CE 3104

Structural Theory

Lecture 3:
Influence Lines

Engr. Abbey Dale Abellanosa, MSc

Department of Civil Engineering

CE 3104 – Structural Theory September 21 – 30, 2020

Lecture Outline
Influence Lines for Beams: Equilibrium Method
Concept of Influence Line → Influence Lines for Beams → Equilibrium
Method

Influence Lines for Frames: Equilibrium Method

Influence Lines for Frames

Influence Lines by Müller-Breslau’s Principle

Qualitative Influence Lines → Released Structure → Quantitative
Calculations for the Ordinates

Influence Lines for Girders and Trusses

Girders with Floor Systems → Influence Lines for Trusses

Application of Influence Lines

Single Moving Concentrated Load → Uniformly Distributed Live Load
→ Series of Moving Concentrated Loads → Maximum Response

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-2
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 3.1:
Influence Lines for Beams

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020

Concept of Influence Lines

𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐷
𝐶

𝐹 𝐺 𝐻

An influence line is a graph of a

response function of a structure as a
function of the position of a downward
unit load moving across the structure.

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-4
Concept of Influence Lines
Purpose of Constructing Influence Lines:
From the foregoing discussion, we can see that the analysis of
structures for variable loads consists of two steps:
(1) determining the position(s) of the load(s) at which the response
function of interest (e.g., a reaction, shear or bending moment
at a section of a beam, or force in a truss member) becomes
maximum, and
(2) computing the maximum value of the response function.

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-5
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Lines for Reactions
1.0
𝑥
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝐴 𝐶

𝐵 𝐴𝑦 𝐿 − 1 𝐿 − 𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑦 𝑎
𝐶𝑦
𝐿 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 1 −
𝐿
𝐴𝑦
𝑎
1.0 0.75 1−
𝐿
0.40
0
𝑥
0 0.25𝐿 𝑎 0.6𝐿 𝐿 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚
𝐶𝑦 𝑥
𝑎 1.0 𝐶𝑦 + 1 − −1=0
0.6 𝐿
𝐿
0.25
𝑥
𝑥 𝐶𝑦 =
0 0.25𝐿 𝑎 0.6𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Influence Line for 𝑪𝒚

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-6
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Lines for Shear and Moment at a Section
1.0
Solving for Shear at 𝑩: for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝒂
𝑥

𝐴 𝐶 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐵 𝑉𝐵 + 𝐶𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 𝑎
𝐶𝑦
𝐿 𝑉𝐵 = −𝐶𝑦
𝑥
𝑉𝐵 = −
𝑀𝐵 𝐿
𝐶
𝐵 Solving for Moment at 𝑩: for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝒂
𝐿−𝑎
𝑉𝐵 𝐶𝑦
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0

𝑀𝐵 − 𝐶𝑦 𝐿 − 𝑎 = 0
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 𝑀𝐵 = 𝐶𝑦 𝐿 − 𝑎
𝐿
𝑥 𝑎
𝐶𝑦 = 𝑀𝐵 = 1 − 𝑥
𝐿 𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-7
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Lines for Shear and Moment at a Section
1.0
Solving for Shear at 𝑩: for 𝒂 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝑳
𝑥

𝐴 𝐶 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐵 𝐴𝑦 − 𝑉𝐵 = 0
𝐴𝑦 𝑎
𝐶𝑦
𝐿 𝑉𝐵 = 𝐴𝑦
𝑥
𝑉𝐵 = 1 −
𝑀𝐵 𝐿
𝐴
𝐵 Solving for Moment at 𝑩: for 𝒂 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝑳
𝑎
𝐴𝑦 𝑉𝐵
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0

−𝑀𝐵 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑎 = 0
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 𝑀𝐵 = 𝐴𝑦 𝑎
𝐿
𝑥 𝑎
𝐶𝑦 = 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑎 − 𝑥
𝐿 𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-8
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Lines for Shear and Moment at a Section
1.0
𝑥 Shear at 𝑩:
𝐴 𝐶 𝑥
− , 0≤𝑥<𝑎
𝐵 𝑉𝐵 = 𝐿
𝑎 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦 1− , 𝑎<𝑥≤𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝑎
1−
𝐿
Moment at 𝑩:
𝑎 0.40 0
𝑥 𝑎
0 𝑎 𝐿 1 − 𝑥, 0≤𝑥<𝑎
− 𝐿
𝐿 𝑀𝐵 =
Influence Line for 𝑽𝑩 𝑎
𝑎 − 𝑥, 𝑎<𝑥≤𝐿
𝐶𝑦 𝑎 𝐿
𝑎 1−
𝐿

0
𝑥
0 𝑎 𝐿
Influence Line for 𝑴𝑩

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-9
Influence Lines for Beams
Example 1: Draw the influence lines for the vertical reactions at
supports A; C, and E, the shear just to the right of support C, and the
bending moment at point B of the beam shown.

𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝐸

2m 2m 4m 4m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-10
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Line for 𝑬𝒚
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐷𝐷𝐸 = 0
𝐴 𝐸
2m 2m 4m 4m
𝐸𝑦 4 = 0
𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦 𝐸𝑦
𝐸𝑦 = 0 0≤𝑥 ≤8m
𝐷 𝐸
4m
𝐸𝑦

+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐷𝐷𝐸 = 0
1.0 kN
𝑥−8 𝐸𝑦 4 − 1 𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝐷 𝐸
𝑥
4m 𝐸𝑦 = − 2 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
𝐸𝑦 4

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-11
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Line for 𝑪𝒚
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐶𝑦 4 + 𝐸𝑦 12 − 1 𝑥 = 0
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝐸 𝑥
2m 2m 4m 4m 𝐶𝑦 = − 3𝐸𝑦
4
𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦 𝐸𝑦

when 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8 m
0, 0≤𝑥 ≤8m 𝑥
𝐸𝑦 = ቐ𝑥 𝐶𝑦 = − 3 0
− 2, 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m 4
4
𝑥
𝐶𝑦 = 0≤𝑥 ≤8m
4

when 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
𝑥 𝑥
𝐶𝑦 = − 3 − 2
4 4
𝑥
𝐶𝑦 = 6 − 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
3

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-12
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Line for 𝑪𝒚
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐸𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝐸
𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 𝐶𝑦 − 𝐸𝑦
2m 2m 4m 4m
𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦 𝐸𝑦
when 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8 m
0, 0≤𝑥 ≤8m 𝑥
𝐸𝑦 = ቐ𝑥 𝐴𝑦 = 1 − − 0
− 2, 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m 4
4 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 0≤𝑥 ≤8m
𝑥 4
, 0≤𝑥 ≤8m
𝐶𝑦 = 4
𝑥 when 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
6− , 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 6 − − −2
2 4
1− , 0≤𝑥 ≤8m
𝐴𝑦 = 𝑥 4 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = − 3 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
− 3, 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m 4
4
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-13
Influence Lines for Beams
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝐸
2m 2m 4m 4m
𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦 𝐸𝑦
𝐸𝑦
1.0
0, 0≤𝑥 ≤8m
0 𝐸𝑦 = ቐ𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
− 2, 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
4
Influence Line for 𝑬𝒚
𝐶𝑦 2.0
1.0 𝑥
0.5 , 0≤𝑥 ≤8m
0 0
𝐶𝑦 = 4
𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 6− , 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
Influence Line for 𝑪𝒚 2
𝐴𝑦
1.0
0.5 𝑥
𝐷 0 1− , 0≤𝑥 ≤8m
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐸 𝐴𝑦 = 𝑥 4
−1.0
− 3, 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚
4

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-14
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Line for Shear at Just to the Right of 𝑪, 𝑽𝑪,𝑹
1.0 kN
𝑥 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝐸 𝑉𝐶,𝑅 + 𝐸𝑦 = 0
4m 4m 4m
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 𝐸𝑦 𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = −𝐸𝑦
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 0 0≤𝑥 ≤4m

+↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
1.0 kN
𝑥 𝑉𝐶,𝑅 − 𝐴𝑦 − 𝐶𝑦 = 0
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 𝐷
𝐴
𝐶
𝐸
𝑥 𝑥
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 1 − +
4m 4m 4m 4 4
𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 1 4≤𝑥 ≤8m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-15
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Line for Shear at Just to the Right of 𝑪, 𝑽𝑪,𝑹
1.0 kN
𝑥 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝐸 𝑉𝐶,𝑅 + 𝐸𝑦 − 1 = 0
4m 4m 4m
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 𝐸𝑦 𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 1 − 𝐸𝑦
𝑥
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 1 − −2
4
𝑥
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 3 − 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
4

0, 0≤𝑥 ≤4m
1, 4≤𝑥 ≤8m
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 𝑥
3− , 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
4

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-16
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Line for Moment at 𝑩, 𝑴𝑩 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
1.0 kN
𝑥 𝑀𝐵
𝑀𝐵 − 𝐴𝑦 2 + 1 2 − 𝑥 = 0
𝐴
𝐵
𝐸
𝑀𝐵 = 2𝐴𝑦 − 1 2 − 𝑥
2m 10 m 𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = 2 1 − −1 2−𝑥
𝐴𝑦 4
𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = 0≤𝑥 ≤2m
2

1.0 kN +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑥
𝐵 𝑀𝐵 𝑀𝐵 − 𝐴𝑦 2 = 0
𝐴 𝐸
2m 10 m 𝑀𝐵 = 2𝐴𝑦
𝐴𝑦
𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = 2 1 −
4
𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = 2 − 2≤𝑥 ≤8m
2
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-17
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Line for Moment at 𝑩, 𝑴𝑩
1.0 kN +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑥
𝐵 𝑀𝐵 𝑀𝐵 − 𝐴𝑦 2 = 0
𝐴 𝐸
2m 10 m 𝑀𝐵 = 2𝐴𝑦
𝐴𝑦
𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = 2 − 3
4
𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = − 6 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
2

𝑥
, 0≤𝑥 ≤2m
2
𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = 2− , 2≤𝑥 ≤8m
2
𝑥
− 6, 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
2

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-18
Influence Lines for Beams
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝐸
2m 2m 4m 4m
𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦 𝐸𝑦
𝑉𝐶,𝑅
1.0 1.0
0, 0≤𝑥 ≤4m
0 1, 4≤𝑥 ≤8m
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 3− , 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
Influence Line for 𝑽𝑪,𝑹 (kN/kN) 4

𝑀𝐵
1.0 𝑥
, 0≤𝑥 ≤2m
0 𝐷 0 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐸
𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = 2− , 2≤𝑥 ≤8m
2
−2.0 𝑥
− 6, 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 m
2
Influence Line for 𝑴𝑩 (kN-m/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-19
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 3.2:
Influence Lines for Frames:
Equilibrium Method

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020

Influence Lines for Frames
Example 1: Draw the influence lines for the vertical reaction and the
reaction moment at support 𝐴 of the frame shown.

𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

4m

2m 4m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-21
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Lines for 𝑨𝒚 and 𝑴𝒚
1.0 kN
𝑥
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐵 2m 𝐶 4m 𝐷
𝐴𝑦 − 1 = 0

𝐴𝑦 = 1 0≤𝑥 ≤6m
4m

+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝐴
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐴 − 1 𝑥 − 2 = 0

𝐴𝑦 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑥 − 2 0≤𝑥 ≤6m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-22
Influence Lines for Beams
Influence Lines for 𝑨𝒚 and 𝑴𝒚
1.0 kN
𝑥

𝐵 2m 𝐶 4m 𝐷

𝐴𝑦
1.0 1.0

0 𝑥 𝐴𝑦 = 1 0≤𝑥 ≤6m
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚 (kN/kN)
𝑀𝐴
4.0

0 𝑥 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑥 − 2 0≤𝑥 ≤6m
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
−2.0
Influence Line for 𝑴𝑨 (kN-m/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-23
Influence Lines for Frames
Example 2: Draw the influence lines for the horizontal and vertical
reactions at supports 𝐴 and 𝐵 and the shear at hinge 𝐸 of the three-
hinged bridge frame shown

𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺

3m
𝐴 𝐵

5m 5m 5m 5m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-24
Influence Lines for Frames
Influence Lines for 𝑨𝒚 and 𝑩𝒚
1.0 kN
𝑥 +↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺
𝐴𝑦 10 − 1 15 − 𝑥 = 0
3m
𝐴 𝐵
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 𝐴𝑦 = 1.5 − 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20 m
5m 5m 5m 5m 10
𝐴𝑦
1.5
1.0
0.5 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
0 𝐺 𝑥
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 − 1 = 0
−0.5
Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚 (kN/kN) 𝑥
𝐵𝑦 1.5 1.5 − + 𝐵𝑦 − 1 = 0
1.0 10
0.5
0 𝑥 𝑥
𝐶
𝐵𝑦 = − 0.5 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20 m
𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺 10
−0.5
Influence Line for 𝑩𝒚 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-25
Influence Lines for Frames
Influence Lines for 𝑨𝒙 and 𝑩𝒙
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐸,𝐿 = 0
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑦 5 + 1 10 − 𝑥 = 0
5 𝑥 1
3m 𝐴𝑥 = 1.5 − − 10 − 𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 3 10 3
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
5m 5m 5m 5m 𝑥−5
𝐴𝑥 = 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 m
6

1.0 kN
𝑥 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐸,𝐿 = 0
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺
𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑦 5 = 0
3m
𝐴 𝐵 5 𝑥
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 𝐴𝑥 = 1.5 −
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 3 10
5m 5m 5m 5m
15 − 𝑥
𝐴𝑥 = 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20 m
6

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-26
Influence Lines for Frames
Influence Lines for 𝑨𝒙 and 𝑩𝒙
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺
𝑥−5
, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 m
3m 𝐴𝑥 = 6
𝐴 𝐵 15 − 𝑥
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 , 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20 m
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 6
5m 5m 5m 5m

+→ ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑥 and 𝐵𝑥
0.83
𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥 = 0
0 0 𝐺 𝑥 𝐵𝑥 = 𝐴𝑋
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹

−0.83
𝑥−5
−0.83 Influence Line for 𝑨𝑿 and 𝑩𝒙 (kN/kN) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 m
𝐵𝑥 = 6
15 − 𝑥
, 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20 m
6

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-27
Influence Lines for Frames
Influence Line for Shear at 𝑬, 𝑽𝑬
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝑅 = 0

3m 𝑉𝐸 𝑉𝐸 + 𝐵𝑦 = 0
𝐴 𝐵
𝐵𝑥 𝑥
𝐵𝑦 𝑉𝐸 = − − 0.5
10 m 5m 5m 10
𝑥
𝑉𝐸 = 0.5 − 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 m
10
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺
+↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0
3m 𝑉𝐸
𝐴 𝑉𝐸 − 𝐴𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑥 𝐵
𝐴𝑦
5m 5m 10 m 𝑥
𝑉𝐸 = 1.5 − 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20 m
10

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-28
Influence Lines for Frames
Influence Line for Shear at 𝑬, 𝑽𝑬
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺
𝑥
3m 0.5 − , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 m
𝐴 𝐵
𝑉𝐸 = 10
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 1.5 − , 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20 m
5m 5m 5m 5m 10

𝑉𝐸

0.5 0.5

0 0 𝐺 𝑥
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹

−0.5 −0.5
Influence Line for 𝑽𝑬 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-29
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 3.3:
Influence Lines by
Müller-Breslau’s Principle

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020

Qualitative Influence Lines
Müller-Breslau’s Principle for Support Reactions
1.0
𝑥
𝐵
𝐴

𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦
𝐿
Original Structure
𝐴𝑦
𝐴′
1.0
𝑥
1−
𝐿
𝐵 0
𝐴 𝑥
𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
𝐶
𝑥 𝐿−𝑥 𝑥 𝐿−𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
𝐿 𝐿

Released Structure Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-31
Qualitative Influence Lines
Müller-Breslau’s Principle for Support Reactions
1.0
𝑥
𝐵
𝐴

𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
𝐿
Original Structure
𝐵𝑦
𝐵′
𝑥 1.0
𝐿

𝐵 0
𝐴 𝑥
𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
𝐶
𝑥 𝐿−𝑥 𝑥 𝐿−𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
𝐿 𝐿

Released Structure Influence Line for 𝑩𝒚

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-32
Qualitative Influence Lines
Müller-Breslau’s Principle for Shear
1.0
𝑥
𝐵
𝐴
𝐷
𝐴𝑦 𝑎 𝑏
𝐶𝑦
𝐿
Original Structure
𝑉𝐷
𝑏
𝐿
𝐷′′
0 𝐷 0 𝑥
𝑉𝐷 𝐵 𝐴 𝑎 𝐵
𝐴 𝐷 −
𝐿
𝑉𝐷
𝐷′ 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑦 𝑎 𝑏 𝐵𝑦
𝐿 𝐿

Released Structure Influence Line for 𝑽𝑫

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-33
Qualitative Influence Lines
Müller-Breslau’s Principle for Bending Moment
1.0
𝑥
𝐵
𝐴
𝐷
𝐴𝑦 𝑎 𝑏
𝐶𝑦
𝐿
Original Structure
𝑀𝐷

𝑎𝑏
𝐷′
𝐿

𝑀𝐷 𝐷 𝑀𝐷 𝐵 0 0 𝑥
𝐴
𝐴 𝐷 𝐵
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑦 𝑎 𝑏 𝐵𝑦
𝐿 𝐿

Released Structure Influence Line for 𝑴𝑫

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-34
Quantitative Influence Lines
Example 1: Draw the influence lines for the vertical reactions at
supports 𝐵 and 𝐷 and the shear and bending moment at point 𝐶 of
the beam shown.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

3m 3m 6m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-35
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for 𝑩𝒚
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴

3m 3m 6m
𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦

Original Structure
𝐵𝑦
𝐵′ 1.33
1.0
0.67

𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐴 0
𝐴 𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
3m 3m 6m 3m 3m 6m
𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦

Released Structure for 𝑩𝒚 Influence Line for 𝑩𝒚 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-36
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for 𝑫𝒚
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴

3m 3m 6m
𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦

Original Structure
𝐷𝑦
𝐷′
1.0

0.33
𝐵 𝐴
𝐴 𝐷 0 𝑥
𝐶 −0.33 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦
3m 3m 6m 3m 3m 6m

Released Structure for 𝑫𝒚 Influence Line for 𝑫𝒚 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-37
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for 𝑽𝑪
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴

3m 3m 6m
𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦

Original Structure
𝑉𝐶

0.67

𝑉𝐶 0.33
𝐵 𝐴 𝐶 0
𝐴 𝐷 0 𝑥
𝐶 𝐵 𝐷
𝑉𝐶 −0.33
𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦
3m 3m 6m 3m 3m 6m

Released Structure for 𝑽𝑪 Influence Line for 𝑽𝑪 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-38
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for 𝑴𝑪
1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴

3m 3m 6m
𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦

Original Structure

𝑀𝐶

𝐶′ 2

𝐵 𝐴
𝐴 𝐷 0 0 𝑥
𝑀𝐶 𝐶 𝑀𝐶 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦
−2
3m 3m 6m 3m 3m 6m

Released Structure for 𝑴𝑪 Influence Line for 𝑴𝑪 (kN-m/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-39
Quantitative Influence Lines
Example 2: Draw the influence lines for the vertical reactions at
supports 𝐴 and 𝐸, the reaction moment at support 𝐴, the shear at
point 𝐵, and the bending moment at point 𝐷 of the beam shown

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐹

1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-40
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚
1.0 kN
𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐹

𝑀𝐴 𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Original Structure
𝐴𝑦
𝐴′
1.0 1.0
0.5
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐴 0 𝐹 𝑥
𝐹
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐴𝑦 −0.5
𝑀𝐴 𝐸𝑦
2m 1m 1m 1m 2m 1m 1m 1m

Released Structure for 𝑨𝒚 Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-41
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for 𝑬𝒚
1.0 kN
𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐹

𝑀𝐴 𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Original Structure
𝐸𝑦
𝐸′ 1.5
1.0
0.5
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐴 0 𝐹 𝑥
𝐹
𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
𝑀𝐴
2m 1m 1m 1m 2m 1m 1m 1m

Released Structure for 𝑬𝒚 Influence Line for 𝑬𝒚 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-42
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for Moment at 𝑨, 𝑴𝑨
1.0 kN
𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐹

𝑀𝐴 𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Original Structure
𝑀𝐴

2.0
1.0 1.0
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐴 0 0 𝐹 𝑥
𝐹
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐴𝑦 −1.0
𝑀𝐴 𝐸𝑦
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Released Structure for 𝑴𝑨 Influence Line for 𝑴𝑨 (kN-m/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-43
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for Shear at 𝑩, 𝑽𝑩
1.0 kN
𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐹

𝑀𝐴 𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Original Structure
𝑉𝐵

𝐵′ 1.0 1.0
0.5
𝑉𝐵
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐴 0 𝐹 𝑥
𝐵 𝐹
𝑉𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐴𝑦 −0.5
𝑀𝐴 𝐸𝑦
2m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Released Structure for 𝑽𝑩 Influence Line for 𝑽𝑩 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-44
Quantitative Influence Lines
Influence Line for Moment at 𝑫, 𝑴𝑫
1.0 kN
𝑥

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝐹

𝑀𝐴 𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Original Structure
𝑀𝐷
𝐷′ 0.5

𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 0 0 𝐹
𝐹
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝑀𝐷 𝑀𝐷 𝐸𝑦
𝑀𝐴 −0.5
2m 1m 1m 1m 2m 1m 1m 1m

Released Structure for 𝑴𝑫 Influence Line for 𝑴𝑫 (kN-m/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-45
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 3.4:
Influence Lines for
Girders and Trusses

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020

Influence Lines for Girders
Girders with Floor Systems

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-47
Influence Lines for Girders
Girders with Floor Systems

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-48
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Reactions 𝑨𝒚 and 𝑭𝒚
1.0
𝑥
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐹 = 0
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
𝐴
𝐴𝑦 𝐿 − 1 𝐿 − 𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑦 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ
5 5 5 5 5 𝐹𝑦 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
Original Structure
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

1.0 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐹𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐹𝑦 = 1 − 1 −
𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐿 𝐹𝑦
𝑥
𝐹𝑦 = 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-49
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Reactions 𝑨𝒚 and 𝑭𝒚
1.0
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝑥
𝐴 𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ
5 5 5 5 5 𝐹𝑦 𝑥
𝐹𝑦 = 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝐿 𝐿

𝐴𝑦 𝐹𝑦
1.0 1.0
𝑥 𝑥
1− 𝐿
𝐿

0 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝐴 𝐹 𝐴 𝐹
𝑥 𝐿−𝑥 𝑥 𝐿−𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚 Influence Line for 𝑭𝒚

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-50
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Shear at Panel 𝑩𝑪, 𝑽𝑩𝑪
1.0
𝑥 𝑉𝐵𝐶
+↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
𝑉𝐵𝐶 − 𝐴𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝐴𝑦 𝐿ൗ 𝑉𝐵𝐶 3𝐿ൗ
𝐹𝑦
𝑥
5 5 𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 1 − − 1
𝐿
𝐿
𝑥
𝑉𝐵𝐶 = − 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝐿/5
𝐿

𝑥 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝑅 = 0
𝑉𝐵𝐶 1.0
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝑉𝐵𝐶 − 1 + 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐿ൗ 3𝐿ൗ 𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 1 −
5 𝑉𝐵𝐶 5 𝐹𝑦 𝐿
𝐿
𝑥
𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 1 − 2𝐿/5 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-51
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Shear at Panel 𝑩𝑪, 𝑽𝑩𝑪
1.0
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝐴
𝐿 2𝐿
𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐹𝐵 −1 −𝑥 =0
𝐴𝑦 5 5 5 5 5 𝐹𝑦 5 5
𝐿 5
𝐹𝐵 = 2 − 𝑥 𝐿/5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝐿/5
𝑥 𝐿
𝐿 2𝐿
𝑥− −𝑥
5 1.0 5

𝐵 𝐶 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝐿ൗ
5 𝐹𝐶 + 𝐹𝐵 − 1 = 0
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐶
5
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐹𝐶 = 1 − 2 − 𝑥
𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐿ൗ 3𝐿ൗ 5
5 5 𝐹𝑦 𝐿/5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝐿/5
𝐿
𝐹𝐶 = 𝑥−1
𝐿
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-52
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Shear at Panel 𝑩𝑪, 𝑽𝑩𝑪
1.0
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝑅 = 0
𝐴
𝑉𝐵𝐶 − 𝐹𝐶 + 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ
5 5 5 5 5 𝐹𝑦 5 𝑥
𝐿
𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥−1 − =0
𝐿 𝐿
𝑥 4
𝐿 2𝐿 𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥−1 𝐿/5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝐿/5
𝑥− −𝑥 𝐿
5 1.0 5

𝐵 𝐶
𝐿ൗ
5
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐶

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹

𝐴𝑦 𝐿ൗ 𝑉𝐵𝐶 3𝐿ൗ
5 5 𝐹𝑦
𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-53
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Shear at Panel 𝑩𝑪, 𝑽𝑩𝑪
1.0
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
𝑥 𝐿
𝐴
− , 0≤𝑥<
𝐿 5
4 𝐿 2𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 − 1, ≤𝑥≤
5 5 5 5 5 𝐹𝑦 𝐿 5 5
𝐿 𝑥 2𝐿
1− , <𝑥≤𝐿
𝐿 5

𝑉𝐵𝐶
0.6

0 𝐵 0
𝑥
𝐴 −0.2 𝐶 𝐹
𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 3𝐿ൗ
5 5 5
𝐿
Influence Line for 𝑽𝑩𝑪

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-54
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Moment between Panel 𝑩𝑪, 𝑴𝑮
1.0
𝑥 𝑀𝐺 +↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐺,𝑅 = 0
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝑀𝐺 − 𝐹𝑦 𝐿 − 𝑎 = 0
𝐿ൗ 𝐺 3𝐿ൗ
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 5 5 𝐹𝑦 𝑀𝐺 = 𝐿−𝑎
𝐿
𝑎
𝐿 𝑎
𝑀𝐺 = 1 − 𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝐿/5
𝐿

𝑥 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐺,𝐿 = 0
𝑀𝐺 1.0
𝐴
𝑀𝐺 − 𝐴𝑦 𝑎 = 0
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
𝑥
𝐿ൗ 𝐺 3𝐿ൗ
𝑀𝐺 = 1 − 𝑎
𝐴𝑦
5 5 𝐹𝑦 𝐿
𝑎 𝑎
𝐿 𝑀𝐺 = 𝑎 − 𝑥 2𝐿/5 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿
𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-55
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Moment between Panel 𝑩𝑪, 𝑴𝑮
1.0
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐺,𝐿 = 0
𝐴
𝐺
𝐿
𝐿ൗ 3𝐿ൗ
𝑀𝐺 − 𝐴𝑦 𝑎 + 𝐹𝐵 𝑎 − =0
𝐴𝑦 5 5 𝐹𝑦 5
𝑎 𝑥 5 𝐿
𝐿 𝑀𝐺 = 1 − 𝑎 − 2− 𝑥 𝑎−
𝐿 𝐿 5
𝑥
1.0
𝑎 2𝐿 5𝑎
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑎 − 𝑥 − 2𝑎 − − 𝑥+𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐿 5 𝐿
𝐿ൗ 4𝑎 2𝐿
5 𝑀𝐺 = 𝑥−𝑎+ −𝑥
𝐹𝐵 𝐹𝐶 𝐿 5
𝑀𝐺
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 4𝑎 2𝐿
𝑀𝐺 = −1 𝑥+ −𝑎
𝐿ൗ 𝐺 3𝐿ൗ 𝐿 5
𝐴𝑦 5 5 𝐹𝑦
𝑎 𝐿/5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝐿/5
𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-56
Influence Lines for Girders
Influence Line for Moment between Panel 𝑩𝑪, 𝑴𝑮
1.0
𝑥 𝑎 𝐿
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 1− 𝑥, 0≤𝑥<
𝐴 𝐿 5
𝐺 4𝑎 2𝐿 𝐿 2𝐿
𝐿ൗ 3𝐿ൗ
𝑀𝐺 = −1 𝑥+ − 𝑎, ≤𝑥≤
𝐴𝑦 5 5 𝐹𝑦 𝐿 5 5 5
𝑎 𝑎 2𝐿
𝐿 𝑎 − 𝑥, <𝑥≤𝐿
𝐿 5

𝑀𝐺
3𝑎
𝐿−𝑎
5
5

0 0
𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐹
𝐿ൗ 𝐿ൗ 3𝐿ൗ
5 5 5
𝐿
Influence Line for 𝑴𝑮

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-57
Influence Lines for Trusses

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-58
Influence Lines for Trusses

𝐻 𝐼 𝐽 𝐾 𝐿

4m
𝐴
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺

6 panels at 3 m = 18 m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-59
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Truss Support Reactions
𝑯 𝑰 𝑱 𝑲 𝑳

4m

𝑨 𝑥 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬 𝑭 𝑮
𝐴𝑦 1.0 𝐸𝑦
6 panels at 3 m = 18 m

+↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐸 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝐴𝑦 12 − 1 12 − 𝑥 = 0 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐴𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m 𝐸𝑦 = 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m
12 12

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-60
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Truss Support Reactions
𝐴𝑦
1.0

0.25
0 𝐺 𝑥
𝑥
𝐴 𝐷 𝐸 𝐴𝑦 = 1 − 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m
−0.5 12
9m 3m 6m

Influence Line for 𝑨𝒚 (kN/kN)

𝐸𝑦
1.5
1.0
0.75

0 𝑥
𝑥 𝐸𝑦 = 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m
𝐴 𝐷 𝐸 𝐺 12
9m 3m 6m

Influence Line for 𝑬𝒚 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-61
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Members 𝑪𝑰
𝑯 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑰 𝑯 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑰

4m 4m

𝐹𝐶𝐼 𝐹𝐶𝐼
𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝐹𝐶𝐷
𝑨 𝑥 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 1.0 𝐴𝑦
3m 3m 3m 3m

+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0 +↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0

𝐹𝐶𝐼 + 𝐴𝑦 − 1 = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐼 + 𝐴𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝐹𝐶𝐼 = 0≤𝑥 ≤6m 𝐹𝐶𝐼 = −1 9 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m
12 12

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-62
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Members 𝑪𝑰
1.0
𝑥−6 9−𝑥 +↻ ෍ 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷 = 0
𝑪 𝑫
3m 𝐶𝑦 3 − 1 9 − 𝑥 = 0
𝐶𝑦 𝐷𝑦 𝑥
𝐶𝑦 = 3 − 6<𝑥 <9m
FBD for Member 𝑪𝑫 when 𝟔 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟗 m 3

1.0 𝐶𝐷
+↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 =0
𝑥−6
𝑪 𝑫 𝑉𝐶𝐷 − 𝐶𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥
𝑥 𝑉𝐶𝐷 𝑉𝐶𝐷 − 3 − + 1 = 0
𝐶𝑦 = 3 −
3
3
FBD for Member 𝑪𝑫 when 𝟔 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟗 m 𝑥
𝑉𝐶𝐷 = 2 − 6<𝑥 <9m
3

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-63
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Members 𝑪𝑰
𝑯 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑰
+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0

4m 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐹𝐶𝐼 − 𝑉𝐶𝐷 − 1 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐼
𝑥 𝑥
𝐹𝐶𝐷 1− + 𝐹𝐶𝐼 − 2 − −1= 0
12 3
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑉𝐶𝐷 𝑫
𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑦 1.0 𝐹𝐶𝐼 = 2 − 6<𝑥 <9m
3m 3m 4
𝐹𝐶𝐼
0.5 0.5
𝑥
, 0≤𝑥≤6
0
12
0 𝐷 𝑥 𝑥
𝐴 𝐶 𝐸 𝐺 𝐹𝐶𝐼 = 2 − , 6<𝑥<9
−0.25 4
𝑥
6m 3m 3m 6m − 1, 9 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12
12
Influence Line for 𝑭𝑪𝑰 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-64
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Members 𝑪𝑫
𝑯 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑰 𝑯 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑰

4m 4m

𝐹𝐶𝐼 𝐹𝐶𝐼
𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝐹𝐶𝐷
𝑨 𝑥 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 1.0 𝐴𝑦
3m 3m 3m 3m

+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐼,𝐿 = 0 +↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐼,𝐿 = 0

𝐹𝐶𝐷 4 − 𝐴𝑦 6 + 1 6 − 𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐷 4 − 𝐴𝑦 6 = 0
𝑥 3 𝑥
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 0≤𝑥 <6m 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = − 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m
8 2 8

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-65
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Members 𝑪𝑫
𝑯 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑰

4m

𝐹𝐶𝐼
𝐹𝐶𝐷
𝑨 𝑥 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 1.0
3m 3m

𝐹𝐶𝐷

0.75
0.375
0 0 𝐺 𝑥
𝑥 , 0≤𝑥 <6m
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 8
−0.75 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 3 𝑥
6m 3m 3m 6m − , 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m
2 8
Influence Line for 𝑭𝑪𝑫 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-66
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Members 𝑫𝑰
𝑯 𝑰 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑱 𝑯 𝑰 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑱

𝐹𝐷𝐼 𝐹𝐷𝐼
4m 3 4m 3
5 4 5 4

𝑨 𝑥 𝑩 𝑪 𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝑫 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 1.0 𝐴𝑦
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m

+↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0 +↓ ෍ 𝐹𝑦,𝐿 = 0

4 4
𝐹𝐷𝐼 − 𝐴𝑦 + 1 = 0 𝐹𝐷𝐼 − 𝐴𝑦 = 0
5 5
5 5 5
𝐹𝐷𝐼 = − 𝑥 0≤𝑥 <6m 𝐹𝐷𝐼 = − 𝑥 9 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m
48 4 48

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-67
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Members 𝑫𝑰
𝑯 𝑰 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑱 𝑯 𝑰 𝐹𝐻𝐼 𝑱

𝐹𝐷𝐼 𝐹𝐷𝐼
4m 3 4m 3
5 4 5 4

𝑨 𝑥 𝑩 𝑪 𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝑫 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝐹𝐶𝐷 𝑫
𝐴𝑦 1.0 𝐴𝑦
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m

𝐹𝐷𝐼

0.313
0 𝐶 0 𝐺 𝑥 5
𝐴 𝐷 𝐸 − 𝑥, 0≤𝑥 <6m
−0.625 −0.625 𝐹𝐷𝐼 = 48
5 5
6m 3m 3m 6m − 𝑥, 9 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18 m
4 48
Influence Line for 𝑭𝑫𝑰 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-68
Influence Lines for Trusses
Influence Lines for the Members 𝑭𝑳
𝑯 𝑰 𝑱 𝑲 𝑳
𝐹𝐹𝐿

4m 𝐹𝐸𝐹 𝑭 𝐹𝐹𝐺

𝟏. 𝟎
𝑨 𝑥 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬 𝑭 𝑮
𝐴𝑦 1.0 𝐸𝑦
6 panels at 3 m = 18 m

𝐹𝐹𝐿
1.0

+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
0 0
𝑥
𝐴 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺 𝐹𝐹𝐿 − 1 = 0
12 m 3m 3m 𝑥 = 15 m
𝐹𝐹𝐿 = 1
Influence Line for 𝑭𝑭𝑳 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-69
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 3.5:
Application of Influence Lines

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020

Single Moving Concentrated Load
Response at a Particular Location Due to a
Single Moving Concentrated Load

𝑃 𝑃
𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐴 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴
𝐵

Position of Load 𝑷 for

Maximum Positive 𝑴𝑩
𝑀𝐵
𝑦𝐵
𝑃
𝑦
0 𝐷 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
0 𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑥 −𝑦𝐷
Position of Load 𝑷 for
Influence Line for 𝑴𝑩 Maximum Negative 𝑴𝑩

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-71
Single Moving Concentrated Load
Example 1: For the beam shown, determine the maximum upward
reaction at support 𝐶 due to a 50-kN concentrated live load.

𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐹

𝐵 𝐸

4m 4m 10 m 4m 4m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-72
Single Moving Concentrated Load
Solution:
50 kN
Maximum Upward
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐹
Reaction at 𝑪:
𝐵 𝐸 𝐶𝑦 = 50(+1.4)
4m 4m 10 m 4m 4m 𝐶𝑦 = +70 kN
𝐶𝑦 = 70 kN ↑

𝐶𝑦
1.4
1.0
Maximum Downward
Reaction at 𝑪:
0 0 0 𝐸 𝐹 𝑥 𝐶𝑦 = 50(−0.4)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐶𝑦 = −40 kN
−0.4
Influence Line for 𝑪𝒚 (kN/kN) 𝐶𝑦 = 40 kN ↓

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-73
Uniformly Distributed Load
Example 2: For the beam shown, determine the maximum upward
reaction at support 𝐶 due to a 15-kN/m uniformly distributed live
load.

𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐹

𝐵 𝐸

4m 4m 10 m 4m 4m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-74
Uniformly Distributed Load
Solution:
15 kN/m Maximum Upward
Reaction at 𝑪:
𝐹
𝐴 1
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐶𝑦 = 15 +1.4 18
2
4m 4m 10 m 4m 4m 𝐶𝑦 = +189 kN
𝐶𝑦 = 189 kN ↑

𝐶𝑦
1.4
1.0
Maximum Downward
Reaction at 𝑪:
0 0 0 𝐸 𝐹 𝑥
1
𝐶𝑦 = 15 −0.4 8
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 2
−0.4
4m 4m 10 m 4m 4m
𝐶𝑦 = −24 kN

Influence Line for 𝑪𝒚 (kN/kN) 𝐶𝑦 = 24 kN ↓

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-75
Uniformly Distributed Load
Example 3: For the beam shown, determine the maximum positive
and negative shears and the maximum positive and negative bending
moments at point C due to a concentrated live load of 90 kN, a
uniformly distributed live load of 40 kN/m, and a uniformly
distributed dead load of 20 kN/m.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

3m 3m 6m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-76
Uniformly Distributed Load
Solution: Maximum Positive Shear at 𝑪
90 kN Due to Concentrated Live Load:
40 kN/m 40 kN/m 𝑉𝐶 = 90 +0.67 = 60 kN

20 kN/m Maximum Positive Shear at 𝑪 Due to

Uniformly Distributed Live Load:
𝐴 𝐷 1 1
𝑉𝐶 = 40 +0.33 3 + +0.67 6
𝐵 𝐶 2 2
3m 3m 6m 𝑉𝐶 = 100 kN
Maximum Positive Shear at 𝑪 Due to
𝑉𝐶 Uniformly Distributed Dead Load:
0.67 1 1
𝑉𝐶 = 20 ൤ +0.33 3 + −0.33 3
0.33 2 2
1
0 𝐶 0 0 𝑥 + +0.67 6 ൨ = 40 kN
2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
Maximum Positive Shear:
−0.33 𝑉𝐶 = 60 + 100 + 40
Influence Line for 𝑽𝑪 (kN/kN) 𝑉𝐶 = 200 kN

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-77
Uniformly Distributed Load
Maximum Negative Shear at 𝑪
90 kN Due to Concentrated Live Load:
40 kN/m 𝑉𝐶 = 90 −0.33 = −30 kN

20 kN/m Maximum Negative Shear at 𝑪 Due to

Uniformly Distributed Live Load:
𝐴 𝐷 1
𝑉𝐶 = 40 −0.33 3
𝐵 𝐶 2
3m 3m 6m 𝑉𝐶 = −20 kN
Maximum Negative Shear at 𝑪 Due to
𝑉𝐶 Uniformly Distributed Dead Load:
0.67 1 1
𝑉𝐶 = 20 ൤ +0.33 3 + −0.33 3
0.33 2 2
1
0 𝐶 0 0 𝑥 + +0.67 6 ൨ = 40 kN
2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
Maximum Negative Shear:
−0.33 𝑉𝐶 = −30 − 20 + 40
Influence Line for 𝑽𝑪 (kN/kN) 𝑉𝐶 = −10 kN

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-78
Uniformly Distributed Load
Maximum Positive Moment at 𝑪
90 kN Due to Concentrated Live Load:
40 kN/m 𝑀𝐶 = 90 +2 = 180 kN-m

20 kN/m Maximum Positive Moment at 𝑪 Due to

Uniformly Distributed Live Load:
𝐴 𝐷 1
𝑀𝐶 = 40 +2 9
𝐵 𝐶 2
3m 3m 6m 𝑀𝐶 = 360 kN-m
𝑀𝐶 Maximum Positive Moment at 𝑪 Due to
2 Uniformly Distributed Dead Load:
1 1
𝑀𝐶 = 20 −2 3 + 2 9
2 2
𝐴 0 0 0 𝑥
𝑀𝐶 = 120 kN−m
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Maximum Positive Moment:
𝑀𝐶 = 180 + 360 + 120
−2 Influence Line for 𝑴𝑪 (kN-m/kN)
𝑀𝐶 = 660 kN-m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-79
Uniformly Distributed Load
Maximum Negative Moment at 𝑪
90 kN Due to Concentrated Live Load:
40 kN/m 𝑀𝐶 = 90 −2 = −180 kN-m

20 kN/m Maximum Negative Moment at 𝑪 Due to

Uniformly Distributed Live Load:
𝐴 𝐷 1
𝑀𝐶 = 40 −2 3
𝐵 𝐶 2
3m 3m 6m 𝑀𝐶 = −120 kN-m
𝑀𝐶 Maximum Negative Moment at 𝑪 Due to
2 Uniformly Distributed Dead Load:
1 1
𝑀𝐶 = 20 −2 3 + 2 9
2 2
𝐴 0 0 0 𝑥
𝑀𝐶 = 120 kN−m
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Maximum Negative Moment:
𝑀𝐶 = −180 − 120 + 120
−2 Influence Line for 𝑴𝑪 (kN-m/kN)
𝑀𝐶 = −180 kN-m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-80
Series of Moving Concentrated Loads
Response at a Particular Location Due to a
Series of Moving Concentrated Loads
𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 kN 𝟕𝟏. 𝟐 kN 𝟕𝟏. 𝟐 kN
Shear at 𝑩:
𝑉𝐵 = 17.8(−0.16)
HS20-44 +71.2(−0.3)
𝐴 𝐶
4.27 m 9.15 m +71.2(+0.4)
4.88 m
𝐵
12.2 m 18.3 m 𝑉𝐵 = 4.272 kN

𝑉𝐵
0.6
0.4
4.88 m 4.27 m
0 𝐷 𝑥
𝐴 0 𝐵
12.2 m
−0.16 −0.3 −0.4
Influence Line for 𝑽𝑩 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-81
Series of Moving Concentrated Loads
Example 4: Determine the maximum axial force in member 𝐵𝐶 of
the Warren truss due to the series of four moving concentrated loads
shown.
𝐹 𝐻 𝐺

4m
𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

4 panels at 4 m = 16 m

71. 𝟐 142.4 35.6 142.4

1 2 3 4
2m 3m 4m wheel loads are in kN

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-82
Series of Moving Concentrated Loads
Solution:
𝐹 𝐻 𝐺

71. 𝟐 142.4 35.6 142.4

71.2 142.4 35.6 142.4 4m

𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 1 2 3 4
4m 2m 3m 4m 3m 2m 3m 4m
Loading Position 1
wheel loads are in kN
𝐹𝐵𝐶
0.75
For loading position 1:
3 1
16 16 𝑥 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = [71.2 12 + 142.4(10)
0 0
𝐴 𝐵 𝐸 1
+35.6 7 + 142.3 3 ]
16
4m 2m 3m 4m 3m
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 184.68 kN, 𝑇
Influence Line for 𝑭𝑩𝑪 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-83
Series of Moving Concentrated Loads

𝐹 𝐻 𝐺

71. 𝟐 142.4 35.6 142.4

71.2 142.4 35.6 142.4 4m

𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 1 2 3 4
2m 2m 3m 4m 5m 2m 3m 4m
Loading Position 2
wheel loads are in kN
𝐹𝐵𝐶
0.75
For loading position 2:
3 1 3
0 16 16 0 𝑥 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 71.2 2 + [142.4(12)
16
𝐴 𝐵 𝐸
1
+35.6 9 + 142.3 5 ]
4m 2m 3m 4m 3m 16

Influence Line for 𝑭𝑩𝑪 (kN/kN) 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 198.03 kN, 𝑇

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-84
Series of Moving Concentrated Loads

𝐹 𝐻 𝐺

71. 𝟐 142.4 35.6 142.4

142.4 35.6 142.4 4m

𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 1 2 3 4
3m 4m 8m 2m 3m 4m
1m Loading Position 3
wheel loads are in kN
𝐹𝐵𝐶
0.75
For loading position 3:
3 1 3
0 16 16 0 𝑥 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 142.4 1 + [35.6(12)
16
𝐴 𝐵 𝐸
1
4m 2m 3m 4m 3m
142.3 8 ]
16
Influence Line for 𝑭𝑩𝑪 (kN/kN) 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 124.6 kN, 𝑇

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-85
Series of Moving Concentrated Loads

𝐹 𝐻 𝐺

71. 𝟐 142.4 35.6 142.4

35.6 142.4 4m

𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 1 2 3 4
4m 4m 8m 2m 3m 4m
Loading Position 4
wheel loads are in kN
𝐹𝐵𝐶
0.75
For loading position 4:
3 1 1
0 16 16 0 𝑥 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 142.4 12
16
𝐴 𝐵 𝐸
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 106.80 kN, 𝑇
4m 2m 3m 4m 3m

Influence Line for 𝑭𝑩𝑪 (kN/kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-86
References
Textbook:
1. Kassimali, A., 2010, “Structural Analysis”, Fourth Edition,
Cengage Learning, CT, USA

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | September 21 – 30, 2020 Lecture 3-87