Electric Vehicle Charging Station Guidebook

Electric Vehicle Charging
Station Guidebook
Planning for Installation and Operation
June 2014
110 West Canal St, Suite 202

Winooski, VT 05404
www.ccrpcvt.org
Prepared by
128 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 401

Burlington, VT 05403
www.veic.org
The preparation of this document has been financed by the U.S. Department of Transportation and matching funds
provided by Chittenden County’s 19 municipalities and the Vermont Agency of Transportation. The views and opinions
expressed do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page ii

Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 4
1 Electric Vehicle Technology and Charging Equipment Overview.................................................... 7
1.1 Electric Vehicles ............................................................................................................................ 7
1.2 Electric Vehicle Charging ............................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1 Level 1, 120 Volt Charging..................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2 Level 2, 208/240 Volt Charging ........................................................................................... 10
1.2.3 DC Fast Charging ................................................................................................................. 11
2 EV Charging Location Selection ................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Location Selection Criteria .......................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Property Siting Considerations ................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 General Siting Issues ........................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 Residential Charging Station Installations........................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Workplace / Commercial Locations .................................................................................... 14
2.2.4 Public Locations .................................................................................................................. 15
3 Charging Station Planning and Design......................................................................................... 16
3.1 Charging Equipment Overview ................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Equipment specifications ............................................................................................................ 16
3.3 EVSE Typical Site Plans ................................................................................................................ 19
3.4 Typical Site Plans ......................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.1 Perpendicular Parking Spaces ............................................................................................. 20
3.4.2 Parallel Parking Spaces ........................................................................................................ 21
3.4.3 Parking Garages .................................................................................................................. 21
3.4.4 ADA Requirements .............................................................................................................. 22
3.4.5 Snow removal considerations ............................................................................................. 22
3.5 EVSE Signage ............................................................................................................................... 24
3.5.1 General Service Signs .......................................................................................................... 24
3.5.2 Regulatory Signs .................................................................................................................. 24
3.5.3 Sign Vendors ....................................................................................................................... 24
4 Charging Station Installation and Operating Costs ...................................................................... 25
4.1 EVSE Installation Costs ................................................................................................................ 25
4.1.1 Reducing Installation Costs ................................................................................................. 26
4.2 Operating Costs ........................................................................................................................... 26
4.3 EV Charging Cost Recovery Models ............................................................................................ 27
4.3.1 Subscription and fee for use ............................................................................................... 28
4.3.2 Advertising based revenue generation ............................................................................... 28
4.3.3 Offsetting Energy Costs through Solar Photovoltaic Installations ...................................... 28
5 Charging Equipment Implementation ......................................................................................... 29
5.1 State of Vermont Permitting ....................................................................................................... 29
5.2 Municipal Permitting .................................................................................................................. 30
5.3 Installation Checklist ................................................................................................................... 30
5.3.1 Single Family Home Owners ............................................................................................... 30
5.3.2 Multi Family Home Owners and Tenants Associations....................................................... 30
5.3.3 Public and Private Parking Areas ........................................................................................ 31
6 Appendix – Chittenden County Municipal Permitting Requirements ........................................... 31
CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 2

Tables and Figures
Table 2.1: Location Attributes for EV Charging ........................................................................................... 12
Table 2.2: Residential Charging Overview .................................................................................................. 14
Table 2.3: Commercial Location Installation Overview .............................................................................. 15
Table 3.1: EV Charging Equipment Manufacturers and Capabilities .......................................................... 18
Table 4.1. EVSE Infrastructure Costs ........................................................................................................... 26
Table 4.2. Annual EVSE Operational Costs .................................................................................................. 27
Table 4.3: Potential EV Charging Business Models ..................................................................................... 27
Figure ES.1: Chittenden County Existing and Known Planned EV Charging Locations ................................. 5
Figure 1.1 Types of Plug-in EVs ..................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 1.2: Electric Vehicle AC Charging Equipment Diagram ...................................................................... 8
Figure 1.3: Charging Range Added per Hour of Charging ............................................................................. 9
Figure 1.4: Level 1 and Level 2 EVSE Equipment and J1772 Connector ..................................................... 10
Figure 1.5: DC Fast Charging EVSE and SAE / CHAdeMO Connectors......................................................... 11
Figure 3.1: Pluggable Level 2 EV Charging Equipment (NEMA 6-50 outlet) ............................................... 16
Figure 3.2: Photos of Typical EVSE Stations ................................................................................................ 19
Figure 3.3: Wall Mounted EVSE Example Site Plan Diagram ...................................................................... 20
Figure 3.4: Perpendicular Parking Lot Site Plan Example ........................................................................... 21
Figure 3.5: Parking Garage Example ........................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.6: Solar Photovoltaic EV Charging Canopy .................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.7: Retractable Cable for EVSE ....................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.8: MUTCD Approved EVSE Symbol ............................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.9 Recommended Signage for EV Charging Spaces ........................................................................ 24
Figure 3.10: Wall Mount EVSE with Signage ............................................................................................... 25

Executive Summary
The Chittenden County Regional Planning Commission (CCRPC) has established goals to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector and increase the energy efficiency of
Vermont’s motor vehicle fleet. This is an important factor in realizing energy efficiency improvements
and greenhouse gas reductions detailed in the 2013 Chittenden County ECOS Plan 1 and the draft
Chittenden County Climate Action guide; as well as climate action and energy plans across all levels of
government in Vermont. The draft Chittenden County Climate Action guide prioritizes the promotion of
electric vehicle infrastructure for electric vehicle charging as a key action to meeting greenhouse gas
reduction targets established by the State legislature. Electric vehicle (EV) technology supports these
goals by providing low carbon, highly efficient and cost effective transportation.
The technology, data and costs documented in this guide reflect the most current information available
at the time of publication. However, potential owners and installers of charging equipment should
expect the information and recommendations in this guide will change as the EV industry matures.
The Need for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment

As of April 2014, there were 630 plug-in passenger cars in the state, a small but quickly growing fraction
of the overall fleet. Approximately 1/3 of these are registered in Chittenden County. Most EV owners are
able to charge their vehicles at home during overnight hours, but charging opportunities away from
home are needed to allow longer trips and increase the confidence of potential car buyers considering
EV purchases. CCRPC has developed this guidebook to detail the process for installing charging
equipment for property owners, businesses and EV owners as part of a broad effort to promote the
benefits of EVs and increase availability of public charging.
Priority locations for publicly available EV charging equipment (often referred to as electric vehicle
supply equipment, or EVSE) include areas with concentrations of retail, recreation, and public services.
These destinations commonly have parking durations long enough to create opportunities for charging.
CCRPC’s EV Charging Equipment Location Prioritization Technical Report has additional information on
criteria for siting EV charging 2.
Businesses should consider providing charging suitable for both employees and customers. Current
research indicates the presence of charging stations at a commercial business will bring in new
customers and drive repeat traffic. Providing charging opportunities for employees provides a valuable
amenity and demonstrates environmental leadership. In some cases, municipalities or state permitting
may require the addition of EV charging to development proposals under their jurisdiction.
Figure ES.0.1 below shows the current locations of the 14 existing and planned public electric vehicle
charging locations in Chittenden County, most of which are clustered in the greater Burlington area. A
map of all EV charging stations in Vermont is available on the Drive Electric Vermont Website 3. Many of
1
http://ecosproject.com/
2
http://driveelectricvt.com/benefits-for-vermont/reports-resources
3
http://driveelectricvt.com/charging-stations/public-charging-map

these locations are at auto dealerships with restricted hours of operation, further reinforcing the need
to develop a more robust network of workplace and public charging locations.
Figure ES.1: Chittenden County Existing and Known Planned EV Charging Locations
Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Installation

There are a variety of options available for EV charging equipment installations. EVs arrive from auto
manufacturers with portable chargers which can be plugged into standard 120 volt household outlets.
This is often adequate for home or workplace charging locations with long parking durations and
provides charging opportunities at minimal cost.
Specialized charging equipment is available with higher power flows to reduce the amount of time it
takes to charge EVs. This equipment ranges in cost from $500 to $20,000 or more depending on the

capabilities and amount of power provided. Higher powered “fast charging” units are available which
can reduce charging times from several hours to 30 minutes or less.
This installation guidebook contains best practices for locating new charging stations on properties,
equipment specifications for various applications, and navigating state and community permitting
processes. The use of licensed electricians to install charging equipment is required for public facilities
and is recommended for homeowners as well.

1 Electric Vehicle Technology and Charging Equipment Overview
1.1 Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) use electric motors powered by
Figure 1.1 Types of Plug-in EVs
electrical energy stored in a battery for propulsion. These
vehicles are available in a variety of models with varying
ranges and capabilities and are plugged in to a source of
electrical power to recharge.
The terminology associated with EV technology is

evolving. Many of the fundamental EV design concepts
actually predate gasoline internal combustion engines. In
the early 1900’s there were more EVs on our nation’s
roads than gasoline fueled vehicles. Today, there are All Electric Vehicle (AEV)
several models for sale at Vermont auto dealers and their
presence is expected to significantly grow over the next
20 years. Advances in battery storage technology,
lightweight vehicle construction, electric grid automation
and other factors will increase the attractiveness of EVs
for consumers, businesses and government agencies and
support long term shifts to more efficient transportation
options.
There are two basic types of EVs:

1. All Electric Vehicles (AEVs) are powered solely Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
by energy stored in the vehicle’s battery system. There is no backup power generation in the
vehicle, so when the battery runs out of charge it requires recharging before operating again.
The Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model S and Ford Focus Electric are examples of AEVs
currently registered in Vermont.
2. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are capable of operating solely on electric energy for a
certain distance after which an auxiliary internal combustion engine is engaged to offer
additional range. PHEV’s are often categorized according to their range in electric mode. The
battery of a PHEV-10, such as the Toyota Prius Plug-in, has approximately a ten mile electric
range while a PHEV-40, like the Chevrolet Volt, has approximately a forty mile electric range.
The Chevrolet Volt, Ford C-Max and Fusion Energis and Toyota Prius Plug-in are examples of
PHEVs currently registered in Vermont.
In Vermont, the average distance a vehicle travels in a day is around 33 miles 4, making EVs capable of
meeting the mobility needs of the majority of Vermonters on most days. Despite their ability to
4
National Household Travel Survey, 2009. www.nhts.ornl.gov.

accommodate normal travel patterns, the lower range and lack of charging infrastructure compared to
gasoline vehicle fueling can affect the range confidence of prospective EV owners, particularly for all
electric vehicles.
Recharging EVs is accomplished through connections to electric vehicle charging equipment, also
referred to as Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). This is a protective system which
communicates with the vehicle and monitors electrical activity to ensure safe charging. While the actual
“charger” is contained in the vehicle, the appliance commonly referred to as a charging station or EVSE
is the conduit, control, and monitoring device which connect the vehicle to the electric grid. Figure 1.2 is
a diagram of the overall charging energy flow from the power grid, through the EVSE (shaded in orange)
and into the vehicle through the industry standard J1772 port connector. With alternating current (AC)
EVSE, charger electronics within the vehicle invert the AC power supplied by the EVSE into direct current
(DC) for storage in the battery. Fast charging DC EVSE delivers high voltage (typically over 400 V) direct
current straight to an electric vehicle’s battery system.
With the EVSE safety features built-in to all new vehicles and charging equipment, EVs can be operated
and recharged in all types of indoor/outdoor conditions, such as rain, snow, low temperatures and other
harsh environments drivers may encounter in Vermont.
Figure 1.2: Electric Vehicle AC Charging Equipment Diagram

1.2 Electric Vehicle Charging
There are three levels commonly used to describe the charging power of EVSE: Level 1, Level 2 and DC
Fast Charging. The amount of range provided for each of these is shown in Figure 1.3 below with
additional details in the following sections.
Figure 1.3: Charging Range Added per Hour of Charging
Range Added per Hour of Charging

80
Miles of Range per Hour of Charging
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Level 1 Level 2 DC Fast Charging
(120V) (208/240V) (208-480V)
1.2.1 Level 1, 120 Volt Charging

This simplest form of charging uses a 120V AC connection to a standard residential/commercial
electrical outlet capable of supplying 15-20 amps of current, for a power draw usually around 1.4 kW
when charging.
EVs come equipped from the manufacturers with portable Level 1 chargers, such as the one shown in
Figure 1.4. AEVs with 60-80 miles of range will require 10-14 hours for a full charge using Level 1 EVSE.
At Vermont’s average residential electric rate of $0.16/kWh 5, one hour of Level 1 charging costs about
$0.25.
Advantages
o Low installation cost
o Low impact on electric utility peak demand charges which are often applied to
commercial accounts
Disadvantages
o Charging is slow - around 3 or 5 miles of range added per hour of charging
5
http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/vermont/

1.2.2 Level 2, 208/240 Volt Charging
Level 2 charging requires a 208/240V AC power connection and significantly reduces charging time.
Home users commonly use 240 V power for electric clothes dryer appliances and many commercial
customers have 3 phase electric service with 208 V power. Either voltage works well for “Level 2”
charging. The J1772 standard connector used by most EVs can theoretically provide up to 80 amps of
current (19.2 kW), although most vehicles presently available only use up to 30 amps for 3.3 to 6.6 kW 6
charging.
AEVs with 60-80 miles of range will usually require 3-7 hours for a full charge using Level 2 equipment,
depending on the capacity of the EVSE and the vehicle charging system. EVs with smaller batteries, such
as a PHEV with 10 miles of range (e.g. Toyota Prius Plug-in) may require less than an hour to reach a full
charge. Figure 1.4 includes one model of a Level 2 charger and a J1772 connector. At Vermont’s average
residential electric rate of $0.16/kWh, one hour of Level 2 charging costs $0.50-$1.00.
Advantages
o Charge time is significantly faster than Level 1. EVs will get between 10 and 20 miles of
range per hour of charge
o More energy efficient than Level 1 for short duration charge events less than one hour
o Variety of manufacturers provides differentiated products for distinct markets and
requirements
Disadvantages
o Installation costs are higher than Level 1 and are highly variable depending on
equipment and installation issues
o Potentially higher impact on electric utility peak demand charges
Figure 1.4: Level 1 and Level 2 EVSE Equipment and J1772 Connector
6
Tesla vehicles can be configured with charging capacity up to 20 kW

1.2.3 DC Fast Charging
Sometimes referred to as Level 3, DC fast charging equipment delivers high power directly into an
EV’s battery system, enabling rapid charging. Typically, an 80% charge can be provided in 30 minutes
or less for many all electric vehicles. This equipment is deployed in various locations around the U.S.
including an extensive network along the West Coast of the U.S. in Oregon and Washington State,
allowing for long distance travel. As of February 2014, there is one DC fast charger in Vermont at
the Freedom Nissan auto dealer in South Burlington, with several additional units expected to
become operational over the next six months.
DC fast charging does not same J1772 plug connectors as Level 2. There are three distinct
connectors for fast charging equipment by various manufacturers:
1. CHAdeMO used by Nissan, Mitsubishi and Kia;
2. SAE Combo used by American and European makes, such as Chevrolet, BMW and Mercedes-
Benz; and
3. Tesla’s Supercharger used exclusively on Tesla Model S and later vehicles. Tesla has also
announced an adapter allowing their owners to use CHAdeMO equipment.
Figure 1.5 shows examples of the equipment and Figure 1.5: DC Fast Charging EVSE and SAE /
connectors. These various standards may coexist for CHAdeMO Connectors
many years, since Nissan and Mitsubishi plan to continue
using the CHAdeMO while several American and
European manufacturers are beginning to use the SAE
standard. Many EVSE manufacturers are developing
equipment with both connector types in response to this
situation.
Operating costs for fast charging are highly variable as

many electric utilities charge “demand fees” based on
peak electric use (kW) in addition to kWh rates most
residential consumers are familiar with. If the charging
station use coincides with the peak usage for other uses
on the same utility meter, then demand fees may be
assessed. Several Vermont utilities have or are
investigating tariffs which would reduce demand charge
costs for EV charging under certain conditions.
Advantages
o Charge time is reduced drastically – typically
30 minutes for an 80% charge

Disadvantages
o Equipment and installation costs are higher than level 1 and level 2 charging, $20,000-
$100,000 depending on equipment and power availability at site
o Potential for increased peak power demand charges from electric utility
o Competing standards are confusing to EV buyers and charging station operators
o Potential issues with cold weather operation requiring increased charging time
2 EV Charging Location Selection
2.1 Location Selection Criteria

Optimal locations for EV charging installations will change according to the type of equipment in use. For
example, long duration Level 1 charging may be a good match for home or workplace locations, but is
generally not recommended for shorter duration parking areas, such as grocery stores.
Table 2.1 below evaluates desirable location characteristics for public installations of level 1, level 2 and
DC fast charging.
Table 2.1: Location Attributes for EV Charging
Level 1 (120V) Level 2 (208/240V) DC Fast Charging

Typical Duration
6-10 hours 1-3 hours 30 minutes
of Charge Event
Range per hour 5 miles 10-20 miles 75+ miles
of charging
Typical  Home use  Home use for EV owners  Fast charging while on a
Users/Uses  Employee parking during wanting a faster charge long trip in order to
the work day  Charging in a commercial reach a destination or
 Long term (8+ hours) area while shopping or extend the length of a
parking at a commuter lot, doing business trip
charging while on a carpool,  Parking at a commuter
walking or transit trip lot and charging while on
a carpool, walking or
transit trip
Desirable  Workplaces  Shopping, dining,  Amenities at the

Characteristics  Lit, safe area restrooms etc. within charging site (food,
 Pedestrian and transit walking distance coffee, Wi-Fi)
connections  Transit service  Lit, safe area
 Pedestrian facilities
 Lit, safe area
Priority  Employee parking areas  Municipal or private  Near high volume

Locations  Long term customer/visitor parking lots in roadway access points
parking downtowns, village
 Park and ride lots centers, growth centers
or shopping centers.

2.2 Property Siting Considerations
The process for installing EV charging at a particular location will depend on the property ownership and
type of land use. Several primary factors relevant to siting EV charging installations within a property are
listed below, followed by more detailed information on the process for installing a charging station.
2.2.1 General Siting Issues

• Availability of power – Proximity to electric power service is often the key factor in determining
installation cost. Placing charging equipment near existing power service will reduce cost and
installation time, particularly if there is reserve capacity available to reduce any upgrade costs.
Property owners may want to consider investing in efficiency improvements for other power
consumption on the property to reduce ongoing power expenses and free up service capacity in
constrained situations. In some situations it may be more cost effective to install a new service
drop and meter from a utility distribution transformer if that would result in a shorter power run
to the preferred site for the charging station installation.
• Constructability – As stated above, placing equipment near power sources will reduce the extent
of trenching needed for conduit runs. Many installations will still require some amount of
trenching and in these situations it is best to go through softer features, such as grass medians,
rather than sidewalks, asphalt or areas with extensive landscape features.
• Mounting – Wall mount units generally have lower capital and installation costs, so this option is
often preferred if the site has a suitable wall area. Dual mount options for charging equipment
may also help reduce overall installation costs as the incremental cost of adding another port is
frequently much lower than installation an additional single port unit.
• Environmental protection – Charging equipment exposure to the elements should be minimized

as much as possible. Areas prone to flooding or standing water should be avoided as much as
possible.
2.2.2 Residential Charging Station Installations

Charging at home is by far the most popular option for EV owners. Convenience is high for homeowners
who charge overnight when their vehicles are not in use and their electricity costs are much lower than
comparable gasoline vehicle fuel expenses.
Many homes have ready access to power connections which reduces EVSE installation expenses. There
are generally no concerns about availability or blocking other EV owners from charging, although
multifamily residents living in condominiums or apartments may encounter unique issues in getting
charging equipment installed, particularly if they do not have access to dedicated parking in proximity to
power connections.
Existing 120V outlets can be used for Level 1 charging with the equipment supplied by the vehicle
manufacturers which generally recommend the use of a dedicated 15 amp circuit with GFCI protection.
A summary of the rationale and process for residential charging stations is included in Table 2.2 below.

Table 2.2: Residential Charging Overview
Single Family Home Owners Multi-Family Home Owners

and Tenants
Why do it? • Faster and more convenient • Allow homeowners/tenants to
charging for EV owners charge their EVs at home
How does it • May be able to use an existing • Allow charging stations in parking
work? outlet areas reserved for homeowner use
• Usually just need one charging • Treated just like an electric
station in garage or driveway appliance
area on your property • Configuring a separate meter from
• EV charging is treated just like power company is the most
an electric appliance straightforward means to charge
costs back to EV owners
• Or, use charging equipment with
built-in metering and set up
agreements to recover costs
Installation Plan • Select a location, ideally close • Survey residents to estimate
to existing power supplies. demand
Existing outlets with suitable • Select location(s), ideally close to
specifications can be used with power source
no additional wiring needed. • Select equipment or work with
• Select equipment or work with contractor to choose
contractor to choose • Receive approval from property
• Check municipal permit owner, condo association, etc
requirements [see Appendix] • Check municipal permit
• Hire electrical contractor or requirements [see Appendix]
complete the installation • Hire electrical contractor to
yourself complete installation
2.2.3 Workplace / Commercial Locations

After home, workplaces are the second most common location for electric vehicle charging. An
increasing number of businesses in Vermont are providing EVSE for employees, visitors and/or
customers. Several additional siting factors should be considered for these areas.
• Parking capacity – Vehicles need to dwell for up to several hours while charging. Placing
charging equipment in areas with excess parking capacity and restricting EV charging spaces will
reduce potential conflicts with internal combustion engine vehicles.
• Proximity to employment / destinations – Since EV charging can require significant time, it is

advantageous to co-locate charging at areas with services, such as shopping, restrooms, food
and other workplace facilities which provides EV owners with a range of activities to pursue
while their vehicle is plugged in.

• Modal Connections – Locating charging in areas with linkages to other modes of transportation,
such as sidewalks, bus stops, and park & rides provides owners with access to additional
destinations and opportunities.
Table 2.3: Commercial Location Installation Overview
Commercial Locations
Why do it? • Provide an amenity for your employees
• Provide a valuable service for customers and visitors with EVs
• Demonstrate leadership on energy efficiency and greenhouse gas
reductions
• Allow corporate fleet vehicles to charge at your facility
How does it • A mix of Level 1 and Level 2 units is often recommended to provide
work? adequate equipment to meet different users at the lowest overall cost
• May consider DC fast charging in high traffic locations
• Determine whether access will include employees, visitors/customers
and/or the general public
• Equipment owner can charge fee for use to recover costs, absorb costs
or property owner can include power expense in tenant fees
• Free charging will reduce capital and operating expenses through lower
cost equipment and no networking service costs, but may require review
of employee taxable benefit determination.
• If you do not own the parking property, then discuss with property
owner to determine next steps
Installation Plan • Survey employees on interest in EV charging. Use results to help
determine number of charging stations needed
• Select location(s), ideally close to power source
• Select equipment or work with contractor to choose
• Receive approval from property owner
• Check municipal permit requirements [see Appendix]
• Hire electrical contractor to complete installation
2.2.4 Public Locations

Public EV charging locations generally require the same considerations as Workplace / Commercial
locations (above). Factors particularly relevant to public locations include wayfinding signage to direct
users to the charging equipment, parking restrictions to increase the availability of charging installations,
and fee collection mechanisms to recover costs.

3 Charging Station Planning and Design
3.1 Charging Equipment Overview
There are currently over 50 vendors of EV charging equipment selling hundreds of models of
equipment 7. ChargePoint equipment is used in many of the current public EVSE installations in Vermont,
but many other vendors offer high quality options, including Aerovironment, Clipper Creek, Eaton, EVSE
LLC, General Electric, Leviton, SemaConnect, Siemens and others.
In some cases installation can be greatly simplified if there are existing 240 volt outlets like those used
for electric clothes dryers and welding equipment. Several vendors have Level 2 EVSE units which can
plug directly into these receptacles as shown in Figure 3.1 below.
Figure 3.1: Pluggable Level 2 EV Charging Equipment (NEMA 6-50 outlet)
Workplace and public charging equipment may benefit from the use of networking connection from the
charging equipment to services which monitor usage and allow owners to collect fees for use of the
equipment. The networking capability generally increases the up-front cost for the equipment and
frequently requires monthly or annual fees to maintain the network services portal. Networking service
capabilities, maximum power handling and cable management are the primary differentiators of the
various vendor offerings.
3.2 Equipment specifications

The following specifications are recommended for EV charging equipment purchases. Nearly all vendors
currently selling charging equipment in the United States meets the general recommendations for all
charging equipment.
7 http://www.pluginrecharge.com/p/electric-vehicle-supply-equipment-evse.html. Accessed 12 April 2013.

General Recommendations for All Charging Equipment
1. Compliance with Society of Automotive Engineers J-1772 and/or CHAdeMO standard for EV
charging plug connector dimensions and operational requirements
2. Nationally Recognized Testing Lab (e.g. Underwriters Laboratories) listed for outdoor use
3. NEMA Type 3R or 4 certification for outdoor electrical enclosures
4. Ability to operate in extreme temperature conditions (-20 to +100 degrees F)
5. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessible buttons and components
6. Warranty - Minimum 1 Year, longer desired
Additional Recommendations for Public Charging Equipment

7. Charging amperage from 30 to 80 amps to support vehicles with higher charging power
capabilities (7.2 – 19.2 kW)
8. Modular Field serviceable parts, particularly for cord and J1772 connector
a. Minimum cord length of 20 feet
b. Cord management system to keep cord off the ground and comply with National Electric
Code (NEC) article 625 as it applies to cord management systems
9. Network monitoring capability for status and fault reporting
c. Current status of charging station equipment (in-use, malfunction, etc)
d. Reporting on power consumption and usage patterns
10. Fee collection system using credit cards, access codes, phone operation and/or contactless RFID
cards from widespread charging network(s) with customer service assistance available 24 hours
a day, 7 days a week by phone.
Simple purchases of a small number of EVSE units are readily accomplished through a variety of internet
shopping sites and through local retailers, such as Lowes as well as electrical distributors. Large scale
implementation of EV charging equipment may achieve significant cost savings through a competitive
bid process based on the above specifications and any additional requirements from the owner(s) of the
equipment.
Equipment reliability is an important consideration, but unfortunately the relatively young market for EV
charging equipment means there is not much experience with many vendors. The ChargePoint, GE and
Eaton units in operation around Vermont have been relatively problem-free, but potential purchasers
are encouraged to require a one year minimum warranty for new equipment. Some vendors offer longer
standard warranties, such as Clipper Creek’s three year warranty, or else extended warranties may be
available at additional cost.
Table 3.1 below includes a listing of most of the major manufacturers of EV charging equipment, with
capabilities for communications and mounting options shown.

Table 3.1: EV Charging Equipment Manufacturers and Capabilities 8
Charge type Communications & Billing Options Mounting Options

Manufacturer Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Network Billing / Billing / Floor / Bollard Wall Overhead
(120V) (208/240V) (DC Fast Communications Payment Payment Ground
Charging) Available Interfaces Networks
ABB ● ● ● ● ●
AddÉnergie ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Aerovironment, Inc ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Andromeda Power ● ● ● ● ●
Bosch ● ●
Clipper Creek, Inc ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Control Module ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Industries (EVSE LLC)
ChargePoint ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
DBT USA ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Eaton ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Fuji Electric ● ● ● ● ●
General Electric ● ● ● ● ● ●
Kanematsu ● ● ● ● ●
Leviton ● ● ● ● ● ●
Nissan ● ● ● ● ●
OpConnect ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Pep Stations ● ● ● ● ● ●
Schneider Electric ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
SemaConnect ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Shorepower ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Siemens ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Signet Systems ● ● ● ● ● ●
8 Based on Texas River Cities Plug-in Electric Vehicle Initiative Regional Plan and Final Report. October 2012. http://texasrivercities.com/uploads/TRC-EVI_Report_2012-10-25_FINAL.pdf
3.3 EVSE Typical Site Plans
There are many possible arrangements and designs for EVSE installations,
depending on the parking area layout, availability of power, and other site
considerations. General EVSE site plan considerations include:
 Power availability (240V for Level 2, 3 phase for DC fast charging)

 Level parking surface, preferably paved so EVSE spaces can be marked
 Lit, visible area to address security concerns
 Accessibility for disabled users
 Barriers or mounting options to protect EVSE equipment from vehicles
 Signs and pavement markings to designate sites and restrict their use
Making installations accessible for disabled users is covered more detail in Section 3.4.4. There are also
options for addressing snow removal reviewed in Section 3.4.5. Figure 3.2 shows several examples of
the range of EVSE installations.
Drive Electric Vermont has a condensed installation guidebook and additional information on EV
charging technology which is an excellent place to start learning about EV charging and other related
issues: http://driveelectricvt.com/charging-stations/installation-guide
Advanced Energy’s Installation Guidebook has more detailed information on siting considerations,
including recommendations to ensure charging is accessible for disabled EV owners:
http://www.advancedenergy.org/portal/ncpev/resources/ESVEHandbook.pdf
These Northeastern States Transportation and Climate Initiative guidelines may also be useful:
http://www.transportationandclimate.org/sites/default/files/EV_Siting_and_Design_Guidelines.pdf
Figure 3.2: Photos of Typical EVSE Stations

3.4 Typical Site Plans
There are many possible arrangements and designs for EVSE installations, depending on the parking
area layout, availability of power, and other site considerations. Many EVSE sites use wheel stops to
prevent vehicle contact with the charging equipment, but these can be problematic with snow removal.
Bollards can also provide protection for EVSE, and are recommended over wheel stops to increase
accessibility. With very limited exception, at least one EV charging parking spot should be accessible to
individuals with disabilities (refer to section 3.4.4 below for additional information).
3.4.1 Perpendicular Parking Spaces

The majority of workplace and public EV charging will be located in parking lots with perpendicular
parking for employees, visitors and customers. Figure 3.3 below is an example of a wall mounted
installation, which is typically the most cost effective means of providing charging equipment if the
parking area configuration allows for this. Installation costs are reduced by eliminating pedestal mounts
and by allowing shorter conduit runs along building walls. The parking configuration shows typical
parking stall dimensions of 9 feet wide by 18 feet long. A five foot wide aisle between accessible spaces
provides room for disabled users to maneuver. As shown by the cord reach area, this configuration can
serve several parking spaces by allowing drivers to park in the appropriate spaces or back in as necessary
to provide access to the vehicle charging port.
Figure 3.3: Wall Mounted EVSE Example Site Plan Diagram
Figure 3.4 below shows an example layout of EV charging centrally located between parking aisles with
the same typical parking stall dimensions of 9 feet wide by 18 feet long. This configuration can serve

several parking spaces depending on the length of the charging cord. Charging port locations for several
vehicles are shown on the diagram.
Figure 3.4: Perpendicular Parking Lot Site Plan Example
3.4.2 Parallel Parking Spaces

Many suitable locations for EV charging may be located along highway rights-of-way where parallel
parking exists or could be added. A number of regions in other parts of the country have installed
curbside EVSE in these locations, however this layout is not recommended if other viable options exist
since it is difficult to configure in a way that allows the cord to access multiple spaces, the charging inlet
ports on the vehicles may be difficult to reach, highway maintenance work may damage the equipment
and the cords may be more difficult to configure for save pedestrian access.
If parallel parking EV charging is the only choice, then the

guidebook references above provide more information on Figure 3.5: Parking Garage Example
specific considerations at these locations.
3.4.3 Parking Garages

Parking garages provide excellent opportunities for EVSE,
with covered facilities protecting equipment and reducing

snow removal needs. In addition, many garages have power available and wall or ceiling mounting
options which reduce installation cost. Fees for EV charging can be included in parking costs – some
manufacturers offer charging equipment payment systems which can integrate with garage tickets.
Other installation considerations as detailed in the perpendicular parking section will generally apply.
3.4.4 ADA Requirements

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires public parking areas to be accessible to users in
wheelchairs or with other mobility limitations. The US Access Board establishes accessibility standards
for public facilities, such as parking areas and fueling stations 9, but has not yet taken action on specific
ADA requirements for EV charging stations. In the absence of specific rules, the general accessibility
requirements are expected to apply to EV charging installations.
The most common approach for construction of new EV charging locations is to adapt an existing
parking space for use by EV owners. In some very limited cases this may allow EVSE hosts to avoid
making the equipment accessible if it would technically infeasible or reconfiguring parking widths would
reduce the number of parking spaces at the facility below requirements codified in local bylaws. If there
are issues with providing a fully-accessible location, then components of ADA requirements should be
met to the extent possible.
At this time, it should not be necessary to restrict use of accessible EV charging to disabled users only,
but the general recommendation is to make the first charging space accessible. Several resources are
available with additional resources on accessible charging station designs, including the following:
• http://www.sustainabletransportationstrategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Site-
Design-for-EV-Charging-Stations-1.01.pdf
• http://www.sustainabletransportationstrategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/EV-
Charging-ADA-Version-1.0.pdf
• http://www.theevproject.com/downloads/documents/EV%20Project%20-
%20Accessibility%20at%20Public%20EV%20Charging%20Locations%20(97).pdf
3.4.5 Snow removal considerations

In order to provide accessible operation of EVSE, a 3’ by 3’ (minimum) handicapped accessible operating
area must be kept clear of vehicles and snow between the nose of the vehicle and the EVSE. Strategic
placement of bollards, curbing, or wheel stops may be required to protect EVSE from vehicular impacts,
while still providing accessibility and reasonably convenient snow removal. Many EVSE plans utilize
wheel stops to prevent vehicle contact with the EVSE, but these can be problematic for snow removal,
so bollard poles are often a better option in areas where snow may accumulate.
Several options below are presented for consideration to ease the snow removal, while maintaining
accessible EVSE operations. While each of the following possibilities could significantly increase
installation costs, this could be offset by operational cost savings in reduced maintenance needs.
9
http://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/buildings-and-sites/about-the-ada-standards

Figure 3.6: Solar Photovoltaic EV
Charging Canopy
Canopies. Covering the operating area with a roof structure
or canopy would keep the operating area clear of snow, and
reduce weather-related pavement damage. Canopies also
offer large visible areas on which to raise awareness of the
EVSE, and also incorporate solar arrays that provide power to
the EVSE. There are turn-key solar canopies with built in level
– 2 charging units that are currently being installed in other
states.
Heated pavement. Providing sub-surface heating is another

option to keep the EVSE operation areas free from snow and
ice, as power will be available, easing installation. There are
two types of heated pavement: hydronic and electric radiant. Electric radiant employs low-voltage mats
installed under the pavement which are heated using electricity. Hydronic systems employ small tubing
running underneath the pavement; in which heated water mixed with anti-freeze is circulated (the
ambient soil temperature below the frost line is above 50 degrees). Installation and operational cost of
these systems will need to be weighed against the savings in maintenance.
Retractable cable. Another option is a retractable cable that provides access to the EVSE cable with
minimal snow removal. Many EVSE designs require users to manually wind and replace the cable after
use. This may become difficult in cold weather when the cable becomes stiff, and may result in the cable
being placed on the ground in or around the operating area. This exposes the cable to potential damage
from vehicles and snow plows, and makes use difficult, particularly for disabled users. Figure 3.7 shows
retractable cable units from EVSE LLC that are mounted on concrete pedestals and require no additional
protection from snow and ice. Retractable cables are also more easily accessible for wheelchair users.
Figure 3.7: Retractable Cable for EVSE

3.5 EVSE Signage
While many EV users will find charging locations through their smart phones or onboard navigation
systems, there is still a need for clear roadside signage for EVSE 10. Many users may be visitors to
Vermont who are unfamiliar with the area, and signage will help alleviate anxiety about finding a
charging location. In addition, while many patrons may be able to find EVSE with their smart phones,
cellular service is not uniform across the state, and gaps remain. Signage required for EV users include
General Service signs (at interstate exits), “trailblazing” signs to lead the driver from an interstate or
major highway to the EVSE, and regulatory signage and pavement marking that will indicate that the
parking is restricted to EVs while charging.
With so few EVSE statewide, signage is an important component of EV infrastructure, and guidance is
needed to direct patrons to EVSE locations. Policies and guidance for signage should strike a balance
between the needs of those who may rely on the signs, and the potential difficult of finding appropriate
places to install signs and funds to maintain them.
3.5.1 General Service Signs Figure 3.8: MUTCD

The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) has adopted a Approved EVSE Symbol
standard sign symbol for EV charging stations, shown in Figure 3.8. If signs
are desired for locations that only provide Level 1 charging, then a
supplemental plaque denoting “Level 1” could be added beneath so drivers
are aware of the limitations.
3.5.2 Regulatory Signs

The final type of signage that is required is a regulatory sign to restrict use of
the parking spaces to charging EVs only. The recommended practice in Vermont is to use language
restricting parking “Except for Electric Vehicle Charging” to prevent instances of EV owners taking up
charging spaces without actually plugging into the equipment. Enforcing this
requirement in Vermont may require updates to municipal ordinances governing Figure 3.9
parking requirements. Recommended
Signage for EV
3.5.3 Sign Vendors Charging
There are many vendors offering standard highway signage prescribed by the MUTCD
and recommended above. For convenience, two potential sources are listed below.
Stop Signs and More

http://www.stopsignsandmore.com/p-925-d9-11b-ev-charging-station-symbol-signs-18x18.aspx
http://www.stopsignsandmore.com/p-1445-no-parking-symbol-except-for-electric-vehicle-charging-sign-12x18.aspx
Traffic Sign Store (make sure to get the “alt” version of the sign with the plug
showing)
http://store.trafficsignstore.com/merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=trafficsignstore&Product_Co
de=D9-11b-18EG&Category_Code=
10 The EV Project, 2012. Lessons Learned – EVSE Signage,

http://www.theevproject.com/downloads/documents/Signage%20Initial%20Issue%204-20-2012.pdf

Figure 3.10: Wall Mount EVSE with Signage
The figure opposite is an example of the EV charging
equipment installed at the CCRPC offices in Winooski with
level 2 equipment wall mounted along with the standard
MUTCD signage.
4 Charging Station Installation and Operating Costs
4.1 EVSE Installation Costs

Costs of EVSE installation vary widely depending on site characteristics and the quantity and type of
EVSE being installed. Like any product, price is also influenced by the degree of competition amongst
EVSE vendors and the ability of vendors to achieve economies of scale in service delivery. Equipment
prices and installation costs are decreasing as EVSE became more prevalent, with particularly rapid cost
reductions for Level 3 charging equipment.
Table 4.1 provides estimates of per unit costs for charging equipment. The different components of
commercial EVSE costs include the equipment price from the vendor and installation which can include
the following items:
• Power connection to the electric grid, including any electric circuit components and conduit runs
necessary to reach the equipment;
• Mounting (wall mount generally less expensive than post mounted which require concrete
pedestal);
• Protective devices, such as bollards or wheel stops
• Wayfinding signage, parking lot lines and stripes
• Lighting

• Internet connection if cellular data service not available
• Permitting
Table 4.1. EVSE Infrastructure Costs

Level 1 AC – 1.4 kW Level 2 AC – 3.3-6.6 kW DC Fast Charging – 25-50 kW
11
Equipment Price $30-900 : $600 - 9,000 $15,000 – 60,000 12
Prices vary with system
capability to monitor and
charge for use.
Installation $200-450 $2,000-12,000 $10,000 - 25,000
TOTAL $230-1,350 $2,600-21,000 $25,000 – 85,000
Installation cost estimates were obtained directly from experienced installers, such as Green Power
Technologies and Peck Electric.
4.1.1 Reducing Installation Costs

Providing electrical service to parking spaces for EVSE can account for as much as 40% of installation
costs. 13 Installing EVSE simultaneously with parking lot resurfacing or new construction can reduce the
costs of delivering electrical service to EVSE. Installing multiple EVSE simultaneously can also
substantially reduce per unit cost of EVSE by nearly a third 14 or more.
4.2 Operating Costs

EVSE operational costs include energy costs for power supplied to EVs, costs for ongoing remote
monitoring services as well as maintenance costs for the equipment.
The most common maintenance issue for EVSEs nationwide is damage to the cords and/or J1772
connectors. Most manufacturers have modular equipment designs which allow for swapping out
damaged parts, although UL requirements sometimes dictate replacing entire sealed modules rather
than individual components to maintain certification after repairs, particularly for EVSE in outdoor
environments.
Table 4.2 provides estimated operational costs of EVSE, including:
• Energy – electric utility costs for power supplied,

• Usage monitoring and point of sale systems – optional equipment to meter the amount of use in
terms of energy, time charging, number of events, or other measure. This information can be
especially useful in determining reasonable fees to recover costs at multifamily or commercial
installation locations. The point of sale systems allow equipment owners to charge a fee for use
based on credit cards or other payment systems;
11 http://www.pluginamerica.org/accessories. Accessed 13 March 2013.

12 Fuji Electric DC Quick Charger. Web 11 March 2013
http://www.americas.fujielectric.com/sites/default/files/DC%20Quick%20Charging%20-
%20FEA%20Comparison%20Study%20%20%2825kW%20vs%20%2050kW%29%207-3-12.pdf.
13 Per conversation with Kip Myrick at Peck Electric, 19 February 2013.
14 Ibid.

• Maintenance, snow removal and insurance costs – These costs will be variable depending on the
equipment, installation location and amount of use received. In general EVSE equipment
requires minimal routine maintenance. Snow removal costs will vary widely depending on the
design and need for hand clearing or other special practices. Insurance costs to extend coverage
to EVSE will also depend on the owner’s policy and coverage.
Table 4.2. Annual EVSE Operational Costs

Cost Category Level 1 AC – 1.4 kW Level 2 AC – 3.3-6.6 kW DC Fast Charging– 25-50
kW
Energy $200/year to $800/year: $200/year - $2,500/year: Highly variable –
Energy costs will vary Energy costs will vary depending on use and
depending on time of use depending on time of use potential peak demand
and total use. and total use. charges, which could reach
$12,000/year for a 50 kW DC
Fast Charger
Usage monitoring and $400: $255/year: $255/year:
point of sale systems One time cost for a per charging port for access per charging port for access
(optional) monitoring and payment to software and network to software and network
system device. systems systems
EVSE Unit Maintenance $400/year $400/year $400/year

Snow Removal Varies Varies Varies
Insurance Varies Varies Varies
Total $600+ $1,200+ $1,500+
4.3 EV Charging Cost Recovery Models

There are several potential EV charging business models, which are summarized in Table 4.3. Many of
the models that allow for more revenue generation also have a larger administrative burden.
Table 4.3: Potential EV Charging Business Models

Business Model Description
Subscription and/or fee for use EVSE owner charges for use of individual stations or access to
a network of stations for a specified period of time. This
could be a one-time use or a monthly subscription.
Advertising based revenue generation EVSE is designed to allow its owner to lease space for
advertising messaging. May require additional review by
local jurisdictions.
EVSE Paired with Renewable Energy Solar Photovoltaic installations can offset energy costs of EV
Generation charging through utility net metering arrangements.

4.3.1 Subscription and fee for use
A variety of models exist for generating revenue through billing users of EVSE. Of the models in practice
currently, the most common are a membership based model and a pay per use model. Vermont and
many other states do not allow unregulated utilities to sell electricity by the kWh, so unless there are
changes to state statute, billing would be done based on time spent at an EVSE or through unlimited
access for a fixed monthly fee. Examples of membership and pay for use business models include the
eVgo Network operated by the private electric vehicle charging service company eVgo and the Plug-in
EVerywhere program managed by Texas utility Austin Energy. eVgo offers subscription plans of $29.99
to $69.99 per month for a Level 2 charging installation. The operator avoids the upfront costs of the
installation as well as the operation and maintenance costs and eVgo earns a return through the
charging fees 15. Austin Energy’s Plug in EVerywhere program allows utility customers the ability to
purchase a membership to a network of publicly accessible EVSE for a fee of $5 per month or to use
EVSE in their public charging network without subscription for $2 per charge event. Austin Energy also
works with private companies to install EVSE, offering to assume the cost of operation, management
and energy costs for companies that install Plug-in EVerywhere EVSE on their premises.
4.3.2 Advertising based revenue generation

Vermont’s sign law restricts off-premise advertising signs in the highway right of way which limits the
potential for sales of advertising space on EVSE wraps to serve as a means of generating revenue
through EVSE. 16 However, advertising signage on EVSE that is located out of view of the highway
targeted at customers, employees and visitors of a host establishment may be a viable means of
generating revenue through EVSE depending on local sign ordinances. Price Chopper has pioneered this
model in New York state with what it refers to as “alternative fuel pads”, charging stations equipped
with a canopy and space for advertisers to promote products within the store or of presumed interest to
the supermarket’s clientele. The model could function through direct ownership—as in the case of Price
Chopper—or third party ownership. In a third-party ownership model, a vendor would install and
operate the EVSE on the premises of the host.
4.3.3 Offsetting Energy Costs through Solar Photovoltaic Installations

Daytime charging of EVSE has the potential of increasing demand during hours of peak energy usage,
causing strain on the power grid and, in turn, additional costs to utilities which may be passed down to
rate payers. This is especially true in summer months which are typically peak usage times for electric
power consumption. As EVs become more prevalent, utilities will likely continue developing variable
time of use rates, using price signals to encourage charging during off-peak evening hours.
One means to ensure that installation of public EVSE does not result in costly impacts to the power grid
is to pair EVSE with solar photovoltaic panels (PV). PV generates electricity during the day while the sun
is shining which tends to be the same period of time that energy demand on the power grid reaches its
peak and the cost of energy is at its highest. This feature of PV makes it a particularly valuable resource
15 eVgo Electric Vehicle Charging Solutions. Charging Plans. https://www.evgonetwork.com/charging-plans/.

16 Vermont Billboard Law, Title 10 V.S.A. Chapter 21, Section 481-506.
http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/sections.cfm?Title=10&Chapter=021.

when connected with the power grid, a value which will be amplified in the years to come if EV charging
during daytime increases.
Vermont law allows owners of grid connected photovoltaic systems to generate credit from the
production of electricity that can be applied to a utility account. Because of the unique value of PV in
mitigating peak demand energy costs, utilities are required by Vermont state law to offer customers a
credit for power generated by grid-connected systems covering at the customers current rate plus an
additional “solar adder” credit calculated as $0.20 minus the utility’s highest residential rate. 17
Currently law stipulates that this premium applies for the first 10 years of operation after which point
credit will be valued at the utility’s highest residential rate.
The premium paid for PV generated energy accelerates the return on investment and implies the
possibility that the value of PV could grow in the future if costs of peak energy demand increase. As
widespread daytime use of EVSE may be a cause for increases in peak demand costs, pairing EVSE
installations with PV is an ideal means of hedging against any rise in energy costs that may occur in the
future.
To further enhance incentives for investing in PV, under current state and federal tax incentives, private
companies with sufficient tax appetite can achieve upwards of a 10% return on investment over the
course of a PV system’s life in the form of deductions from their utility bills. For non-profits and public
sector entities that are not able to capitalize on tax benefits, a number of companies in Vermont offer
power purchase agreements that enable hosts of solar arrays to receive compensation for use of roof
space or open land by private investors in solar. In such arrangements, the host receives compensation
for use of their space—either in the form of offsets to their energy costs, a lease payment or both—and
the peace of mind that a substantial portion of the energy they use is offset by clean renewable energy
with no upfront costs.
5 Charging Equipment Implementation

Previous chapters covered site selection, equipment recommendations and costs. The final steps to
installing a new EV charging station are detailed below, including state and local permitting and
installation options. Permitting procedures for EV charging are evolving over time as communities gain
experience, so property owners are encouraged to check with local officials for current information
before proceeding with installations.
5.1 State of Vermont Permitting

The Vermont Department of Fire Safety’s Division of Fire Safety
(http://firesafety.vermont.gov/professions/electrical) administers the State Electrical Safety program, which
includes Vermont’s electrical code requirements and the permit process for electrical equipment,
including EV charging equipment, located on commercial or residential multi-family properties. Single
family residential installations are exempted from this permit requirement.
17Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE).

http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=VT02R

State environmental permits may be necessary depending on site specific potential environmental
impacts such as wetlands disturbances or stream crossings. For erosion or sediment control plans to be
necessary, the area of disturbance needs to be 1 acre or greater.
Act 250 permits are usually only be required for large developments. If a property has an existing Act
250 permit, any construction or change triggers the need for an amendment. This process is
streamlined for minor amendments - EVSE could be considered minor depending on the level of
construction necessary.
A VTrans highway permit may be necessary if the charging station will be located in the state right-of-
way or if construction will encroach on the right-of-way:
http://vtransengineering.vermont.gov/sections/right_of_way/utilities_and_permits
State permit specialists are available for guidance on what permits may be required at specific locations:
http://permits.vermont.gov/faq/anr_dec_pslocator
5.2 Municipal Permitting

The Appendix includes summaries of permit requirements for EVSE installations in Chittenden County
municipalities. In general most communities do not require permits for EV charging installed inside
residential single family garages. Charging stations on the exterior of the house may require a permit
depending on the community. Most multi-family and commercial property locations will require a
minimum of an administratively processed permit and in cases where new curb cuts or changes to traffic
circulation are necessary there may be more significant review requirements needed, such as
Development Review Board approval. The Appendix also contains suggested language for municipal
bylaw updates intended to streamline future EVSE installation if adopted by the community.
5.3 Installation Checklist

5.3.1 Single Family Home Owners
• State and Local Permitting as Required
• Construction / Implementation Options
o Have dealership or manufacturer partner take care of everything
o Hire an electrician contractor to complete installation
o DIY an option in most Vermont communities
 Check local permit requirements [see Appendix]
5.3.2 Multi Family Home Owners and Tenants Associations

o Develop plan and hire an electrician to construct
o Hire a turnkey service provider to handle installation process
• Complete any applicable local permitting processes
• Install and commission equipment

5.3.3 Public and Private Parking Areas
o Develop plan and hire an electrician to construct
o Hire a turnkey service provider to handle installation process
• Complete local permitting process
• Install and commission equipment
• Notify Drive Electric Vermont 18 of new charging station availability
6 Appendix – Chittenden County Municipal Permitting Requirements
18
http://driveelectricvt.com/contact-us

Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment
Municipal Permitting Information
Town of Bolton
http://www.boltonvt.com/
Contact person
• Zoning Administrator:
o Miron Malboeuf - office hours W. 5:00 - 7:00 and Sa. 9:30 - 12:30
o [email protected]
o 802.434.3064 x.225
Resources
• Zoning administrator is available to respond to any questions
STATE PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

The Vermont Department of Fire Safety Division of Fire Safety (http://firesafety.vermont.gov/professions/electrical)
administers the State Electrical Safety program, which includes permit requirements for EV charging
equipment located on commercial or residential multi family properties. Single family residential
installations are exempted.
impacts (e.g. wetlands, stream crossings). For erosion or sediment control plans to be necessary, the
area of disturbance needs to be 1 acre or greater.
Act 250 permits would only be required for larger developments. If a property has an existing Act 250
permit, any construction or change triggers the need for an amendment. This process is streamlined for
minor amendments - EVSE could be considered minor depending on the level of construction necessary.
Permit specialists are available for guidance on what permits may be required at specific locations:
LOCAL PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

Single Family Residential
a) Zoning Requirements / Cost / Time / Process
• No permit required.
b) Permitting Requirements / Cost / Time / Process

• Only state codes for building codes.
Multi Family / Commercial / Public Charging:

• Threshold for structure to not need a permit is 80 SF.
• In all likelihood, EVCE would be exempt from requiring a permit.
CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide - Appendix Page 32

• IF permit was required, it would be considered accessory to existing site and amendment
would need to be approved by the DRB.
• Timing for DRB hearing = 60 days.
• Cost for DRB hearing = $450.

Fee for Use: This would certainly change things and require a permit and review. It would likely be
allowed, but would need to be considered as a Conditional Use in all likelihood.

City of Burlington
http://www.burlingtonvt.gov/
Contact person
• Electrical Inspector:
o Shelley Warren
o [email protected]
o 802.865.7561
o Ken Lerner
o [email protected]
o 802.865.7091
Resources
• Forms and checklists: http://www.burlingtonvt.gov/PZ/Zoning/Forms-and-Checklists/
• Fee Schedule: http://www.burlingtonvt.gov/Map.aspx?id=2297


• Any exterior changes to a property (including equipment) require a zoning permit.
o Site plan and drawn elevations (or photos or cut sheets) of the equipment are needed
with the submittal.
• If inside, no permit is required, but a “non-applicability” determination must be filed with
Planning and Zoning to ensure proper coordination with DPW.
o Zoning Permit Application Form and Determination of Non-Applicability Form can be
downloaded here: http://www.burlingtonvt.gov/PZ/Zoning/Forms-and-Checklists/
• Cost: see fee schedule (http://www.burlingtonvt.gov/Map.aspx?id=2297)

o Basic application fee = $80
o Certificate of Appropriateness: $80 for up to $24,000 estimated construction costs
o Board Review (if necessary) = $300
o Final Certificate of Occupancy = $37
• Time:
o Permit application will be reviewed within 30 days of submission and either processed
administratively or referred to a board for review.
• Permit approvals are subject to a 15 day approval period for administrative permits and 30
day approval period for board permits.

• If a structure is being built, a building permit is necessary, but EVCE is not likely considered a
structure. In most cases, a building permit should not be necessary. If a building permit is
needed, this would happen after the zoning permit is obtained.
• If in city right-of-way, activation right of way inspector needs to issue a permit (before
electrical permit can be obtained).
• Electrical permits are needed in all situations and work must be performed by a certified
master electrician (owner-occupied, single family home is the ONLY time work can be done
by homeowner themselves)
• Electrical permits cannot be issued until zoning permit is in place.
• For electrical permit, spec sheet detailing size and power needs would be needed.
• Cost: based on estimated cost of work
o Basic permit fee = $30 (for $2850 worth of material and labor)
o After $2850, fee of $8.80 per $1000 of work plus $10 administration fee
• Time: if a permit application is brought into the office, a permit can be issued immediately.
If application is faxed or mailed in, permit is typically issued in two working days.

• Same as Residential; see above.


Town of Charlotte
http://www.charlottevt.org/
Contact person
• Planning and Zoning Office:
o Dean Bloch, Town Planner; or
o Thomas Mansfield, Zoning Administrator
o 802.425.3533 (Planning and Zoning Office phone)
Resources
• Zoning administrator is available to respond to any questions


• There is no language in zoning pertaining to electric vehicle charging equipment, and the
current interpretation of this is that there are no restrictions and no permits required.



Fee for use: Imposing a fee for charging could potential be considered commercial activity that would
require review and approval. But because there are no examples of this, there is currently no protocol in
place addressing this situation.

Town of Colchester
http://town.colchester.vt.us/
Contact person
o Lisa Riddle
o 802.264.5604
Resources
• Planning & Zoning page: http://colchestervt.gov/PlanningZ/planningZHome.shtml
• Details on residential building permits: http://colchestervt.gov/PlanningZ/faqs/residential.pdf


• Likely no permit required.


a) Zoning Requirements / Process
• Generally, a site plan review is required of any changes to an existing commercial or
industrial property or for new construction. This involves a minimum of one meeting with
the Development Review Board

• Contact the Department of Planning & Zoning to schedule a Technical Review Committee
meeting.
• This is an opportunity, free of charge, to sit down with the various different Town
Departments and review conceptual plans to inform the application process, identify any
regulatory challenges, as well as receive general advice on how to proceed.


Town of Essex
http://www.essex.org/
Contact person
o Sharon Kelly
o 802.878.1343
Resources
• Construction Applications / Forms and Instruction Sheets:
http://www.essex.org/index.asp?SEC=C939EBFF-3563-456F-A270-C8272233FB91&Type=B_LIST


• Rule of Thumb – if structure with over $1000 in estimated cost of construction or if adding
additional floor space, building permit required.
• However, Zoning Administrator would like to deal with EVCE on a case by case basis to be
sure the right things are being done.
• If work crosses right-of-way, Access Permit from Public Works is needed.
• Cost = $60 for up to $20,000 in estimated costs
• Timing: Zoning Administrator reviews and issues the building permit administratively,
typically in a day or two, but technically, up to 30 days are allowed.


• At very least, planning commission approval is necessary. It will need to be determined if:
 Approval can be gained through consent agenda process (approval letter given to
planning commission for “blessing”); or
 Full hearing is necessary.
• Cost:
o Planning commission: $200 + $10 for record + $6.11 per abutter fee
o Zoning / building permit: minimum $195
• Timing for Planning Commission approval: the PC meets twice a month, and the application
deadline is 5 weeks prior to the meeting date. If approved, the PC signs the approval letter 2
weeks after the meeting date. Once written approval is received, a 30-day statutory appeal
period starts. A building permit can be pulled after PC approval; this permit has a 15-day
appeal period prior to the start of construction.
o A consent agenda process is the same except that the approval letter is signed at the
meeting and the appeal period starts immediately.


Village of Essex Junction

http://www.essexjunction.org/
Contact person
o Robin Pierce
o 802.878.6950
Resources
• Fee Schedule: http://www.essexjunction.org/documents-and-forms/doc_download/300-fee-
schedule-7-10-12.pdf




• In all cases, planning commission approval is required.
• Timing: up to 2 months to get a hearing in from the Planning Commission

• Cost: determined by the complexity and size of the application


Town of Hinesburg
http://www.hinesburg.org/
Contact person
o Peter Erb
o 802-482-2281 ext. 226
Resources
• Planning and Zoning contacts and forms: http://www.hinesburg.org/planning.html




• To obtain a permit, a revision to existing site plan is necessary. The zoning administrator
determines if this can be done administratively (for minor impacts) or if the Development
Review Board will need to do a full scale review of the site plan.
o In most cases, an administrative review and permit will be issued.

• Timing:
o Administrative: approximately one week to issue and a 15 day appeal period.
o DRB major amendment: approximately one month to schedule after receipt of complete
application. Depending on the complexity of the application, zoning administrator will:
 send the DRB a draft decision to act on at the meeting, or
 if more complex, he will send a report and a draft decision after the hearing. The
DRB will deliberate and approve or deny at the next meeting two weeks later.
 A 30 day appeal period follows the approval.
• Cost:
o Administrative: $85
o DRB: $310


Town of Huntington
http://www.huntingtonvt.org/
Contact person
o Ed Hanson
o 802.453.3785
Resources
• Contact and forms:
http://huntingtonvt.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=200348


• Small structures (smaller than 150 SF) do not require permits. For example, driveway
lighting does not need to be approved.


• Conditional Use review by Zoning Board of Adjustment (Huntington does not have a DRB) is
required to amend basis on which the property was permitted.

• Timing:
o Because a publically warned hearing is necessary, allowing 60 days was suggested for
approval.
o Zoning Administrator can issue the permit within a day or two after decision.
o A 30 day posting period follows the issuing of a permit.
• Cost: $175; cost of preparing permit is typically rolled into this hearing cost, but it could
potentially be a bit in addition.


Town of Jericho
http://www.jerichovt.gov/
Contact person
o John Zwick
o 802.899.2287 x. 103
Resources
• Applications and Fee Schedule: http://www.jerichovt.gov/index.asp?SEC=C87BC427-4B1B-400A-
B009-036B6C324181&Type=B_BASIC


• A building permit should be obtained, and setbacks must be observed.
• Timing: 15 day waiting period after obtained
• Cost: $35 + $10 for recording



• EVCE does not represent an allowable use in zoning regulations (no language about it); DRB
approval is necessary.
o First step: sketch plan review – DRB will consider and come to an agreement, likely with
some conditions
 Time: approximately 4 weeks
 Cost: $100
o Second step: Planning and Development Coordinator will put out a public warning,
including advertising and notices to all abutters
 Time: occurs during 4 weeks after sketch plan review
 Cost: ~$75 depending on number of abutters
o Third step: return to DRB for Conditional Use approval
 Time: technically, DRB has 45 days to render a decision, but typically much
quicker
 Cost: $150
o Fourth step: building permit (if DRB said one is needed, which is likely)
 Time: 15 day period for public to contest
 Cost: $35 + $10 for recording


Town of Milton
http://miltonvt.org/
Contact person
• Town Planner:
o Jacob Hemmerick
o [email protected]
o 802.891.8016
Resources
• Zoning Regulations: http://miltonvt.org/images/pdffiles/government/docs/FINALZoningReg.pdf
• Fee Schedule: http://miltonvt.org/images/pdffiles/apps/fee_schedule.pdf


• Charging station in the garage wouldn’t require a permit. Accessory structures under 100 SF
are exempt from zoning permits, but dimensional setbacks still need to be met.
• Residential single family and duplexes exempt from site plan review.

• Only state codes for building code requirements.

• Business and multifamily developments need to undergo site plan review or amend an
existing site plan. This may be able to be handled administratively as long as there are no
new curb cuts or changes in traffic circulation patterns.
• Cost for minor amendment of existing site plan is $50, $100 for major. New developments
have $300 site plan review cost. There is also a $10 recording fee for the decision and a
charge of $2 per abutter for notification.
• If the site plan amendment is approved then a zoning permit would be issued for an
accessory structure for $50 with an additional $35 for a certificate of compliance.
• Administrative review of minor site plan amendments give up to 60 days for review, but
permits are usually issued in 5 days or less. If new development or major amendment, then
DRB review generally requires at least 4 weeks to get on agenda.

• Only state codes for building code requirements.

Town of Richmond
http://www.richmondvt.com/home.php
Contact person
o Neal Leitner
o 802.434.2430
Resources
• Permit Fees: http://www.richmondvt.com/download.php?doc_id=1979
• Zoning Bylaws: http://www.richmondvt.com/download.php?doc_id=2111


• Anything considered ‘land development’ (see p. 84 of bylaws) requires a zoning permit.
• EVCE in driveway would likely be considered land development, but EVCE in garage would
not require permit.
• Timing: permit typically turned around in a week or two, followed by 15 day appeal period
• Cost: minimum of $30 + $10 recording fee


• Again, all land development require a zoning permit.
• Permit can be handled administratively.
o However, some properties have a condition in their original site plan that any
changes/alterations require DRB approval.
• Timing and costs (assuming DRB approval not necessary): same as residential (see above).


Town of Shelburne
http://www.shelburnevt.org/
Contact person
• Director of Planning and Zoning:
o Dean Pierce
o 802.264.5033
Resources
• Planning and Zoning (including contact info for questions):
http://www.shelburnevt.org/departments/36.html
• Forms and Applications: http://www.shelburnevt.org/forms/


• Because the installation of the EVCE does not change the use of the land, an accessory
structure permit is the only requirement. Even if inside a garage, a permit would still be
necessary (unless a garage permit incorporated the equipment).
• The permit cost for an accessory structure is $27, plus $10 for recording. Some accessory
structures are charged fees at $0.135 per square foot, but this would likely be treated as a
minimum fee.


• Zoning permits are required in all cases of land development (any assemblage on the
ground) and would be required for EVCE.
• The site plan review will consider if the installation will change the circulation of the
property or cause conflicts to the primary use.
o If there are no major disruptions to the primary use, an amendment to the site plan
can be handled administratively.
o If the disruption is more significant and will potentially conflict with primary use, site
plan will need Board approval.
• The permit cost to apply to amend a standing site plan approval is $132. The cost to seek
approval for an initial site plan is $212. If the project qualifies for administrative review, the
cost would be $132.
• For administrative site plan approval, plans are typically approved within 1 week of receiving
application.
• For site plan approval or amendment requiring review by Development Review Board, plans
typically take 5 weeks after receiving application.


City of South Burlington

http://www.sburl.com/
Contact person
• Director of Planning & Zoning:
o Paul Conner
o 802.846.4106
Resources
• Applications and Forms: http://www.sburl.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={0FDF6BDE-
715A-4887-817A-EBADF155C445}
• Fee Schedule: http://www.sburl.com/vertical/Sites/%7BD1A8A14E-F9A2-40BE-A701-
417111F9426B%7D/uploads/permit_review_fees_adopted_4-19-2011.pdf


• Single or two-family homes only need a permit if:
o EVCE is intended to be outside; or
o It is over $5000 in project cost
• No site plan or Certificate of Occupancy necessary
• Timing: decision issued 1-3 days after submission
• Cost for permit = $5 per $1000 cost of project or a minimum of $43


• All outdoor facilities on commercial properties require at least site plan approval.
• In some parts of the city, this can be done administratively.
• Design approval from the Development Review Board in Design Review Districts
• Cost:
o For site plan application:
 If administrative = $153
 If required to go before Development Review Board = $288
 Additional $165 if Design Review is required
o Cost for zoning permit = $5 per $1000 cost of project
o Cost for Certificate of Occupancy = $153 to complete the project
• Timing: average time for decision to be issued from date of submission:
o Administrative site plan: 1-3 weeks
o DRB site plan: 6-10 weeks
o Zoning permit: 1-3 days

• Only state codes for building codes, but South Burlington has taken over responsibility for
administering state building codes, so rather than going through State Fire Safety, call South
Burlington Fire Department.
Municipal Parking ordinance (EV charging only parking enforcement): South Burlington does have a
minimum parking requirement, so they are not comfortable with any sort of EV parking only markings (if
taking the place of existing parking spaces).
Fee for use: If “sale” of electricity, EVCE would be considered a “service station” and would be subject to
other requirements at this time.

Town of St. George

http://www.stgeorgevt.com/
Contact person
o Ed Hanson
o 802.453.3785
Resources
• Application forms and fees: http://www.stgeorgevt.com/Regulations&bylaws.htm


• Small structures (smaller than 100 SF) do not require permits. For example, driveway
lighting does not need to be approved.


• Conditional Use review by DRB is required to amend basis on which the property was
permitted.
• Timing:

o Because a publically warned hearing is necessary, allowing 60 days is suggested for
approval.
o Zoning Administrator can issue the permit within a day or two after decision.
o A 30 day posting period follows the issuing of a permit.
• Cost: $300; cost of preparing permit is typically rolled into this hearing cost, but it could
potentially be a bit in addition.


Town of Underhill
http://www.underhillvt.gov/
Contact person
• Zoning and Planning Administrator:
o Sarah McShane
o 802.899.4434, option 6
Resources
• Zoning Forms: http://www.underhillvt.gov/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7B841D6B96-07D6-
4DF8-AF35-BA1788BF91E8%7D
• Fee Schedule: http://www.underhillvt.gov/vertical/sites/%7B4E962BB9-B4BB-4504-A3EE-
ED54521A1BCE%7D/uploads/3-15-12_Adopted_fees.pdf


• Uncertain how electric vehicle charging equipment will be classified and handled, and will
need to be researched and addressed on a case by case basis.
• Potentially considered Accessory Structure. If so:
o Likely able to be processed administratively.
o Zoning notice will be posted on property with a 2-week appeal period.


• See above; uncertain about how electric vehicle charging equipment will be handled, and
will need to be addressed on a case by case basis.


Town of Westford
http://www.westfordvt.us/
Contact person
o Kate Lalley
o 802.878.4587
Resources
• Zoning office page: http://www.westfordvt.us/zoning.php
• Forms and Fee Schedule: http://www.westfordvt.us/zoningForms.php


• Zoning permit needed for structure where structure is anything either greater than 100 SF
or on permanent foundation
o This includes EVCE in garage.
o Device hanging on a wall would not be considered a structure.
• If permit needed, it will be handled administratively by Zoning Administrator.
• EVCE would likely fall under ‘Alterations resulting in no additional square footage’.
• Timing: Zoning Administrator would likely approve in a week or less (she only works on
Mondays and Tuesdays) followed by a 15 day appeal period.
• Cost: $50 + $10 recording (for alterations resulting in no additional square footage permit)


• Current regulations don’t speak to charging stations and anything not in regulations cannot
be allowed.
o Application to amend regulation would be necessary.
• However, regulations are currently being revised, and revised regulations will address EVCE
directly.
• Because there is currently no commercial property in town, anything would require a new
site plan approval including development review board hearing.
o Cost: $335 for new site plan
o Timing: hearing with DRB within 20 days of complete application. Assuming complete
application and simple case of permitted use, decision is typically given within two
weeks.


Town of Williston
http://www.town.williston.vt.us/
Contact person
• Planning Director / Zoning Administrator:
o Ken Belliveau
o [email protected]
o 802.878.6407
Resources
• Permit Procedures: http://www.town.williston.vt.us/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={26EA4BDF-
4482-4523-B051-394E7ACEDA5C}&DE={3D9A0C6E-2390-41DC-B75B-853992CF39EA}


• In most cases, a local building permit is not needed, unless adding or subtracting walls.
There is no dollar threshold for the determination of permit necessity. However, if during
the sale of a house, an appraiser has any issues with the lack of permits, the process can be
significantly derailed. Therefore, when in doubt, Planning and Zoning encourages people to
get a permit.
• The cost of permits is $5 per $1,000 of estimated construction cost plus a $10 recording
fee. There’s a $30 minimum fee + $10 recording fee.
• These typically take a week to 10 days to process, but it depends on the applicant getting all
of the required information to make the application complete.


• Zoning permit necessary including a site plan (including where EVCE will be located, how it
will impact use, information on signage).
• When retrofitting an existing site, if work area is less than approximately 1000 SF, the zoning
permit can be processed administratively. If larger than this, the permit must go through the
review process.
• Signage permit could also be necessary, but if sign is small enough, this is not the case.
• The cost of permits is $5 per $1,000 of estimated construction cost plus a $10 recording
fee. There’s a $30 minimum fee + $10 recording fee.
• These typically take a week to 10 days to process, but it depends on the applicant getting us
all of the required information to make the application complete.

Municipal Parking ordinance (EV charging only parking enforcement):

If parking spaces are going to be utilized for anything restricting their use as a parking space (e.g.
alternative fueling), then the spaces must be in addition to minimum parking requirements.
However, some discretion is used here and this is not always administered tightly. For example,
if the percentage of total spaces used is very small, this parking requirement could be
overlooked.
Fee for use: Currently restricted by bylaws. However, it has been acknowledged that consideration
needs to be given to potentially changing the bylaws.

City of Winooski
http://www.winooskivt.org/
Contact person
o John Audy
o 802.655.6410 x.25
Resources
• Zoning and Building Permit Information: http://www.winooskivt.org/index.asp?SEC=8583CCA4-
78B3-4DA7-A524-51E75FBF8BEE&Type=B_BASIC
• Fee schedule: http://www.winooskivt.org/vertical/sites/%7B002980AE-D992-4812-8392-
D548ED0B0DFB%7D/uploads/City_of_Winooski_Fees.pdf


• No permit required if owner occupied and private use.



• If any disruptions to parking, traffic, etc. site plan approval is necessary, and likely need to
go before the DRB
o Time: 5-6 week process to go before DRB and a 15 day appeal process after approval
o Cost: approximately $310 but can vary depending on level of detail
• Building permit needed
o Cost: $50 for up to $10,000 cost of project


Recommended Bylaw Updates for Electric Vehicle Charging
CCRPC Electric Vehicle Planning Study – Phase II
June 2014
Municipal development regulations should include language to clarify permitting requirements for new
electric vehicle charging installations and support the ongoing development of this infrastructure.
Recommendations below cover the following areas:
A. Accessory Uses – treating EV charging as an accessory use is generally the simplest permit
procedure for development of new installations.
B. Parking – spaces set aside for EV charging should be included in the calculation of parking
requirements.
C. Signage – wayfinding and parking restriction signage should be treated similar to other small
traffic control device permit procedures, such as signage on Americans with Disabilities (ADA)
required spaces.
D. Fee collection – charging station owners should be free to set pricing for charging services as
market conditions warrant without affecting the land use classification of the property.
E. Definitions – unified definitions of EV-related issues will help property owners and municipal
staff apply the recommended language consistently.
Each area includes sample reference language as well as potential use cases based on the South
Burlington Land Development Regulations and the Williston Unified Development Bylaw.
A. Accessory Use
While specific language and requirements will vary by municipality, the goal of defining EV Charging
Stations as Accessory Uses is to streamline the permitting process. In some municipalities, this
classification may not require a permit; in others, it will enable permits to be issued administratively. If
Accessory Uses require significant review, municipalities may wish to consider other less restrictive
classifications which may be available under their local bylaws. For example, they could be listed as an
exemption in which no review or permit would be needed.
Recommended Accessory Use Language:

All EVSE Charging Stations shall be considered an ACCESSORY USE and allowed and encouraged
in all districts, subject to the provisions listed in [Section number for Accessory Uses].
Residential v. Non-Residential
In some cases, Accessory Uses may be addressed in Residential and Non-Residential sections of
the Bylaws separately. In these cases, it will be beneficial to explicitly state that EV Charging
Stations are allowed Accessory Uses in each section.

Example and Potential Language for the City of South Burlington Land
Development Regulations
Chapter 3.10 General Provisions, Accessory Structures and Uses (p. 3-19)
A. General Requirements. Customary accessory structures and uses are allowed in all districts,
as specifically regulated in that district, under the provisions that follow below.
B. Poolhouse.
…
G. Electric Vehicle Charging Stations [proposed additions in red text]. EV Charging Stations shall
be considered accessory structures and allowed and encouraged in all districts, subject to the
requirements of this chapter.
Example and Potential Language for the Town of Williston Unified Development
Bylaw:
Chapter 17 Accessory Uses and Structures, Temporary Uses and Structures (p. 93):
Customary accessory structures and uses are permitted in all zoning districts. This chapter
clarifies the meaning of those terms by providing standards for some common nonresidential
accessory uses. Residential accessory uses are addressed in Chapter 20.
17.1 Accessory Dwellings

…
17.16 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
All EVSE Charging Stations are permitted as accessory uses and structures in all zoning districts.
17.16.1 Is a permit required to install EV charging stations? An administrative permit is
required for all development that is not specifically exempted by WDB 4.2.1.
17.16.2 Do EV Charging Stations impact the minimum required parking spaces? No, EV
Charging Stations do not impact the number of minimum or maximum vehicle spaces
required, as provided by WDB 14.2.
17.16.3 Do other requirements of this bylaw apply to EV Charging Stations? Yes. EV
Charging Stations must comply with all relevant standards of this bylaw. Some
particularly relevant standards are cited below.
17.16.3.1 Signs/Public Art. Chapter 25 of this bylaw sets standards for signs and
public art that apply to EV Charging Stations.
17.16.3.2. Outdoor Lighting. Chapter 24 of this bylaw sets standards for outdoor
lighting that apply to EV Charging Stations.
Chapter 20 Residential Improvements (p. 113):

20.2 Accessory Structures. For the purposes of this chapter, an accessory structure is located on
the same lot or parcel as a dwelling and serves a purpose that supports and is clearly
subordinate to the residential use of the property. Accessory structures that are permitted for
dwellings include detached garages, play structures, and sheds, and EV Charging Stations.

B. Parking
To provide clarity on the impact on parking levels, EV Charging Stations should also be addressed in the
parking section of the Bylaws.
Recommended Parking Language:

EV Charging Stations are to be included in the calculation for both the number of minimum and
maximum vehicle spaces required, as provided by [Section number for Parking Requirements].
It is strongly encouraged, but not required under these bylaws, that a minimum of one accessible
EV Charging Station be provided. Accessible EV Charging Stations should have a barrier-free
route of travel and be in close proximity to the building. It is not necessary to designate the
accessible EV Charging Station exclusively for disabled users. Separate from these regulations,
the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) may require EV Charging Stations to meet accessibility
requirements.
The Parking Requirements of Bylaws can also be used to encourage or require EV Charging
Station readiness or installations.
[Optional Language for] Required Charging Station Installations:

Development of each of the land uses identified in Table 1 - EV Charging Requirements for
Development Projects, shall be required to install EV charging equipment and provide capacity
for future charging station installations at the time of development. The requirements in Table 1
will apply when one of the following conditions is met:
1) the development includes a new off-street parking facility with more than 10 spaces; or
2) the parking capacity of an existing building, site, or parking facility with 20 or more total
spaces is increased by 30 percent or more (expressed as [number of additional spaces]/[number
of existing spaces] x 100).
The number of EV charging ports required to be installed at the time of development is stated as
a percentage of the total number of new or additional parking spaces in Column A of Table 1
below. Requirements will be rounded to closest whole number, but will always be a value of at
least one EV charging port to be available at the time of development occupancy.
To meet anticipated demand for EV charging stations as the technology becomes more
widespread Column B of Table 1 specifies the required electrical capacity to enable future EV
charging station installations by providing a cabinet, box or enclosure connected to a conduit
linking parking spaces with 120V, 208/240V or higher voltage AC electrical service for the
suitable for the number of ports identified. Capacity requirements will be rounded to the closest
whole number.

Table 1 - EV Charging Requirements for Development Projects
A. Number of Charging B. Electrical Capacity C. Total
Ports Required at the for Future Charging Percent of
Time of Development Ports EV Ready
Land Use Type (Expressed as a (Expressed as a Parking
minimum % of New or minimum % of New or
Added Parking Spaces) Added Parking Spaces)
Multi-household residential 2% 8% 10%
Lodging 2% 3% 5%
Retail, eating and drinking 2% 2% 4%
establishment
General office, medical 2% 2% 4%
Industrial 1% 1% 2%
C. Signage
Because EV Charging Stations will include signage and pavement markings, this section of the Bylaws
should also address EV Charging Stations. It should be clarified that EV Charging Station signage be
considered and handled in the same manner as small regulation signs (e.g. No Parking).
In some cases, Signage may be addressed in a separate ordinance. In these cases, language exempting
EV Charging Station signage from additional permitting requirements should be included in this
ordinance.
Recommended Signage Language:

Each electric vehicle charging station should include guide signage identifying spaces as
restricted parking “EXCEPT FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING”. For purposes of this section,
“charging” means that an electric vehicle is parked at an electric vehicle charging station and is
connected to the electric vehicle supply equipment port. If time limits or vehicle removal
provisions are to be enforced, regulatory signage including parking restrictions shall be installed
immediately adjacent to, and visible from the electric vehicle charging station.
Example and Potential Language for City of South Burlington:
Chapter 13.19 Signs of the Land Development Regulations.

A. General Requirements. No signs shall be erected or maintained except in conformance with
the Sign Ordinance of the City of South Burlington.
Sign Ordinance of South Burlington
Section 12. Incidental and Directional Signs

…
(b) Directional Signs.

(1) Directional signs shall generally be exempt from the provisions of this Ordinance, in
accordance with Section 23.
Section 23. Exemptions

(a) Memorial signs or tablets
…
(v) Informational signs for EV Charging Stations
Example and Potential Language for Town of Williston Bylaw:
Chapter 25 Signs, Public Art (p. 157)

25.7.9 (p. 166) Directional signs may be of any permitted type. They convey direction (e.g.
Restrooms ->), regulations (e.g. No Parking, EV Only Parking), and similar information. No permit
is required for the placement or posting of up to four directional signs that have an area of less
than two square feet and do not include a logo larger than one-half SF or a commercial message.
D. Electric Vehicle Charging Station Fees

EV Charging Station owners should have the option to charge a fee to users to cover their capital and
operating costs and potentially profit from providing this service. The following sample language is
recommended to ensure property land use classifications will not change as a result of instituting a fee
structure.
Recommended Fee Collection Language:

The property owner is not restricted from collecting a service fee for the use of an electric vehicle
charging station made available to residents, employees and visitors to the property. Collection
of charging station fees shall not affect the zoning land use classification of properties where EV
charging stations are installed as accessory uses.
E. Definitions
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)
The protective system which communicates with electric vehicles and monitors electrical activity to
ensure safe charging, inclusive of all of the components: the conductors; the ungrounded, grounded,
and equipment grounding conductors; electric vehicle connectors; attachment plugs, and all other
fittings devices, power outlets, or apparatus installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy
from the grid to an electric vehicle.
There are three types, or levels, of EVSE:

Alternating Current (AC) Level 1 EVSE
EVSE which uses a 120V AC connection to a standard residential/commercial electrical outlet
typically supplying 15 amps of current, for a power draw around 1.4 – 1.8 kW when charging. All
EVs come equipped with Level 1 chargers from auto manufacturers.
Alternating Current (AC) Level 2 EVSE

EVSE which uses a 208/240V AC connection to supply increased power to EVs, reducing the
amount of time required to charge the EV battery. Level 2 EVSE can provide up to 80 amps of
current and 19.2 kW of power, although most current EVs use only 3.3 to 6.6 kW as determined
by the vehicle’s onboard charger. Current Level 2 EVSE equipment typically uses 208/240V 40-50
amp supply circuits.
Direct Current (DC) Fast Charging EVSE

EVSE which delivers high voltage (typically 200-450V) DC power directly into the EV’s battery
system, enabling rapid charging. Typically, an 80% charge can be provided in 30 minutes or less
for many all electric vehicles, compared to several hours for Level 2 charging. There are three
available standards for DC fast charging, the CHAdeMO format used by Nissan and Mitsubishi
vehicles, the SAE Combined Charging System (CCS) format used by several United States and
European automakers and the Supercharger proprietary system used by Tesla electric vehicles.
As of early 2014, the majority of vehicles equipped for DC fast charging in the USA are
CHAdeMO compatible, but SAE models are starting to become available. DC fast charging
equipment may include ports for one or more of these standards depending on the model.
Electric Vehicle Charging Station

The public or private parking space(s) served by EVSE, including all signs, information, pavement
surfaces, surface markings, fee collection systems, and protective equipment, in which a vehicle is
recharged.
Charging
Occurs when the connector from the EVSE (or standard outlet) is inserted into the EV inlet, and electrical
power is being transferred for the purpose of recharging the battery on board the EV.
Charging Levels
Standardized indicators of electrical force, or voltage, at which an EV’s battery is recharged. EVSE is
classified into categories by the rate at which batteries are charged: AC Level 1; AC Level 2; and DC Fast
Charging.
Electric Vehicle Charging Port

The EVSE component which connects to vehicle charging inlets. One EVSE unit may contain multiple
charging ports, which are also referred to as “plug connectors” or “heads”. Level 1 ports include
connectors supplied by level 1 EVSE as well as any standard 120V outlets able to supply 15 or more
amps of current to be used with the level 1 EVSE supplied by vehicle manufacturers.

Electric Vehicle (EV)
A class of automobiles that use electric motors powered by energy drawn for the grid or off-grid electric
sources into a battery system for propulsion.
All Electric Vehicles (AEVs) also known as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Electric vehicles powered solely by energy stored in the vehicle’s battery system. There is no gasoline or
backup power generation in the vehicle, so when the battery runs out of charge it requires recharging
before operating again.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Electric vehicles capable of operating solely on electric energy for a certain distance after which an
auxiliary internal combustion engine is engaged to offer additional range. PHEV’s are often categorized
according to their range in electric mode. For example, the battery system of a PHEV-10 has
approximately a 10 mile electric range. Certain models of PHEVs are sometimes referred to as Extended
Range Electric Vehicles (EREV) if the internal combustion engine is used primarily as a generator for the
battery system.
Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (NEV)

Electric vehicles which are designed to be, and are, operated at speeds of up to 25 miles per hour (mph)
and conform to the minimum safety equipment requirements as adopted in the Federal Motor Vehicle
Safety Standard Number 500, Low Speed Vehicles (49 C.F.R. 571, 500). NEVs may only be used on roads
that have a posted speed limit of 35 mph or less. (Reference Vermont Statutes Title 23, Chapter 1,
Section 4, and Chapter 13, Sections 1007a and 1043).

Electric Vehicle Charging Station Guidebook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electric Vehicle Charging Station Guidebook

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electric Vehicle Charging Station Guidebook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electric Vehicle Charging

110 West Canal St, Suite 202

128 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 401

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page ii

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 2

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 3

The Need for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 4

Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Installation

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 5

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 6

1.1 Electric Vehicles

The terminology associated with EV technology is

There are two basic types of EVs:

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 7

Figure 1.2: Electric Vehicle AC Charging Equipment Diagram

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 8

Figure 1.3: Charging Range Added per Hour of Charging

Range Added per Hour of Charging

1.2.1 Level 1, 120 Volt Charging

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 9

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 10

Operating costs for fast charging are highly variable as

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 11

2 EV Charging Location Selection

2.1 Location Selection Criteria

Table 2.1: Location Attributes for EV Charging

Level 1 (120V) Level 2 (208/240V) DC Fast Charging

Desirable  Workplaces  Shopping, dining,  Amenities at the

Priority  Employee parking areas  Municipal or private  Near high volume

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 12

2.2.1 General Siting Issues

• Environmental protection – Charging equipment exposure to the elements should be minimized

2.2.2 Residential Charging Station Installations

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 13

Single Family Home Owners Multi-Family Home Owners

2.2.3 Workplace / Commercial Locations

• Proximity to employment / destinations – Since EV charging can require significant time, it is

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 14

Table 2.3: Commercial Location Installation Overview

2.2.4 Public Locations

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 15

3.1 Charging Equipment Overview

Figure 3.1: Pluggable Level 2 EV Charging Equipment (NEMA 6-50 outlet)

3.2 Equipment specifications

7 http://www.pluginrecharge.com/p/electric-vehicle-supply-equipment-evse.html. Accessed 12 April 2013.

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 16

Additional Recommendations for Public Charging Equipment

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 17

Charge type Communications & Billing Options Mounting Options

 Power availability (240V for Level 2, 3 phase for DC fast charging)

Figure 3.2: Photos of Typical EVSE Stations

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 19

3.4.1 Perpendicular Parking Spaces

Figure 3.3: Wall Mounted EVSE Example Site Plan Diagram

CCRPC EV Charging Installation Guide June 2014 Page 20

Figure 3.4: Perpendicular Parking Lot Site Plan Example

3.4.2 Parallel Parking Spaces

If parallel parking EV charging is the only choice, then the

3.4.3 Parking Garages