Information and communication technology

o;a; -Data
Namal Dissanayake
Aluth.com
uQ,sl w¾:hka ,nd fok" ilia lsÍulg Ndckh l< yels wuqo%jH " uQ,sl lreKq fyda isoaOdka; o;a; fõ' Wod- ixLHd"
rEm" wl=re" Ñ;% iy ñkqï

o;a; msysgk wldr

1-,sÅ; igyka (Text) - ixLHdxl (0 ..9) wlaIr (a .. z, A..Z, w" wd" we''') úrdu ,l=Kq (:, ; ... ,) úfYaI ixfla; (#, $ .. @)
2' oDIH (Visual)
3' Y%jH (Audio)
o;a; j¾.SlrKh
m%udKd;aul o;a; (Quantitative Data)
.=Kd;aul o;a; (Qualitative Data) -

f;dr;=re - Information
lsishï w¾:hla f.k fok mßÈ l%udkql+, j ilia lrk ,o o;a; "f;dr;=re fõ'

f;dr;=re j, jákdlu(
f;dr;=re ks¾udKh lrk fudfydf;au fyda tajd ,efnk fudfydf;au thg jeä jákdlula we;s w;r ld,h .; ùu;a
iu.u f;dr;=re j, jákdlu l%ufhka wvq ù wjidkfha § tajd o;a; njg kej; m;afõ'

mß.Klfha w;S; l;dj

wenlih - Abacus (The First Calculator – m<uq .Kl hka;%h&
1617 - we;ao< ;Sre 'Napier's Bones' fcdaka fkamsh¾ - ,>q.Kl isoaOdka;h Ndú; úh
1632 § muK § i¾mK rE, (Slide Rule) fcdaka fkamSh¾f.a ,>q.Kl ixl,am Ndú; úh'
1642 § wdl,k hka;%h - m%:u hdka;%sh .Kl hka;%h (Adding Machine) Pascaline íf,aia meial,a Blaise Pascal
myiqfjka tl;= lsÍu iy wvq lsÍu isÿ lsÍu
1674 § Step Reckoner f.dâ*%Sâ ú,afy,aï Gottfried Wilhelm íf,aia meial,af.a fuu wdl,k hka;%h fn§ï iy .=K
lsÍï i|yd ;jÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,È'
1801 § muK hdka;%sl frÈ úhk hka;%h fcdaYma cel=jdâ -Joseph Jacquard&
1822 Difference Engine pd,aia nefíÊ Charles Babbage&
1833 § wek,sál,a hka;%h ^Analytical Engine& pd,aia nefíÊ
wevd T.iagd f,dõf,aia f,dalfha m%:u mß.Kl l%uf,aLk Ys,amsksh First computer Programmer
1890 § IBM (International Business Machines) wdh;kh y¾uka fydf,aß;a ^Herman Hollerith&
1906 oS f*driaÜ úiska bf,lafg%daksl jE,ajh fidhd .ekSu kQ;k mß.Kl ;dlaIKh i|yd uq,a., ;eîula úh'
1937 iy 1942 Atanasoff Berry Computer - ABC mß.Klh fcdaka úkaikaÜ wgdkdfidõ (John Vincent Atanasoff) úiska
la,s*¾â fnÍ (Clifford Berry)
1945 § fcdaka fjdka kshQudka (Jhon Von Neumann ^Stored-program& wdY%fhka tla mß.Klhla u.ska úúOdldrfha jQ
jev lghq;= lr .ekSug yels ùu hk kj ixl,amh y÷kajd fok ,È'
1946 § ENIAC f,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mß.Klh ^Electronic Digital Computer&
1950 § UNIVAC - I (Universal Automatic Calculator - I) m%:u fj<| mrs.Klh
1956 g%dkaisiagrh -Transistor- ú,shï fIdlaf,a William Shockley&" fcdaka ndãka ^John Bardeen& iy fjda,a g¾ n%dfÜ%ka
^Walter Brarttain )

mrs.Kl j¾.SlrKh -Computer Classification

mrïmrdj wkqj (Generation)

 m<uq mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (First Generation Computers)- ßla;l k< (Vacuum tubes)
 fojk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Second Generation Computers-g%dkaisiag¾ (Transistors)
 ;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Third Generation Computers)- ifudaOdks;$wkql,s; mßm: Integerated Circuits
 y;rjk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Fourth Generation Computers)- laIqø mßm: ^uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾ - Microprocessors )
 miajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Fifth Generation Computers) -lD;%su nqoaêh (Artificial Intelligence)

m%udKh wkqj (Size)

 iqmsrs mß.Klh (super computers)
 uyd mß.Klh (Mainframe Computers)
 uOH mß.Klh (Mini Computers)
 laIqø mß.Klh (Micro Computers)

ld¾h wkqj (Purpose)

 idudkH lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl -General Purpose Computers
 úfYaI ld¾h i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl -special Purpose Computers

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ks¾udK ;dlaIKh wkqj (Design Technology)
 ixLHdxl$wxlsl mß.Kl (Digital Computers)
 m%;siu mß.Kl (Analog Computers)
 ñY% fyda fouqyqï mß.Kl (Hybrid Computers)

mß.Kl moaO;sh - Computer System

Hardware Software Firmware Live

oDvdx. uDoqldx. ia:Srdx. ware
cSjdx.
Inputwdodk System Software ROM User
Output m%;sodk Operating Utility Translators
system Wmfhda.S mßj¾;lhska
fufyhqï uDoqldx.
moaO;s
Processers CLI GUI
l%shdj,s
Memory wdphk Application
fhojqï
Communication Languages Packages
ikaksfõok mß.Kl NdId

Port Devices
Mouse/ Modem
Serial port
Monitor / Projector

Video card port

Printer/ ^Scanner&
Parallel port
Mouse & Keyboard
PS/2 port
Mouse / Keyboard / Printer /
Scanner / Camera / Flash drive /
USB port
Ethernet ( Network ) port Modem / Network cable

Speakers / Head phone / Mic

Sound port

u;l j¾.SlrKh

.nvd lrk udOH wkqj

 pqïNl - hard disk, floppy disk, Magnetic tapes
 m%ldY – CD, DVD, BLURAY
 w¾O ikakdhl – Pen drive , Memory card

o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHhka

kshuq udOH ^Guide Media& úlsrK udOH ^Radiated Media&
Twisted Pair Wire ^weUreKq lïì) Radio Transmission .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.
Co-axial Cable iudlaIl fhd;a Infra red wfOdarla; lsrK
Fiber Optics m%ldY ;ka;= Microwaves laIqø ;rx.
Communication satellites ikaksfõok pkaøsld
Wi fi
Bluetooth

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 o;a; iïfm%aIK wdldr Data Transmission Types
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 fY%a‚.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh ^Serial Data Transmission&
 iudka;r.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh ^Parallel Data Transmission&

o;a; iïfm%AIK úê Data transmission modes

 tAlm: ^Simplex&
 w¾O oaùm: ^Half-Duplex&
 mQ¾K oaùm: ^Duplex&

mß.Kl cd,

cd, ia:, úoHdj ^Network Topology&

 Bus topology
 Star topology
 Ring topology
 Mesh topology
 Tree topology
m%Odk mß.Kl cd, wdldr Main types of computer network
1' ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, ^Local Area Networks - LAN&
2' mq¿,a m%foaY cd, ^Wide Area Networks -WAN&
3' mqrjr m%foaY cd, ^Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN&

cd,.; Wmdx.
 fudvuh Modem
 yí ^kdNsh&
 cd,lrK iaúph ^Network Switch)
 cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm; Network Interface Card - NIC
 fiajd fhdacl mß.Klh ^Server Compurter)
 fiajd,dNS mß.Klh ^Client Computer)

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug wjYH oE

1' mß.Klhla ^A computer&
2' ikaksfõok uDÿldx.hla ^A communication software&
3' ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djla ^A telephone connection&
4' fudvï hka;%hla ^A MODEM or dongle)
5' wka;¾cd, fiajd imhk wdh;khla ^An Internet Service Provider [ISP])

OR NOR AND NAND XOR XNOR

A B A+B (A+B)’ A.B (A.B)’ AB (AB)’

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

fufyhqï moaO;shl ld¾h Ndrh

1 u;l l<ukdlrKh Memory Management
2 l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh Process Management
3 Wmdx. l<ukdlrKh Device Management
4 f.dkq l<ukdlrKh File Management
5 wdrlaIK l<ukdlrKh Security Management

mß.Klh n, .ekaùu - Booting the Computer

Hard disk tfla isg mß.Klfha m%Odk u;lhg tys fufyhqï moaO;shu (os) fyda fldgila msfrñka ieliSfï
l%shdj,sh" mß.Klh boot ùu f,i kï lrhs

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mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;a - User Interface
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úOdk f¾Ld w;=re uqyqK;a -(CLI Command Line Interface)
MS DOS, Unix Linux
rEml mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;a -(GUI Graphical User Interface)
Windows 98 , 2000, ME, XP, 7, 8 Ubuntu , Kubuntu , Gnome, KDE3, Knoppix KDE4, XFCE4,
Enlightenment Fedora

újD; uQ,dY% fufyhqï moaO;s (open source)

kS;Hdkql+, whs;shlg ysñlï fkdlshk uDÿldx. fuu .Khg whs;s fõ' fuu uDÿldx. Ndú; lsÍug" fnod yeÍug fyda
fjkia lsÍug fyda wjia:dj uq¿ukskau fyda hï m%udKhlg fyda kS;suh jYfhka wjir § we;' fuu uDÿldx.
ksoyia uDÿldx. f,i o y÷kajhs
Ubuntu, Linux, Unix, Minix , Red-hat
ysñlï wdY%s; fufyhqï moaO;s
hï md¾Yajhlg ks;Hdkql+,j whs;shla we;s fufyhqï moaO;s fuu .Khg whs;s fõ' fuu uDÿldx. yd kS;suh mokula
ne£ mj;S'
Mac OS, Windows XP, ME, Vista, 7, 8
joka ieliqï uDÿldx.
Corel word perfect , Open office write, Microsoft office word , Kingsoft office , word star

joka ieliqï uDÿldx.j, uQ,sl ls%hdldrlï

msgq iQodkï lsÍu joka ieliqï uDÿldx.j, uQ,ls ls%hdldrlï

kj f,aLkhla ks¾udKh lsÍu
iSudjka ^Margins) ieliSu
iQuh ielisu (Zoom)
New save paste
úúO j¾.fha ieliSï (Formatting) open
wlaIr ^Font& cut
fþo ieliSu ^Paragraph Setting& Justify
copy Left Right
tfl,a, lsÍu Alignment
wkqfþokh lsÍu (Indentation) Center
fma<s mr;rh (Line Space) Bulleted Numbering
wlaIr úkHdih iy jHdlrK fodaI fiùu iy ksje/È lsÍu
List
jpk fiùu ^^Find& iy fjk;a jpk tA i|yd m%;sia:dmk lsÍfï Columns ClipArt
List WordArt
myiqlu ^Replace&
j.= (Table) ilia lsÍu Bold
;eme,a iïnkaO;d ^Mail Merge&
,sms f.dkq wdrlaId lsÍu (Save)
,sms f.dkq újD; lsÍu (File Open) Spelling Table print Print
uqøKh lsÍu (Printout) and preview
mQ¾j uqøK o¾Ykh ^Print Preview& Grammar
uqøKh ^Print& Italic Underline Format increase Text
painter Indent and Derection
decrease
Indent
úoHq;a m%o¾Ylhl wkqfþokh
lsÍu
Apple Keynote
IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics Hide Line Clear text
MS PowerPoint /Unhide spacing formatting highlight
Open Office.org Impress
crop
úoHq;a m%o¾Ylhla oel .; yels úúO iajrEm
Office
undo Assistant
redo
Hyperlink

1 2 3 4
1' idudkH oiqk p normal view
2' lod f;dark oiqk Slide Sorter
3' lshjk oiqk - Reading view
4' lod oiqk - Slide Show

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me;=reï uDÿldx. Aluth.com
Lotus 123,, MS Excel, Open Office., org Calc, SuperCalc yd VisiCalc

Sum( mrdih) - fldaI mrdihl ixLHd tl;= lrhs'

Max(mrdih ) - i|yka l< mrdih we;=<; Wmßu w.h ,nd fohs
Min(mrdih) - i|yka l< mrdih we;=<; wju w.h ,nd fohs'
Average(mrdih) - i|yka l< mrdih we;=<; ixLHdj, idudkHh w.h ,ndfohs'
Count(mrdih )- ixLHd wvx.= fldaI .Kk o úia;dr ,ehsia;=j we;=<; ixLHd o .Kka lrhs'
Rank(mrdih )- ,ehsia;=jl we;s ixLHd ;rd lrhs'
Round (ixLHdj, jeghsh hq;= ia:dkh) ixLHdjl wdikak w.h .Kkh lsÍu i|yd WmldÍ fõ'

o;a; iuqodh
o;a; iuqodhla hkq" tla;rd úIhlg tallhlg fyda isoa êhlg fyda iïnkaO f;dr;=re tl;=jls'
o;a; iuqodhla we;=<; tla;rd jHqyhlg o;a; ixúOdkh lr .ekSu wjYH h'

o;a; iuqod l<ukdlrK moaO;shla hkq" DBMS (Database Management Systems)

o;a; iuqod l<ukdlrK ld¾hh i|yd ie,iqï l< mß.Kl uDÿldx.hls'
Wod( Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access, MySQL, Open Office.org Base, dBASE III Plus, FoxPro, Paradox , SQL

o;a; iuqodhl m%Odk ixrpl

 j.= - o;a; ixúOdkd;aulj .nvd lsÍug
 úuiqï - j.=jl fyda j.=j, we;s wmg wjYH lafIa;% hgf;a muKla frfldav n,d .ekSug
 fmdaru- j.=j,g o;a; myiqfjka we;==<;a lsÍug " j.= .; f;dr;=re n,d .ekSug
 jd¾;d- j.=jla fyda úuiqula uqøs; wdldrhg bÈßm;a lsÍug

wd.ka;=l h;=r (Foreign Key)

tla j.=jla ;j;a j.=jla yd iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd Ndú;hg .kakd lafIa;%h tu j.=fõ wd.ka;=l h;=r (Foreign Key)
f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

m%Odk h;=r keyfield

m%Odk h;=rla hkq tla tla frfldavh wkkH j y÷kd .kq ,nk ´kEu lafIa;%hla fyda lafIa;% taldnoaOhla fyda fõ'

m%d:ñl h;=r (Primary Key)

tlu w.h kej; kej; fkdfhfok j.=fõ uQ, lafIa;%hla m%d:ñl h;=r (Primary Key) f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

j.= w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;d

 tal - tAl (One to One)
 tal - nyq (One to Many)
 nyq - nyq (Many to Many)

mß.Kl wkqidrfhka .eg¨ úi£u

NdId mßj¾;l uDÿldx.
iïmdol (Compilers) tljr jevigyku hdka;% NdIdjg mßj¾;kh
w¾: úkHdil (Interpreters) fm,ska fm< jevigyku hdka;% NdIdjg mßj¾;kh
Assembler - l=vd jpk hdka;% NdIdjg mßj¾;kh

l%uf,aLK fodaI Program Errors

1 Syntax errors – spelling & grammar mistakes jHdlrK jeros' fuysoS jeigyk l%shd;aul fkdfõ
2 Logical errors – mistakes of operators ;¾ldkql+, jeros' fuysoS jeigyk l%shd;aul jqj;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
ms<s;=r fkd,efí
3 Execution / Run time errors – when the program is running , dialog box appears with an error.
l%shd;aul jk úg jk jeros

ALGORITHM -
lsishï jQ .eg¿jlg úiÿï bosßm;a lsÍfïoS th ksjerosj úi|k wdldrh mshjfrka mshjr igyka lsÍuhs'

md,l jHqy
 wkql%ñl
 jrk - f;aÍu
 mqkrdj¾;kh

f;dr;=re moaO;s
System Development Life Cycle - moaO;s ixj¾Ok cSjk pl%h
1 .eg¿j ú.%yh (Problem Definition)
2' YlH;d wOHhkh (Feasibility Study)
;dlaI‚l YlH;dj Technical Feasibility fufyhqï YlH;dj (Operetional Feasibility)
wd¾Ól YlH;dj (Economic Feasibility)

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3' moaO;s úYaf,aIKh (System Analysis)
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moaO;sh ms<sn| o;a; /ia lsÍu- iïuqL idlÉPd" ,sÅ; ,shú,s " ksÍlaIK" m%YaKdj,s
ld¾h wjYH;d (Functional Requirements)
ld¾h fkdjk wjYH;d (Non- Functional Requirements)
4' moaO;s ie,iqu (System Design)
5' uDÿldx. ixj¾Okh (Software Development)
6' moaO;s mÍlaId lsÍu (Testing)
tall mÍlaIdj" ifudaOdksl mÍlaIdj" moaO;s mÍlaIdj" m%;s.%yK mÍlaIdj
7' moaO;s l%shd;aul lsÍu (Implementation)
Direct iDcq moaO;s udrej
Parallel iudka;r osùu
Pilot kshuq fufyhqï
Phase wjê

8' moaO;s kv;a;= lsÍu (Maintenance)

Web Hosting
;ud i;=j i¾jrhla fkdue;s ;ks mqoa.,hskag fyda iud.ïj,g" ;u fjí wvúh wka;¾cd,h u.ska fjk;a whg
,nd.; yels jk wdldrhg .nvd lsrSug wjYH i¾j¾ myiqlï imhk wdh;khls'

fjí wvúhla osh;a lrk wdldrh

fjí msgqjla osh;a lsÍug Web Host flfkla wjYHfõ' w¨;ska fjí msgq idokafkl=g fuh w;HdjYH fõ'
Web Host wdh;khg wka;¾cd,h yd iaÓrj iïnkaO ù we;s mß.Kl ;sìh hq;=hs' Tn úiska ks¾udKh
lrk ,o fjí msgqj fyda msgq Web Hosting wdh;khg ,nd Èh hq;=hs'

World Wide Web ys m%ldY lsÍu i|yd wjYH mshjr (www)

1. HTML Ndú;d lr Tnf.a fjí wvúh ks¾udKh lsÍu'
2. www Server Web Host u; Tnf.a ,shú,s .nvd lsÍug wjir .ekSu'
3 iïmQ¾K lrk ,o f;dr;=re Web Server g Transfer lsÍu'

Photoshop j,§ yuqjk File j¾. lsysmhla

Bmp- Odß;dj jeä File j¾.hls'
Gif - Odß;dj wvq uÜgul we;s mß.Kl .%e*sla i|yd WÑ; File j¾.hls'
Jpeg - Web msgq ieliSfï§ tajdg wjYH PdhdrEm i|yd fuu File j¾.h Ndú;d lrhs' Odß;dj wvq w.hla .kS'
Psd - Photoshop j, ks¾udKh lrk File tlla jpeg fyda gif jeks File tlla f,i Save l, úg th kej; fjkia lsÍï
i|yd Ndú;d lsÍu wmyiq fjhs' psd hkq Photoshop j, File Extension tlfõ' psd f,i File tl Save l, úg
wmsg th kej; Photoshop j, újD; lr myiqfjka fjkialï l, yel'

oaùudk iÔùlrKhla (2D Animation) ks¾udKh

 Tool Box - iÔúlrKh ks¾udKh lsÍug wjYH Tools, Tool Box tl ;=, mj;S' tajd Ndú;d fldg
we§u, mdg lsÍu, fjkia lsÍu jeks foa isÿ lsÍug mq¨jk'
 The Time Line - Tnf.a ks¾udKfha we;s foaj,a ld,h;a iu. yeisrùug Time Line tl WmldÍ fõ'

 Layers - tl u; ;sfnk úksúo fmfkk fld, lsysmhla is;ska ujd .kak' fïjd foi Wäka neÆ úg tajd
tlsfkl
u; weo ;sfnk foa Tng fmfkkq we;' Layers lsysmhl tl;=j hkq fujeks msysàuls' tla Layer tll isÿ lrk
fjkialï wfkla Layers j,g n, fkdmdkq we;'
 Property Inspector - fï u.ska Select ù we;s Tool tfla fyda Object tfla Properties fmkajhs'
 Key Frames - Key Frame tlla hkq Frame tllau jk w;r úfYaI;ajh jkqfha Tnf.a ks¾udKfha hï fjkila
isÿ l< hq;= jkafka Key Frame tlla u; isg ùuhs' Time Line tfla l¨ mdg ;s;lska Key Frame tlla fmkajkq
,nhs'

Time Line tfla we;s Frame yd Key Frame iu. jev lsÍu
Time Line tfla§ Frame yd Key Frame yiqrejñka Frame j, msysgjd we;s úúO Object Movie tl ;=,
fmfkk wdldrh ilia l, yel'
Frame yd Key Frame j,g my; i|yka foaj,a isÿl, yel'
• Insert, Select, Delete and Move
• w,q;a Layer tllg fyda tlu Layer tl ;=, Drag lsÍu'
• Copy, Paste
• Key Frame tlla Frame tlla njg m;a lsÍu'
• Key Frame tllg Library tfla isg hula tl;= lsÍug th Stage tlg ±óu'

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