INSTRUCTIONS FOR PRACTICAL FILE

1. Practical File should be neatly written, headings to be typed. (Sample will

be provided)
2. Don’t use red or pink ink pen.
3. Underline headings with a black pen (not red or pink)
4. A suggested format for writing a psychological testing report is given.
5. Every practical report should follow the given format.
6. “Introspective Report” is the written report given by the subject regarding how he
felt about the test.
7. Behavioral observation is examiner’s i.e., the test conductor’s observation of the
subject.
8. All the response sheets are to be kept safely, put in an envelope, and that envelope
is to be pasted in the file. (Sample shown).
9. Conclusion should be very precise.

Format for Psychology Practical File

ADMINISTRATION AND PREPARING REPORTS OF FIVE
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

 Psychology Practical File with name

 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
 PRACTICALS
• INDEX
 SUGGESTED FORMAT FOR WRITING A PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

 TITLE
 PROBLEM
 BASIC CONCEPT

METHOD
* Material Required
* Procedure
• Rapport Formation
• Preliminaries
• Instructions
* Precautions
* Test Administration
* Introspective Report
* Behavioral observation

 RESULTS
#Scoring and Data Analysis

 INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES

NOTE: PRACTICAL FILE SHOULD BE HAND WRITTEN

PSYCHOLOGY
PRACTICAL
FILE

NAME CLASS & SECTION

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that (your name IN
CAPITALS) of Class XII has worked and completed her
Psychology Practical File under my guidance and
supervision.

This is for ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
(AISSCE).
(SESSION: 2021-22)

Place: Delhi
Date:

MS. EXTERNAL
(HOD, PSYCHOLOGY)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many people have played an important role for the
completion of. My practical work.
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude
and deep regards to my guide Ms.
______________ (HOD - PSYCHOLOGY) for
her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this
practical.
Also, I would like to thank all my friends who were subjects for
various experiments and tests, without their time and
support this would have not be possible
I further extend my deepest gratitude to MS. __________
(Principal for their help in my file work. Without their
encouragement and support, it would not have been
possible

I would also like to thank my parents for helping me to go my

own way. Last, but not the least, thanks to the almighty, who
blessed me and made all things possible

YOUR NAME
 INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGICAL
TESTING
Introduction to Psychological testing

1. What is Psychology?
2. Concept of Behavior, Experience and Mental Processes.
3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

Francis Galton (1822-1911) was the first scientist to undertake systematic and statistical investigation of
individual differences. He was preceded by other psychologists who were either concerned
with problem of dualism of mind and matter or general problems and theories rather than
individual differences.

Ernst Heinrich (1795-1878), educated as an anatomist and physiologist had quantitative experimental
approach to psychological problems. He experimented on weight discrimination, vision,
hearing etc.

Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-87) who started his career in physics and chemistry was more concerned
about the application of exact methods of natural science to the study of inner world i.e., the
relation of mental processes to physical phenomenon.

J. Muller (1801-58), a professor of physiology was especially interested in the physiology of the senses
and in reflex action and did significant experiments in space perception.

Alexander Bain (1818-1903) a professor of logic, mental philosophy and English literature in Aberdeen
University, utilized, organized and interpreted the works of Weber and Fechner and tried to
put them in application.

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) established the first lab of psychology in 1879 at Leipzig, Germany. He
employed physiological methods and introspection in his research.

Jean Esquirol (1772-1840) made the explicit distinction between mental illness and mental deficiency.
He also differentiated among the several levels of mental deficiency. He tried to differentiate
them on the basis of physical measurements, especially size and formation of the skull but
was not successful. He also said that development and use of language is one of the most
useful and valid criteria for differentiating levels of mental deficiency.

On the other hand, Senguin (1812-80) developed methods in the training of mental defectives. His
methods emphasized the development of greater sensory sensitivity and discrimination and of
improved motor control and utilization.
 The term mental test was first employed by McKean Cattell in a publication of 1890. Cattell tests were
of memory, imagery, hearing, color vision, reaction time etc.

Binet and Simon (1905) developed the first standard scale of intelligence to differentiate among three
levels of mental deficiency- moron, imbecile and idiot. Shortly after 1916 the most
significant occurrence in psychological testing was the development of group tests. During
World war I government wanted to recruit individuals in army by means of psychological
methods. So, two group tests were developed Alpha Verbal Test and Beta Non-verbal Test.
This led to the use of psychological tests in various fields.

Aptitude testing also received impetus in world war I. Aptitude tests was developed to measure an
individual’s ability to perform a task of specific kind... In World War I aptitude tests were
used to select men for tasks requiring specific skills. This was followed by developing
Occupational Interest Inventory, test batteries (during World War II) personality tests, rating
scales etc. Since the World War I the use of psychological tests has continuously increased.

4. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

EXPERIMENT- A carefully controlled scientific procedure conducted to determine whether certain

variables manipulated by the experimenter have an effect on other variables.

HYPOTHESIS- A possible explanation for a behaviour being studied that can be answered by an
experiment or a series of observation. It can also be defined as tentative answer to a problem.

VARIABLES- Factors that can be varied and can assume more than one value.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- A variable that is controlled by the experimenter and is applied to the
participants to determine its effect.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE- A measurable behaviour that is exhibited by a participant and is affected

by the independent variable.

CONTROL GROUP- The group in which participants are treated identically to participate in the
experimental condition, except that the independent variable is not applied to them.

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP- The group in which independent variable is introduced

ADVANTAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD-

It helps in discovering the causes of behaviour.

It also helps in understanding cause and effect relationship.

DISADVANTAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

It cannot be used to study all kinds of behaviour.

The experiments may produce results that do not apply in real life situations.
They have low external validity.
It is difficult to know and control all the relevant variables.
PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST- A psychological test is a standardized instrument designed to measure
objectively, one or more aspects of total personality by means of verbal or non-verbal
responses. Standardization means the test is objective, reliable and valid.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST

1.STANDARDIZATION- The procedures are specified precisely, so that different testers will follow
the same procedures when they administer the same test to different subjects this means that
test performance of different people or the same persons at different times or occasions can
be compared directly.
2.OBJECTIVITY- Objectivity refers to the fact that if two or more researchers administer a
psychological test on the same group of people, both of them would come up with more or
less the same values for each person in the group. The items convey the same meaning to
everyone. Specific instructions and the procedure for administering the test are specified. The
impact of personal bias is kept under control.
3.NORMS- Norm is an average score on a particular test made by a specific population. Reference to a
test table of norms enables us to rank an individual’s performance relative to his own age
group.

4.RELIABILITY- It refers to the consistency of the scores obtained by an individual on the same test
on two different occasions.

Types of Reliability

Test-Retest reliability- it is computed by finding co-efficient of correlation between the two sets of
scores on the same set of persons. It indicates the temporal stability or stability of the test
scores over time.
Split Half Reliability-It gives an indication about the degree of internal consistency of the test. The test
is divided into two equal halves employing odd even method.

5.Validity - The type of test being administered must measure what it is intended to measure
Types of Validity

Face Validity
Face validity is a measure of how representative a research project is ‘at face value,' and whether it
appears to be a good project.

Content Validity
Content validity is the estimate of how much a measure represents every single element of a construct.

.
Types of tests;

Tests have been developed to measure many different human developments. They are classified as:

On the basis of Administration – Group test and individual test

On the basis of Behaviour – Ability tests [Intelligence tests and achievement tests], Personality Tests
[structures personality tests, projective techniques and behavioral analysis]

On the basis of context – Verbal tests, non-verbal tests, performance tests

USES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

These are used primarily for analysis and determination of individual differences in general intelligence,
aptitude, personality traits etc.

+Psychological tests are also used for a variety of psychological, educational, cultural studies of groups
as well as study of particular individuals.

+test provides very useful information for educational and vocational guidance.

+In schools, tests can be used to identify students with low as well high intelligence.
+It helps in knowing the causes of behavioral problems.

+In clinics, psychological tests are used for individual diagnosis of factors associated with personal
problems of learning, behaviour or specific interpersonal relations
.
+In business and industry, tests are helpful in selecting and classifying personnel for placement in jobs.
PRACTICALS
 INDEX
S.NO PARTICULARS SIGNATURE

1 Sinha’s comprehensive anxiety test (SCAT)

2
3
 PRACTICAL -1
TITLE: Sinha’s Comprehensive Anxiety Test (SCAT)

Aim: To assess the level of anxiety of the subject by using Sinha`s Comprehensive
Anxiety Test by AKP Sinha and LNK Sinha.

Basic Concepts: define anxiety, types, symptoms, risk factors

History and description

SCAT is developed by AKP Sinha and LNK Sinha in 1995. The test consists of 90
items which are to be answered in five categories on the basis of score obtained
on the extremely high anxiety to extremely low anxiety.

Preliminaries

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Qualification:

Place of conduction;

Materials Required

SCAT manual, SCAT questionnaire form, pen/pencil

Precautions

1. Optimal conditions for testing were ensured before the test begun
2. Time of start and finish were noted
3. The tester should ensure that the subject is not familiar with the test.
4. Subject should be told that there is no correct answer.
5. Subject should not skip any item
6. Subject should be assured of confidentiality of test results.

Rapport Formation
 Instructions

The following instructions were given:

 In each item there are two options, `yes` or `no`

 Don’t leave any question and try to complete as soon as possible.
 There are no right or wrong answers
 Give the first natural answer as it comes to you. When in doubt, give the best possible
answer.
 Read the questions carefully and put a `x` for whichever option suits you the best.
 There is no time limit for this test.

Administration

1-Introspective Report;
2-Behavioural report;

Scoring

Pages 2 3 4 Total

Raw Score

Interpretation

The aim of administering SCAT was to assess the level of anxiety of the subject. My subject scored a
total of which means he/she has anxiety.

Conclusion

Raw score of my subject is therefore he/she has anxiety.

References

1. SCAT manual
2. NCERT textbook, Psychology