Lecture Notes

Quadratic Equation
5 of 7

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5.1 The absolute value of a real number x.
The absolute value of the real number x is defined by the formula


x if x  0,
x  x if x  0. 
5.2 Modulus inequalities:
The inequality x  a , where a  0 , is equivalent to the two-sided inequality a  x  a.
The inequality x  a , where a  0 , is equivalent to the collection of two inequalities x  a and x  a , i.e. for a  0
we have
x  a  a  x  a, and x  a  a  x  a;
x   a, or x   a, or
x  a   x  a, x  a   x  a.
 
The inequality |a + b| | a | + | b | & || a | –|b|| | a – b | is valid for any numbers a, b  R.
CLASS ASSIGNMENT - I
Modulus Inequalities
Solve the following :
2 2 2
1. x  5 x  6  0 . 2. x  x  5  0 . 3. x  2 x  3  3x  3 .
2 2 2
4. x  5 x  3  x  2 . 5. x  2  2 x  9 x  9 6. x  5 x  8  0
7. ( x  1  3)( x  2  5)  0
Answer Key:

1. (3,2)  (2,3). 2. ( (1  21) / 2, ( 21  1) / 2). 3. (2,5).

4. ( 5,3  2 2). 5. ( , (4  2) / 2]  [(5  3) / 2, ).
6. (  , (5  57 ) / 2)  ((5  57 ) / 2,  ). 7. (7, 2)  (3, 4).

HOME ASSIGNMENT - I
Modulus Inequalities
Solve the following:
2 2 2
1. x  x  2  0 2. x  5 x  6 . 3. x  3 x  x  2  0
2 2 2
4. x  6  x  5 x  9 . 5. 3x  x  3  9 x  2 6. 3 x  1  x  7  0
2
7. x  2 x  8  2 x

Answer Key:
1. (, 2)  [2, ). 2. (1,2)  (3,6). 3. (1  3, 2  2).
4. (1,3). 5. ( , (4  19) / 3)  ((4  19) / 3,  ).
6. (, 1)  (2, ). 7. ( , 2 2)  (2  2 3, ).

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5.3 Logarithmic Inequalities:
(1) If a  1, p  1  loga p  0 (2) If 0  a  1, p  1  log a p  0
(3) If a  1, 0  p  1  log a p  0 (4) If p  a  1  log a p  1
(5) If a  p  1  0  log a p  1 (6) If 0  a  p  1  0  log a p  1
(7) If 0  p  a  1  log a p  1
a  mb , if m  1
(8) If log m a  b   b
a  m , if 0  m  1
a  mb , if m  1
(9) log m a  b   b
a  m , if 0  m  1
When solving logarithmic inequalities, it is necessary to remember that the function y  log a x (a  0, a  1, x  0) is
decreasing if 0 < a < 1 and increasing if a > 1.
Therefore, an inequality of the form (For 0 < a < 1,)
log a f ( x)  log a  ( x)
is equivalent to the system
 f ( x)   ( x),

 ( x )  0
and to the system (For a > 1)
 f ( x )   ( x)

 f ( x)  0
NOTE THAT:
 If the number & the base are on one side of the unity, then the logarithm is positive; If the number
& the base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.
 The base of the logarithm ‘a’ must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have
a logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.
n
 For a non-negative number ‘a’ & n  2, n  N a = a1/n.
CLASS ASSIGNMENT - II
Logarithmic Inequalities
Solve the following:
1. log1/3 (5x-1)>0. 2. log 0.5 (x 2 -5x+6)>-1.
2x-6 2-3x
3. log 7 >0. 4. log1/3  1.
2x-1 x
log 2 x  3log x  3
5. log 20.5 x+log 0.5 x - 2  0. 6  1.
log x  1
x 1 log 5 (x 2  4x  11)2  log11 (x 2  4x  11)3
7  1. 8.  0.
log 3 (9  3x )  3 2  5x  3x 2
9. log 0.2 (x 2  x  2)  log 0.2 (  x 2  2x  3). 10. log1/3 (3x  4)  log1/3 (x 2  2).
x4
11. log 0.5  log 0.5 2. 12. log 0.5 (4  x)  l og0.5 2  log0.5 (x  1).
x 3
 x2  x 
13. log1/3 (2 x  2  4x )  2. 14. log 0.5  log 6   0.
 x4 

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  x 2  2x  (x  0.5)(3  x)
15. log 0.5  log8   0. 16.  0.
 x 3  log 2 x  1
4x  5 1
17. log x 2  . 18. log1/5 (x 2  6x  18)  2 log 5 (x  4)  0.
x2 2
18  2x 2
19. log 4 (18  2x ).log 2  1. 20. log 4/3 ( x  3  x )  log 4/9    0.
8 3
log x 3 ( x 2  4x  3)
1
21. log 3 x  log 3
x  log1/3 x  6. 22.    1.
 10 
x+7
23. log x (x 3 -x 2 -2x)<3. 24. log (x- 2)
 log (x- 2)
2x.
x-2
25. log x 2 x  log x (2 x3 ). 26. log 3x ( x2  2.5 x  1)  0.
x 2 1
log 0.25 ( x 2  5 x  8)
2
27. log1/ x (2.5x 1)  2 28.    2.5.
5
x 5
log1/3
x2 3
3x  1 3
29. (0.5)  1. 30. log 4 (3x  1) log1/ 4  .
16 4
1  log 4 x 1
31.  . 32. x log 2 x
 2.
1  log 2 x 2
log x  2
 x
33.    100. 34. log ( x  1)  log x  2.
 10 
1 2
35.   1. 36. log 2 x 2 log 2 ( x  1)  log 2
log 2
2.
5  log x 1  log x
1  log x 1 ( x  3)
37.  log 3 (2 x  3). 38. log 2 (4 x  5.2 x  2)  2.
log x1 3
1
39. log 2 ( x  14)  2 log 4 ( x  2)  2 log1/ 2   . 40. log 0.5 log 5 ( x 2  4)  log 0.5 1.
8
2 2
41. log 0.5 ( x  5)  log1/ 2 (3 x  1) .
Answer Key:

1. 1 / 5, 2 / 5 . 2. 1,2    3,4  3. (,1 / 2).

4. 1/ 3, 2 / 3 . 5. 1/ 2, 4  . 6.  0, 10  .
7. [log 3 0.9, 2). 8. (2, 2  15). 9. (2,5 / 2)
10. 
(4 / 3, (3  17) / 2)  (3  17) / 2,   ) .  11. ( 16 / 3,  3).
12. (1, 2]  [3, 4). 13. (, 2). 14. ( 4,  3)  (8,   ).
15. (3, 4)  (6,  ). 16. (0, 1/ 2)  (2,3). 17. [ 6  1, 2)  (2,5].
18. [4,   ). 19. [log 2 14, 4]. 20. [0, 27 / 16].
21. (0, 27). 22. [2  2, 4). 23. (2,  ).
24. (2, 2  1)  (3.5,  ). 25. (0, 1)  (2,  ).

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26. (0, (3  5) / 2)  [5 / 2,(3  5) / 2). 27. [1 / 2, 1)  [2,   ).
28. [ 4, 1] 29. ( 1, 2) 30. (0,1)  (2,  ).
31. (0,1/ 2)  ( 2,  ). 32. (0, 1 / 4]  (4,   ). 33. (1, 10 ).
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34.  
x  (1, 1  1  4 2 ) / 2) for   (0,1) : x  ((1  1  4 2 ) / 2,   For a  (1, ).
35. x  (0, 5 )  ( 3 , 2 )  ( 1 , ) for   (0,1); x  (0, 1 )  ( 2 , 3 )  ( 5 , ) for   (1,  ) .
36. (1, 2). 37. (3, 4) 38. (1  log 2 (5  33), ).
39. ( 2, 2). 40. (3,  5)  ( 5,3). 41. (  , 5)  ( 5, 1)   3,   .

HOME ASSIGNMENT - II
Logarithmic Inequalities
Solve the following
2x-8
1. log5 (3x-1)<1. 2. log 8 (x 2 -4x+3)  1. 3. log1.5 <0.
x-2
 35-x 2  1 log 3 x  log 3 x  3< 0. 1 1
4. log1/4  - . 5. 6.   2.
 x  2 1  log x 1  log x
1 1 1  2x
7.  8. log3  1. 9. log1/6 (x 2  3x  2)  1  0.
x  1 log 4 (x  3) 1 x
log 4
x2
log2 ( x 2 1)
1
10.    1. 11. log 0.5 (x 2  3x  4)  log 0.5 (x  1)  1.
2
12. log 0.1 (x 2  x  2)  l og 0.1 (x  3). 13. log1/ 5 (6 x 1  36 x )  2.
 x2 1  1  log 0.5 ( x)
14. log 0.1  log 2   0. 15.  0.
 x  1  2  6x

x2  4 log 2 (3.2x 1  1)
16.  0. 17.  1.
log1/2 (x 2  1) x
5 1 1
18. log1/3 x  log x 3  . 19. log 5 (x  3)  log 5 3  log 5 (2x 2  6x  7).
2 2 2
 10 
log1/9  x 2  x 1
1  3 
20 2log5 x  log x 125  1. 21.    1.
3
4x-3 1
22. log 22 >- . 23. log 2x+3 x 2 <1.
4-3x 2
x4 2
24. log ( x 4.5)  log ( x 4.5) ( x  5) 25. log log2 (0.5 x ) ( x  10 x  22)  0.
2x  6
26. log x2 (2  x )  1. 27. log ( x  27)  log (16  2 x)  log x.
 4
2 log 3 log1/5  x 2  
28. 2log2x ( x 8 x 15)
 1. 29. (0.5)  5
 1.
x log 5 x(2  log 3 x ) 2
30. log 5 x  log x  . 31. log1/2 x  4 log 3 x  2(4  log16 x 4 ).
3 log3 x

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 2 2 1 1
32. log 2 (5x  1) log  2. 33.  .
2
5x  1 log 3 ( x  1) 2 log 9 x 2  6 x  9
3log x  6 4 2
34.  1. 35. log x  13log x  36  0.
log2 x  2
36. log 2 x  log x  2. 37. log  (1  8  x )  2(1  x) (  R )
x4  x
38. log x2  2 x 3  0. 39. log1/ 4 ( x  1)  2 log1/16 2  log1/ 4 ( x 2  3 x  8).
x 1
1
40. log1/4 x 2   log1/ 2 2.
1
log ( x 1)
2
4
41. The inequality log  ( x 2  x  2)  log (  x 2  2 x  3) is known to be satisfied for x  . Find all solutions of
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this inequality.
Answer Key:
1. 1/ 3, 2  . 2.  1,1   3,5. 3.  4, 6  .
4. [7,  35) [5, 35) 5. (1/ 27, ). 6. (0.1, 1)  (1,10).
7. ( 1,   ). 8. ( , 2)  ( 1 / 2,  ). 9. ( , 1)  (4,  ).
10. ( 2, 1)  (1, 2 ). 11. (1, 2)  (3,   ). 12. ( 5,  2)  (1, 5).
13. (  , 0]  [log 6 5, 1). 14. (,  1  2)  (1  2, 1)  (1,  ) .
15. ( 1 / 2, 0]. 16. (,  2)  ( 2, 1)  (1, 2)  (2,  ) .
17. (log 2 (2 / 3), 0)  (0,  ). 18. (0,1)  ( 3,9). 19. (3, 10).
20. (0, 1/ 5)  (1, 5 5). 21. [0, 1 / 3)  (3,10 / 3). 22. (3 / 4, 4 / 3).
23. ( 3 / 2,  1)  ( 1, 0)  (0, 3). 24. (5, 5.5)  (6.5,   ). 25. (3, 5  3), (7,  ).
26. ( 2, 1)  ( 1, 0)  (0,1)  (2,   ). 27. (3, 4.5)  (8,  ).
28. (4  2, 5)  (3, 4  2)  (1, 2). 29. (1, 2 / 5)  (2 / 5,1).
30. (0, 1/ 5)  (1, 3). 31. (0,1 / 4]  [1, 4). 32. (log 5 (1  2), log5 3).
33. (  1, 0). 34. x  ( 4 ,  1 ) for   (0,1); x  ( 1 , 4 ) for x (1,  ).
35. (0, 103 )  (102 ,102 )  (103 , ). 36. (0,10 )  (10 , ).
1 2

37. x  [log (4  16   2 ),3log 2) for  (0,1), x  [log (4  16   2 ),  ) for   (1, ).

38. (1  5, 3)  ( 5  1, 5). 39. ( 1,  ).
40. (1, 2) . 41. (2, 5 / 2).

5.4 Exponential equations & inequalities:

Exponential equation : If we have an equation of the form af(x) = b (a > 0), then
1. x   if b  0 ,
2. f (x) = logn b if b > 0, a  1
3. the equation is satisfied for all x  D (f) if a = 1, b = 1 (since 1f(x) = 1 for all x  D (f) ); where D(f) is domain of
function f.

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4. x   if a = 1, b  1 .

When we solve exponential inequalities a f ( x)  b (a  0), we have

(1) x  D(f ) if b  0, where D(f) is the domain of function f.
(2) If b  0, then we have
f (x)  l og a b for a  1,
f (x)  log a b for 0  a  1;
For a  1 the inequality is equivalent to the numerical inequality 1  b.

CLASS ASSIGNMENT - III

Exponential Inequation
Solve the following:
x2
1
1. 2 36 x
 1. 2.    3 x.
3
8x 4 x  2x  4
3. 8  4096. 4.  2.
x 1
2( x  2)
x 1 x x 2( x 1) 3
5. 4  16  2 log 4 8. 6. 4  2 8  52.
2 3x
1
7. 343x  35    6  0. 8. 52 x 1  5x  4.
3
9. 4 x  2.5 2 x  10 x  0. 10. 9x  3x  2  3x  9.
1
log3 (x 2 1)
1
 x
log1/3 3.1/ 2   5 
11.    1. 12.    21 x.
2 3
2 x 3
13. 9x  3x  2  9  3x.  0.2  x  2
14.  5.
Answer Key:
1.  ,1/ 2  . 2.  2,   .
3.  4 / 3,   . 4. 1/ 2,1 .
5.  , 0    log 4 3,   . 6.  3,   .
7.  ,1   log3 5 / 3 . 8.  0,   .
9.  , log 0.4 2 . 10.  2,   .

11.   
2, 1  1, 2 .  12.  log 2 3,   .

13. (2, ). 14.  5 / 3, 2  .

HOME ASSIGNMENT - III

Exponential Inequation
Solve the following:
4x 2  2x  2
x
1. 16  0.125. 2. 0.1  0.12x 3.

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 6 5x
 2  25x 25
3.    . 4. 4  x  0.5  7.2  x  4  0.
5 4
x 1
2 1 2  4  6....2x 72
5.  2. 6. (0.3)   0.3 , x  N.
2 x 1  1
2
7. x log x 3log x 1  1000. 8. 2 x  2  2 x  3  2 x  4  5 x 1  5 x  2.
9. 25  x  5 x 1  50. 10. 9.4 1/ x  5.6 1/ x  4.9 1/ x .
x 2
 1  2 x
11.    9. 12. 4 x  3  2 x 1.
3
2x 1
3
x a  1  1 x  1 
13. 3 2. 14.     .
5 5

Answer Key:
1.  3 / 4,   . 2. x  R.
3.  , 2    2 / 5,   . 4.  2,   .
5. x  R. 6. {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7}.
7. 10 ,   .
3
8.  0,   .
9. ( , log 5 10]. 10.  1/ 2, 0  .
11.  2, 6  . 12. ( , log 2 3].

 2 2

13. x  a log 3 2,  for a  [0, ), x  [0,  ) for a  (, 0).
14. 1, 4  .