PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
 
 
(Quantitative Research for Senior High School Students) by
 
SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, PhD
 
,
 
MOHAMAD T. SIMPAL, MST
 
 
&
 
 ARJEY B. MANGAKOY
 
 
1
WEEK 1
 
(Lessons 1 & 2; pages 2 – 10)
 
Reminder:
 
There are three TASKS (Tasks 1
 –
 3) you need to comply this WEEK 1.

 
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
 
 
(Quantitative Research for Senior High School Students) by
 
SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, PhD
 
,
 
MOHAMAD T. SIMPAL, MST
 
 
&
 
 ARJEY B. MANGAKOY
 
 
2
LESSON 1
 –
 NATURE OF INQUIRY, INVESTIGATION, IMMERSION
 
 AND RESEARCHOBJECTIVES:
 At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:1.
 
demonstrate their understanding about the overview of the research subjects offered
in the
 
senior high school curriculum; and2.
 
explain the importance of inquiry, investigation and immersion in conducting a
research.
Overview of the Senior High School Research Subjects
o
 Practical Research 1
 –
 Qualitative Research
o
 Practical Research 2
 –
 Quantitative Research (Our Subject this first semester)
o
 
 
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
 –
 Culminating Research Subject (Actual Conduct
 
of Research and afterwards Final Defense of your research output) (Your subject in
the
 
second semester of the new normal School Year 2020-2021)
o
 
 
Research Capstone
 –
 Actual Conduct of Science Investigatory Project (SIP) (For STEM
 
students only)
o
 
 
Qualitative Research
 –
 
making “
 
kuwento
 
” without “
 
kuwenta
 
” of a c
ertain event orphenomenon
o
 
 
Quantitative Research
 –
 
doing “
 
kuwenta
 
” with “
 
kuwento
 
” of a certain event or
phenomenon
o
 
 
Research = Inquiry + Investigation + Immersion
o
 
 
Quantitative Research = Statistics + LanguagePractical Research 1 (Qualitative
Research) has no prerequisite. It is usually offered in the
 
second semester of the Grade 11 curriculum. This means that students have already
taken up some
 
English and Filipino subjects before Practical Research 1 is offered. The
foundation of writing a
 
qualitative research is expertise in Language. Qualitative research is a scientific
method of
 
observation to gather non-numerical data. It refers to the
 
meanings
 
,
 
concepts
 
,
 
characteristics
 
,
metaphors
 
,
 
symbols
 
 
and
 
description
 
 
of phenomena, and
 
not to their counts
 
 
or 
 
 
measures
 
.
Qualitative research is making “
 
kuwento
 
” without “
 
kuwenta
 
” of an event or phenomenon. This
 
means that a researcher is going to give meanings to the topic that interests him
most. Giving
 
meanings to a particular problem requires expertise in writing composition. Thus,
qualitative
 
research uses textual form
in making “
 
kuwento
 
”. This research doesn’t apply statistical tools.
Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) has a prerequisite which is Statistics
and
 
Probability. It is usually offered in the first semester of the Grade 12
curriculum. It is expected that
 
students are already equipped with simple and complex writing of compositions
following the basic
 
and advanced grammar rules particularly the subject-verb agreement, tenses of the
verb, changing
 
from active voice sentences into passive voice sentences or vice versa. Students
are also expected
 
that they are already knowledgeable in sampling techniques, descriptive and
inferential statistical
 
tools such as standard deviation, frequency, percentage, weighted mean, t-test, z-
test, analysis of
 
variance (ANOVA), Pearson Product Moment Correlation (Pearson r) and Regression. A
student is
 
not allowed to take up Practical Research 2 if he has not yet taken up Statistics
and Probability
 
since Practical Research 2 is applying the concepts of Statistics in sampling
techniques and
 
hypothesis testing as well as in data analysis and interpretation. The foundations
in writing a
 
quantitative research are Language and Statistics. Statistical software such as
Microsoft excel and
 
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) are very applicable in quantitative
research.
 
Computer software gives only the statistic
al findings. It doesn’t analyze nor interpret the data.
 
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
 
 
(Quantitative Research for Senior High School Students) by
 
SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, PhD
 
,
 
MOHAMAD T. SIMPAL, MST
 
 
&
 
 ARJEY B. MANGAKOY
 
 
3 Analysis and interpretation of statistical data lies on the expertise of a
researcher with the help of
 
his research consultants.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
 
 
is the third research subject offered to all students
 
from different tracks or strands of the senior high school curriculum. Its
prerequisites are Practical
 
Research 1 and Practical Research 2. It is offered in the second semester of the
Grade 12curriculum. It is the culminating research subject since final defense of
the completed researches
 
will be conducted. Students will be going to defend their research outputs before
the examining
 
committee and the invited panel of adjudicators. Students have the option which of
the Practical
 
Research 1 or Practical research 2 proposals they are going to continue for their I
 
nquiries,Investigations and Immersion
 
 
subject. They can have also the mixed methods of qualitative and
 
quantitative researches to have best research outputs.
 
Research Capstone
 
 
is a research subject exclusively offered for students from STEM
 
curriculum. Its prerequisites are Practical Research 1 and Practical Research 2. It
is offered in the
 
second semester of the Grade 12 curriculum. This means that STEM students have two
researchsubjects in the second semester of their Grade 12; to wit: (1) Inquiries,
Investigations and
 
Immersion; and (2) Research Capstone. Pure Science topics will be the focus of the
Research
 
Capstone. Actual conduct of Science Investigatory Project (SIP) will be observed in
Research
 
Capstone. STEM students should really exert efforts so that they can produce two
very good
 
researches in
 
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
 
 
and
 
Research Capstone
 
.
What is an Inquiry? an Investigation?
INQUIRY
 
 
is an act of asking questions. It is a process that has the aim of augmenting
 
knowledge, resolving doubt or solving problem.
In dictionary, “
 
INQUIRY
 
”
is synonymous with the
word “
 
INVESTIGATION
 
”. However, investig
ation has a deeper meaning if we are talking about
 
research process. It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.
It is closely
 
related to “
 
RESEARCH
 
”. What makes
 
research
 
 
different from
 
investigation
 
 
is that the formerundergoes
“
 
IMMERSION
 
”.
 Examples of inquiries are (1) What is your ambition in life? (2) Who is your
favorite teacher?
 
(3) How much is the monthly amortization of your loan? (4) Why is research
important in improving
 
person’s life?
(5) How does research help the teachers for their career development?Examples of
questions that need further investigations are (1) Who is the prime suspect of
 
this major violation of the school policy? (2) What are the reasons why a group of
students led the
 
creation of first-ever gang in the school? (3) Why does this bullying incidence
occur in the school?
 
(4) Why did student A physically hurt student B which resulted to th
e minor fracture of the latter’s
 
leg? (5) Who is behind the stealing of the
school’s
closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage?
 
What is an Immersion?
IMMERSION
 
 
is a process whereby a
 
researcher immerses
 
 
(deeply involves) himself in the
 
data gathering activities and the data he has gathered are carefully read or
examined by him in
 
details. Orientation as to the objectives of the study and distribution of survey
questionnaires to the
 
respondents are part of immersion activities of a quantitative researcher.
Conducting the interviews
 
and focus group discussions (FGDs) as well as participatory rapid appraisal (PRA)
are part of
 
immersion activities of a qualitative researcher.
Combining the idea of “
 
inquiry
 
”, “
 
investigation
 
”and “
 
immersion
 
”, the concept of “
research
” comes in.
 
 
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
 
 
(Quantitative Research for Senior High School Students) by
 
SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, PhD
 
,
 
MOHAMAD T. SIMPAL, MST
 
 
&
 
 ARJEY B. MANGAKOY
 
 
4
What is a Research?
RESEARCH
 
 
is a systematic and refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools,
 
instruments, and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a
problem. It starts witha
 
problem
 
; going to the collection of data; analysis and interpretation of incontrovertible
facts and
 
evidences, which are critical to reach decisions based on actual observations. It
ends with a
problem
 
. Research tools such as interview and focus group discussion (FGD) guide
questions,
 
participatory rapid appraisal (PRA), tape or voice recorder and video camera are
used in data
 
gathering activities for qualitative research. Research instruments such as
checklist, survey
 
questionnaire and multiple-choice paper-pencil test are employed in collection of
data for
 
quantitative research. Examples of research questions are (1) How is bullying
related to teenage
 
depression? (2) What is the psychological effect of COVID-19 pandemic to the
teachers and
 
students? (3) What are the effects of teenage rebellion to the students’ studies
and family
 
relati
onship? (4) Is there a significant relationship between teachers’ commitment and
their teaching
 
performance? (5) Why are Maguindanaon able to preserve their cultural heritage
despite the
 
invasion of modern world?Inquiries are questions or situations that can be answered
instantly. Investigations are
 
questions or situations that cannot get instant answers. They need further
verification and validation
 
from several people before arriving at valid conclusions. Many settings of
questioning process are
 
manifested in conducting an investigation before getting the reliable information.
Investigation
 
sometimes uses tools such as checklist and interview guides to have a systematic
flow of the
 
questioning. Research is more complex compared with inquiry and investigation. A
researcher
 
needs to undergo immersion just to reliably get the answers of his research
questions. He definitely
 
uses tools or instruments in data gathering activities. He needs to personally
engage in the data
 
gathering activities to know more about his respondents or participants. Inquiry,
investigation and
 
immersion are all under the umbrella of research. In conducting a research,
ordinary asking of
 
questions that need instant answers is very useful. Deeper analysis of a phenomenon
plays a huge
 
part to get more comprehensive results of the study. Getting involved with the
participants of the
 
study is needed to get their innate feelings or emotions towards a research
subject.
General Reminder:
Students are really required to answer all the
 
ESSAY QUESTIONS
 
 
in paragraph forms. This
 
is a training for them to improve their writing skills and eventually, they can
write their own
 
researches. They are expected to have their full competence in basic writing
composition following
 
the correct grammar rules particularly the subject-verb agreement and tenses of the
verb since they
 
have already taken up many Language subjects. They are required to write first the
essay questions
 
before the answers. In every task, they need to write their name, section, name of
their teacher.
 
They have to submit their answers to the
 
TASKS
 
 
given to them in the drop points in their localities.They are advised to observe
the
 
SAMPLE ANSWER
 
 
of an
 
ESSAY QUESTION
 
 
in paragraph form. 
ESSAY QUESTION:
 
 
Why do we need to consider ethical standards in conducting a research?
 ANSWER:
 
Following ethical standards in conducting a research is very important because our
 
credibility might be ruined if we will not consider the research ethics. We might
be charged of
 
intellectual piracy or plagiarism if we won’t consider the proper in
-text citation and referencing.
 
 
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
 
 
(Quantitative Research for Senior High School Students) by
 
SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, PhD
 
,
 
MOHAMAD T. SIMPAL, MST
 
 
&
 
 ARJEY B. MANGAKOY
 
 
5Ethical standards in research will serve as our guides in conducting a research in
a religious
 
manner so that we can come out with valid and reliable research findings and our
credibility as aresearcher will boost.
TASK 1:
 
 Answer the following questions in paragraph forms.1.
How does ‘
 
inquiry
 
’ differ from ‘
 
investigation
 
’?
 2.
Compare and contrast ‘
 
investigation
 
’ and ‘
 
research
 
’.
 3. How is immersion done in conducting a research?4.
 
Differentiate the two research subjects: “
 
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
 
” and“
 
Research Capstone
 
”.
 5. Elaborate thi
s statement: “Qualitative research is making ‘
 
kuwento
 
’ without ‘
 
kuwenta
 
’ of a
certain phenomenon.6.
 
Explain this equation: Quantitative Research = Statistics + Language.7.
 
Give two questions which are classified as:
 
inquiries
 
,
 
investigations
 
 
and
 
researches
 
.(two for inquiries, two for investigations and two for researches)
LESSON 2
 –
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND STEPS INCONDUCTING A
RESEARCHOBJECTIVES:
 At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:1.
 
identify the characteristics of a quantitative research; and2.
 
explain the seven steps in conducting a research.
Characteristics of Research
1.
Empirical
 
 
-
 Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. The
 
collection of data relies on practical experience. This means that research is
learning bydoing. A person who has
 
NO EXPERIENCE
 
in conducting a research means that he is
 
NOTYET EXPERT
 
 
in the research process.
Researcher’s e
xpertise in the research process can
 
be manifested through his research outputs being utilized by his workplace and
other
 
agencies or through his online publications. If a person has no name yet in the
internet with
 
his research publication, he is not yet born as
 
RESEARCHER
 
. He is a certified researcherif he has already published at least one research in
a prestigious international research
 
publication. It is normal that conducting a research for the first time is very
difficult. However,
 
if a person is used to conduct researches, then it makes him a habit in which he
will find all
 
ways to look solutions to the existing problems that surround him or his workplace.
 
Familiarizing the research process can only be done if there is an actual conduct
of research.
 
Learned research concepts and principles can easily be forgotten if not applied in
actualconduct of research.
2.
Logical
 
 
-
Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive
 
methods of data analysis. It is also based on valid procedures and principles.
Scientific
 
investigation is done in an orderly manner, so that researcher has a confidence in
the results.
 
 A researcher has the ability to generalize idea from specific investigations of a
particular
 
phenomenon. He has also the expertise in breaking down the big idea into smaller
parts to
 
let the readers understand what is really imparted by the findings of the research.
Aresearcher is able to answer the
 
Why
 
,
 
What
 
 
and
 
How
 
 
of the phenomenon through the
 
findings of his research. A senior high school research (SHS)
students’
output is expected
 
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
 
 
(Quantitative Research for Senior High School Students) by
 
SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, PhD
 
,
 
MOHAMAD T. SIMPAL, MST
 
 
&
 
 ARJEY B. MANGAKOY
 
 
6to have a logical reasoning based on the minimum standards of SHS curriculum.
There are
 
many Language subjects offered in the SHS curriculum. Thus, SHS researches must be
of
 
high quality compared with that of junior high school (JHS) researches.
“
Research is logical
”
 
also means that research is free from grammatical and conceptual errors and it is
done in
 
accordance with highest ethical standards in research.
3.
Cyclical
 
 
 –
 
Research undergoes a cyclical process. It starts with a
 
problem
 
 
and ends witha
 
problem
 
. Hence, research is repeated. A researcher conducts a study to answer his doubt
 
about a certain topic. If a person is always curious about the existence of a
particular
 
phenomenon, then he can potentially generate a research problem out of that
curiosity.
 
Since he is interested to the
 
Why
 
,
 
What
 
 
and
 
How
 
 
of a phenomenon, he already starts with
 
the process of inquiries and investigations. He proceeds with the collection of
data relevant
 
to that phenomenon. If he already has enough information about that phenomenon, he
 
begins analyzing and interpreting the gathered data. After giving meanings to that
 
phenomenon, he makes conclusions. Then, he proceeds with the recommendation where
 
another problem which is potential for further investigation by other future
researchers is
 
found. Re
search doesn’t simply stop at finding the solution of one problem. A researcher
 
recommends a problem that needs to be investigated by another researcher. All
researchers
 
end their research process with a recommendation. As long as there is a
recommendation
 
in the part of the research, then there is still a potential problem that needs to
be investigated
 
by other researchers. Thus, research is cyclical.
4.
 Analytical
 
 
-
Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether
 
historical, descriptive, and experimental or any alternative research methods. A
researcher
 
has the ability to use facts or evidences already available, and he is able to
analyze these
 
data to make a critical evaluation of the research output. He has the ability to
establish why
 
it is that way or how it came to be. Analytical skills in research are very
important since they
 
allow the researcher to find solutions to common problems and make decisions about
what
 
actions to take next. Understanding problems and analyzing the situation for viable
solution
 
is a key skill in conducting a research. If research findings are comprehensively
analyzed,
 
based from valid reasoning and factual evidences, they are said to be logical. This
means
 
that both logical and analytical process involves the inductive and deductive
approaches in
 
data analysis and interpretation. If a research finding is analyzed in a wrong way,
it definitely
 
arrives at invalid conclusion.
5.
Replicable
 
 
- The research design and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher
 
to arrive at valid and conclusive results. The more replicated the researches are,
the more
 
valid and conclusive the results would be. Research can be replicated any time in a
different
 
setting, but its findings are never duplicated. Replicability is one of the
beauties of
 
quantitative research. For instance, a researcher conducted a study about the
relationship
 
between emotional intelligence and leadership competence of school administrators.
His
 
finding revealed that there is a strong relationship between the two involved
variables
 
(emotional intelligence and leadership competence). Another researcher can conduct
a
 
research using the same research objective but uses a different setting, he will
definitely
 
arrive at different findings compared with the former researcher. One research
problem has
 
two different findings if it is conducted in two different settings. Quantitative
research cannot
 
generate new concept or theory. It just only refines or recycles the old idea to
make it
 
relatable or appealing to the modern society. Quantitative research can be
conducted to
 
prove or disprove the previously established idea or theory. Conducting a research
to
 
validate the already constructed idea is a form of replicability. “
Research is cyclical
” means