1 - How To Create Graphs For LABS
1 - How To Create Graphs For LABS
Physics:
How to Create Graphs for Labs
Independent and Dependent Variables
Most experiments involve carefully setting up a set of initial conditions and making a measurement as
the test is being preformed. Then, for the next trial, usually one of the initial conditions is changed and a new
measurement is made. The initial condition that the experimenter changes from one trial to the next is the
independent variable. This is always graphed on the horizontal, or x-‐axis. The measurement being made for
each trial is the dependent variable. This is always graphed on the vertical, or y-‐axis.
For example, if you want to know how long it takes someone to run 100 meters, you set up the course,
find a runner, and time the runner with some sort of stopwatch. For the next trial, if you change the distance
to 120 meters, then the distance is the independent variable and the time it takes the runner to finish is the
dependent variable. It is considered poor experimental technique to change two parts of the experiment from
one trial to the next. So, using the same example, if you changed the distance and changed the runner for the
second trial, then your data is not going to be reliable.
Title and Axes
Every graph should have a descriptive title and accurate labels for the axes. Someone reading the title
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are not very descriptive. Each axis scale should allow you to clearly display the data using the entire area of the
graph. The axes labels should have the correct units.
Best Fits Line (aka Regression Line)
x Do not connect all the data points!
x Draw a line through the middle of the points. Try to
have as many above the line as below it. Also, hit at
least two points ʹ the farther apart, the better.
x Use the two points that are closest to the line and the
࢟ െ࢟
formula, = , to find the slope of the line.
࢞ െ࢞
x Use the slope, with one of the points, and the formula,
࢟ = ࢞ + ࢈, to find the y-‐intercept.
x Write the equation that models the relationship
between the independent and dependent variables.
Interpolation and Extrapolation
Once you have an equation, you can use it to predict values that you did not measure. Predicting
values between existing data points is called interpolation. Using your equation to predict values beyond
existing data points is called extrapolation. For example, if you measure the time it takes for someone to run
100 m, 120 m, 140 m, 160 m, and 180 m, you can use your data to create an equation that predicts how long it
would take the runner to run 150 m (interpolation) or 200 m (extrapolation). The better you are at measuring
your data, the better your graphs and equation will turn out, and the better your predictions will be.
Nonlinear Data
Many times you will not be able to fit a line to your data very well. You are trying to find a
mathematical relationship between your independent and dependent variables. That relationship will not
always be linear. However, you can always follow these steps to come up with a linear relationship.
Quadratic
When the dependent
variable (y) increases at a
much faster rate than the
independent variable (x),
the relationship between
them is said to be
quadratic. If your data
looks like the graph on the
right, you can make the
data line up by squaring the
independent variable (x).
Square Root
When the dependent variable
(y) increases at a much slower
rate than the independent
variable (x), the relationship
between them is said to be a
square root. If your data looks
like the graph on the far left ,
you can make the data line up
by squaring the dependent
variable (y).
Inverse
When the dependent
variable (y) decreases when
the independent variable (x)
increases, the relationship
between them is said to be
inverse. If your data looks
like the graph on the right,
you can make the data line
up by graphing the inverse of
the independent variable (x).
Finishing Your Analysis
Once you have made the linear graph, you can find the best fits line, and finally the equation. This
should be your goal when working with the data from your labs. Make sure to refer to your graphs, often,
when writing your data analysis. Good Luck!