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Representation of Data - Frequency Distribution

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) List the data values: 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300 2) Determine the class intervals: Since there are 8 classes, the class interval will be (Maximum - Minimum)/Number of classes = (300 - 110)/8 = 30 3) Determine the class boundaries: Lower class boundary = Minimum value + (Class number - 1) * Class interval Upper class boundary = Lower class boundary + Class interval 4) Distribute the data into classes and calculate frequencies 5)

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Nihal Ahmad
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74 views23 pages

Representation of Data - Frequency Distribution

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) List the data values: 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300 2) Determine the class intervals: Since there are 8 classes, the class interval will be (Maximum - Minimum)/Number of classes = (300 - 110)/8 = 30 3) Determine the class boundaries: Lower class boundary = Minimum value + (Class number - 1) * Class interval Upper class boundary = Lower class boundary + Class interval 4) Distribute the data into classes and calculate frequencies 5)

Uploaded by

Nihal Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Representation of

Data- Frequency
Distribution

Dr. Hina Dutt


[email protected]
SEECS-NUST
After collecting data, the first task for the researcher
is to organize and simplify the data so that it is
possible to get a general overview of the results.
This is the goal of descriptive statistical techniques.
One method for simplifying and organizing data is to
construct a frequency distribution.
Frequency
Distribution
Frequency Distribution

Data

Grouped
Raw Data
Data
What is Frequency
The frequency, or count, of a category (class) refers to
the number of observations in each category.
What is Frequency Distribution
 The listing of all the values (for example, categories) that
the variable can take, together with the frequencies for
each value.

 The organization of a set of data in a table showing the


distribution of the data into classes or groups together
with the number of observations in each class or
category.
Frequency Distribution; Example 1
Frequency Distribution; Example 1 Solution

Such type of frequency distribution in which data are grouped according to


some quality, or attribute, is referred as a categorical distribution.
Relative Percentage Cumulative
Frequency Frequency Frequency
• Number of • Relative • Total number
data values frequency of
in the class multiplied by observations
interval 100 less than or
divided by equal to the
the total given value
number of
values
• The lowest and highest values
Class Limits included in a class

Class • The end points of class


Boundaries intervals

• The midpoints of class


Class Mark intervals

• Difference between the class


Class Interval boundaries
Constructing A Frequency Distribution
Decide on the number of classes

Calculate range of the data and class interval

List the upper and lower class limits

Distribute the data into appropriate classes

Total the frequency column


Note

There is no fixed rule for the number of classes


that should be formed for the data. The
number of class interval should be trade-off
between
 Choosing few classes at the cost of loosing
too much information about the actual data
values in the class.
 Choosing too many classes may defeat the
purpose of grouping data.
Frequency Distribution; Example 2
The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (www.missingkids.com) keeps
an online searchable data base of missing children nationwide. The Table on the next
slide contains a listing of the 50 children who have gone missing from California and
who would have been between 1 and 9 years of age as of March 4, 2007. Suppose we
are interested in analyzing the ages of these missing children. Use the data to
construct a frequency distribution and a relative frequency distribution of the variable
age.
Frequency Distribution; Example 2
Frequency Distribution; Example 2 Solution 1
Frequency Distribution; Example 2 Solution 2
Frequency Distribution; Example 3
Twenty management students, in preparation for graduation, took a
course to prepare them for a management aptitude test. A simulated
test provided the following scores: 77 89 84 83 80 80 83 82 85 92 87
88 87 86 99 93 79 83 81 78. Construct a frequency distribution of
these management aptitude test scores.
Frequency Distribution; Example 3 Solution
Class Boundaries calculated from Class Limits; Example 3
1
Calculate d = (LCL of one class minus UCL of the previous class). Add 𝑑 to each UCL
2
and subtract it from each LCL

Class Limits Class Boundaries

75 − 79 74.5 − 79.5

80 − 84 79.5 − 84.5
Lower Upper Upper
Class Class Lower Class Class
Limits 85 − 89 Limits Boundaries 84.5 − 89.5 Boundaries
(LCL) (UCL) (LCB) (UCB)
90 − 94 89.5 − 94.5

95 − 99 94.5 − 99.5
How to Calculate Class Marks and Class Interval;
Example 3
Class Limits Class Class Marks
1 Boundaries
• 𝑈𝐶𝐿 + 𝐿𝐶𝐿
2
Class Mark •
1
𝑈𝐶𝐵 + 𝐿𝐶𝐵
75 − 79 74.5 − 79.5 77
2
80 − 84 79.5 − 84.5 82

• 𝑈𝐶𝐵 − 𝐿𝐶𝐵 85 − 89 84.5 − 89.5 87


Class Interval • LCL(UCL) of one class −
LCL(UCL) of the previous class 90 − 94 89.5 − 94.5 92

95 − 99 94.5 − 99.5 97
Cumulative Frequency
This tells you that
• No. of students scored less than
Class Limits Class Frequency Less than More than equal to 79 points (less than
Boundaries type type 79.5 points)=3
Cumulative Cumulative • No. of students scored less than
Frequency Frequency equal to 84 points (less than 84.5
75 − 79 74.5 − 79.5 3 3 20 points)=11
• No. of students scored less than
80 − 84 79.5 − 84.5 8 11 17 equal to 89 points (less than
89.5)=17 etc.
85 − 89 84.5 − 89.5 6 17 9 • No. of students scored greater
than 94 points (greater than
90 − 94 89.5 − 94.5 2 19 3 equal to 94.5 points)=1
• No. of students scored greater
95 − 99 94.5 − 99.5 1 20 1 than 89 points (greater than
equal to 89.5)=3 etc.
Frequency Distribution; Exercise 1
The ages of 30 covid-19 patients admitted to a certain hospital in
Pakistan during a particular week were as follows:
48, 31, 54, 37, 18, 64, 61, 43, 40, 71, 51, 12, 52, 65, 53
42, 39, 62, 74, 48, 29, 67, 30, 49, 68, 35, 57, 26, 58, 80
Construct
a) Frequency distribution
b) Cumulative frequency distribution
c) Relative frequency distribution
d) Percentage frequency distribution.
Frequency Distribution; Exercise 2
The given table gives you the amount of sodium
(mg) in 20 breakfast cereals.
Construct a cumulative frequency distribution
for the data by using eight classes.

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