double-stem Display

To construct a stem-and-leaf display with more

stems than we might repeat each stem. The
leaves 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 would be attached to the
first stem and leaves 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 to the
second. The resulting stem-and-leaf display is
called a double-stem display.
Double-stem Display; Example 7
Construct a double-stem display for the following data
29 44 12 53 21 34 39 25 48 23 17 24 27 32 34 15 42 21 28 37

Stem Leaf
1 2
1 57
2 1 1 3 4
2 5 7 8 9
3 2 4 4
3 7 9
4 2 4
4 8
5 3
Double-stem Display; Exercise 6
An engineer uses a thermocouple to monitor the temperature of a stable
reaction. The ordered values of 50 observations (Courtesy of Scott Sanders),
in tenths of ◦C, are
1.11 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31
1.32 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.39 1.40 1.41
1.42 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.50 1.50
1.56 1.56 1.60 1.60 1.68.
Construct a double-stem display.
Five-Stem Display

If the double-stem display has too few

stems, we create 5 stems where the first
holds leaves 0 and 1, the second holds 2
and 3, and so on. The resulting stem-and-
leaf display is called a five-stem display.
Five-Stem Display; Exercise 7

The following are the IQs of 20 applicants to an

undergraduate engineering program: 109, 111, 106, 106,
125, 108, 115, 109, 107, 109, 108, 110, 112, 104, 110, 112,
128, 106, 111, and 108. Construct a five-stem display with
one-digit leaves.
Stem and Leaf Display; Exercise 8
The ages of 30 covid-19 patients admitted to a certain hospital in
Pakistan during a particular week were as follows:
48, 31, 54, 37, 18, 64, 61, 43, 40, 71, 51, 12, 52, 65, 53
42, 39, 62, 74, 48, 29, 67, 30, 49, 68, 35, 57, 26, 58, 80
Construct a stem and leaf display for the given data.
Shape of Distribution

• If left half of the histogram is roughly a

Symmetric mirror image of its right half.

• If the histogram is not symmetric or

Skewed extends more to one side than the
other.

• All rectangles are of same or

Uniform approximately same heights
Shape of Distribution