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1 - How To Create Graphs For LABS

This document provides guidance on creating graphs for physics labs, including how to define independent and dependent variables, title graphs appropriately, determine the best fit line, and handle nonlinear data relationships. The independent variable is the condition deliberately varied between trials and graphed on the x-axis, while the dependent variable is the measurement made each trial and graphed on the y-axis. The best fit line should pass through the middle of data points with an equation relating the variables. Nonlinear relationships may require transforming variables, such as squaring or taking the inverse, to achieve a linear fit.

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Alejandro Leon
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views2 pages

1 - How To Create Graphs For LABS

This document provides guidance on creating graphs for physics labs, including how to define independent and dependent variables, title graphs appropriately, determine the best fit line, and handle nonlinear data relationships. The independent variable is the condition deliberately varied between trials and graphed on the x-axis, while the dependent variable is the measurement made each trial and graphed on the y-axis. The best fit line should pass through the middle of data points with an equation relating the variables. Nonlinear relationships may require transforming variables, such as squaring or taking the inverse, to achieve a linear fit.

Uploaded by

Alejandro Leon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CBHS  

Physics:  
How  to  Create  Graphs  for  Labs  
 
Independent  and  Dependent  Variables  
  Most  experiments  involve  carefully  setting  up  a  set  of  initial  conditions  and  making  a  measurement  as  
the  test  is  being  preformed.    Then,  for  the  next  trial,  usually  one  of  the  initial  conditions  is  changed  and  a  new  
measurement  is  made.      The  initial  condition  that  the  experimenter  changes  from  one  trial  to  the  next  is  the  
independent  variable.    This  is  always  graphed  on  the  horizontal,  or  x-­‐axis.    The  measurement  being  made  for  
each  trial  is  the  dependent  variable.    This  is  always  graphed  on  the  vertical,  or  y-­‐axis.      
For  example,  if  you  want  to  know  how  long  it  takes  someone  to  run  100  meters,  you  set  up  the  course,  
find  a  runner,  and  time  the  runner  with  some  sort  of  stopwatch.    For  the  next  trial,  if  you  change  the  distance  
to  120  meters,  then  the  distance  is  the  independent  variable  and  the  time  it  takes  the  runner  to  finish  is  the  
dependent  variable.    It  is  considered  poor  experimental  technique  to  change  two  parts  of  the  experiment  from  
one  trial  to  the  next.    So,  using  the  same  example,  if  you  changed  the  distance  and  changed  the  runner  for  the  
second  trial,  then  your  data  is  not  going  to  be  reliable.  
 
 
Title  and  Axes  
Every  graph  should  have  a  descriptive  title  and  accurate  labels  for  the  axes.    Someone  reading  the  title  
ŽĨLJŽƵƌŐƌĂƉŚƐŚŽƵůĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚǁŚĂƚƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ͘WůĞĂƐĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĂƚ͞ŝƐƚĂŶĐĞǀƐ͘dŝŵĞ͟Žƌ͞'ƌĂƉŚϭ͟
are  not  very  descriptive.    Each  axis  scale  should  allow  you  to  clearly  display  the  data  using  the  entire  area  of  the  
graph.    The  axes  labels  should  have  the  correct  units.  
 
 
Best  Fits  Line  (aka  Regression  Line)  
x Do  not  connect  all  the  data  points!  
x Draw  a  line  through  the  middle  of  the  points.    Try  to  
have  as  many  above  the  line  as  below  it.    Also,  hit  at  
least  two  points  ʹ  the  farther  apart,  the  better.  
x Use  the  two  points  that  are  closest  to  the  line  and  the  
࢟૛ െ࢟૚
formula,  ࢓ = ,  to  find  the  slope  of  the  line.  
࢞૛ െ࢞૚
x Use  the  slope,  with  one  of  the  points,  and  the  formula,  
࢟ = ࢓࢞ + ࢈,  to  find  the  y-­‐intercept.  
x Write  the  equation  that  models  the  relationship  
between  the  independent  and  dependent  variables.  
 
 
Interpolation  and  Extrapolation  
  Once  you  have  an  equation,  you  can  use  it  to  predict  values  that  you  did  not  measure.    Predicting  
values  between  existing  data  points  is  called  interpolation.    Using  your  equation  to  predict  values  beyond  
existing  data  points  is  called  extrapolation.    For  example,  if  you  measure  the  time  it  takes  for  someone  to  run  
100  m,  120  m,  140  m,  160  m,  and  180  m,  you  can  use  your  data  to  create  an  equation  that  predicts  how  long  it  
would  take  the  runner  to  run  150  m  (interpolation)  or  200  m  (extrapolation).    The  better  you  are  at  measuring  
your  data,  the  better  your  graphs  and  equation  will  turn  out,  and  the  better  your  predictions  will  be.  
 
Nonlinear  Data  
  Many  times  you  will  not  be  able  to  fit  a  line  to  your  data  very  well.    You  are  trying  to  find  a  
mathematical  relationship  between  your  independent  and  dependent  variables.    That  relationship  will  not  
always  be  linear.    However,  you  can  always  follow  these  steps  to  come  up  with  a  linear  relationship.  
 
Quadratic  
When  the  dependent  
variable  (y)  increases  at  a  
much  faster  rate  than  the  
independent  variable  (x),  
the  relationship  between  
them  is  said  to  be  
quadratic.    If  your  data  
looks  like  the  graph  on  the  
right,  you  can  make  the  
data  line  up  by  squaring  the  
independent  variable  (x).  
Square  Root  
When  the  dependent  variable  
(y)  increases  at  a  much  slower  
rate  than  the  independent  
variable  (x),  the  relationship  
between  them  is  said  to  be  a  
square  root.    If  your  data  looks  
like  the  graph  on  the  far  left  ,  
you  can  make  the  data  line  up  
by  squaring  the  dependent  
variable  (y).  
Inverse  
When  the  dependent  
variable  (y)  decreases  when  
the  independent  variable  (x)  
increases,  the  relationship  
between  them  is  said  to  be  
inverse.    If  your  data  looks  
like  the  graph  on  the  right,  
you  can  make  the  data  line  
up  by  graphing  the  inverse  of  
the  independent  variable  (x).  
 
Finishing  Your  Analysis  
  Once  you  have  made  the  linear  graph,  you  can  find  the  best  fits  line,  and  finally  the  equation.    This  
should  be  your  goal  when  working  with  the  data  from  your  labs.    Make  sure  to  refer  to  your  graphs,  often,  
when  writing  your  data  analysis.    Good  Luck!  

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