CIV574M/D: Seismic Analysis and
Design of Buildings
Lecture 01: Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
AnimoSpace: CIV574M/D
Instructor:
Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D.Eng.
2020/11/7 Photo by RP Mendoza Jr at the Department of Civil Engineering Building
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis andNational
Design Taiwan
of Buildings
University
Learning Objectives
• Learn about historical earthquake records and
their impact to the community and the
development of earthquake engineering
• Learn common causes of structural failures
during earthquakes
• Learn the need for seismic design
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What is an Earthquake?
In ancient times earthquakes were thought to be
caused by restless gods or giant creatures
slumbering beneath the Earth.
Up until the 18th century western scientists,
including Isaac Newton, thought they were caused
by explosions of flammable material deep
underground.
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
What is an Earthquake?
In Japanese Mythology, it is believed that
earthquakes are caused by a giant catfish they call
Namazu.
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is a phenomenon of strong
vibrations occurring on the ground due to release of
a large amount of energy within a short period of
time through a sudden disturbance in the earth’s
crust or in the upper part of the mantle.
-S. Okamoto
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
List of Catastrophic and Notable Earthquakes
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List of Catastrophic and Notable Earthquakes (Cont.)
1863 July 02, Manila, Philippines – 10,000
Deaths, unknown magnitude.
1897 September 21, Basilan, Philippines –
unknown no. of deaths, M8.7.
The 1908 Messina earthquake in Italy has
1897 October 18, Samar, Philippines – prompted the establishment of the first building
unknown no. of deaths, M8.1. code to consider earthquake forces.
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Establishment of the first Seismic Codes
The 1908 Messina Earthquake in Sicily, Italy has initiated the development
of the first know seismic design code. The Royal Government of Italy
established the Geological and Engineering Committee. In April 29, 1915,
Engineering Committee recommended the following first earthquake design
code which states the following:
• The seismic ratio a/g is equal to 1/12 for the first floor and 1/8 for the
floors above.
• Seismic design force is taken as 1/8 of the weight of the second floor for
the first story and 1/6 the weight of roof for the second story.
The buildings were also limited to only up to two stories.
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Establishment of the first Seismic Codes
In the same year (1915), Toshikata Sano, an associate professor at the
University of Tokyo, wrote a doctoral thesis entitled “Earthquake
Resistance of Buildings” in which he proposed the concept of equivalent
lateral load and introduced the importance of strength, ductility and
stiffness. In his thesis, he recommended the following:
• A seismic coefficient defined as the ratio of maximum ground
acceleration (horizontal) to the acceleration due to gravity.
• Estimated the value of ground acceleration in some areas in Tokyo equal
to 0.30g, Nagoya also 0.30g, and Osaka equal to 0.35g.
• Also recommended a value for vertical acceleration equal to 0.5 to 0.33
of the horizontal acceleration.
His worked has form the basis of the first Japanese seismic code in 1924
which suggested that seismic force must be taken equal to 0.10 of the
building weight.
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Establishment of the first Seismic Codes
The work of Prof. T. Sano formed the basis of seismic coefficient method
(equivalent lateral force procedure in NSCP or 震度法 (shindo-ho) in
Japanese) and the first Japanese seismic code in 1924 which suggested that
seismic force must be taken equal to 0.10 of the building weight.
Prof. T. Sano of the University of Tokyo
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List of Catastrophic and Notable Earthquakes
1924 April 14, Luzon, Philippines – unknown
no. of deaths, M7.5.
1924 April 14, Mindanao, Philippines –
unknown no. of deaths, M8.3.
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Establishment of the first Seismic Codes
1925 is the first building code in the US to include the effect of lateral loads
on buildings.
1928 is the released of the first edition of the Uniform Building Code (UBC)
• A minimum design seismic force was recommended to be equal to
0.075W for buildings with soil bearing capacity equal to 191.5 kPa or
more.
• A minimum design seismic force equal to 0.10W for other buildings
including buildings on piles.
• Seismic weight is taken as dead load + live load.
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List of Catastrophic and Notable Earthquakes
1955 April 1, Lanao, Philippines – 400, M7.6.
1943 May 25, Philippines – unknown no. of
deaths, M8.1.
1948 January 24, Panay, Philippines – 20,
M8.3.
1968 August 1, Casiguran, Philippines –
unknown no. of deaths, M7.7.(Collapsed of
Ruby Tower)
1970 April 07, Luzon, Philippines – unknown
no. of deaths, M7.7.
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List of Catastrophic and Notable Earthquakes
1990 July 16, Luzon, Philippines – 1700
1976 August 17, Moro Gulf, Philippines –
deaths, M7.8. (Baguio Earthquake)
6500 deaths, M8.0
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Notable Earthquakes in Structural Engineering Practice
The 1994 Northridge Earthquake
-prompted the revision of earthquake design codes in the US.
The 1995 Kobe Earthquake
-showed the vulnerability of existing system to earthquakes. More
code updates based on observed structural collapsed.
The 1940 El Centro Earthquake
-also known as Imperial Valley Earthquake, May 18, 1940.
-has been the basis of the old response spectrum curve used by
building codes.
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List of Catastrophic and Notable Earthquakes
Loboc Church before the earthquake
Other notable recent earthquakes in the
Philippines:
2013 Bohol Earthquake
2019 Castillejos Zambales Earthquake
Loboc Church after the earthquake
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List of Catastrophic Earthquakes
Baclayon Church before the earthquake
Other notable recent earthquakes in the
Philippines:
2013 Bohol Earthquake
2019 Castillejos Zambales Earthquake
Baclayon Church after the earthquake
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings 17
List of Catastrophic and Notable Earthquakes
Other notable recent earthquakes in the
Philippines:
2013 Bohol Earthquake
2019 Castillejos Zambales Earthquake
Chuzon Supermarket after the April 22, 2019 Earthquake
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The M7.7 Luzon 1990 Earthquake
One most damaging
earthquakes in the
Philippines is the Luzon
1990 Earthquake occurred
on July 16, 1990 at 4:26
PM with a magnitude of 7.7
on the Richter scale.
Epicenter: Nueva Ecija
Fault: Philippine Fault and
Digdig Fault
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
The M7.7 Luzon 1990 Earthquake: Damages
Source: Database of the late Prof. Mete Sozen of Purdue University, USA
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
The M7.7 Luzon 1990 Earthquake: Damages
The Luzon 1990 earthquake
has taught so much lessons
about the need to engineer
buildings against earthquake.
Unlike the Bohol earthquake
and the recent April 22
earthquake in Zambales, this
earthquake hit a metropolitan
area (Baguio City) where
there are many medium to
high rise buildings which are
“engineered structures.”
Source: Database of the late Prof. Mete Sozen of Purdue University, USA
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Recent Earthquakes: Cotobato 2019 Earthquakes
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October 16, 2019 – M6.4, Depth 14 km
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Damaged Structures – Cor Jesu College Building
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October 29, 2019 – M6.6, Depth 14 km
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Damaged Structures – Buildings in Kidapawan
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Damaged Structures – Buildings in Kidapawan
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October 31, 2019 – M6.5, Depth 10 km
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Damaged Structures – Condominium in Davao City
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Damaged Structures – Condominium in Davao City
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Damaged Structures – Condominium in Davao City
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Damaged Structures – Condominium in Davao City
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Damaged Structures – Condominium in Davao City
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Damaged Structures – Condominium in Davao City
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Damaged Structures – Eva Hotel in Kidapawan
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Damaged Structures – Eva Hotel in Kidapawan
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Damaged Structures – Eva Hotel in Kidapawan
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Damaged Structures – Eva Hotel in Kidapawan
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Damaged Structures – School Building in Tulunan
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Damaged Structures – School Building in Tulunan
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Damaged Structures – School Building in Tulunan
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Damaged Structures – School Building in Tulunan
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Damaged Structures – School Building in Tulunan
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Damaged Structures – Covered Court in Tulunan
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Damaged Structures – BDO Building
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Design for Earthquakes
WHY?
• Prevent large-scale loss of life
• Partial and total collapse of structures
• Reduce the economic impact of earthquake
• Ensure buildings are functional after an earthquake
• Structures are repairable after an earthquake
• Allow quick recovery of the community
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Rodolfo Mendoza Jr., D. Eng., M. ASCE, M. ASEP CIV574M/D – Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
Design for Earthquakes
How?
• Structural design for seismic Strength
loads
• Limit excessive Stiffness
displacement/deformation
• Maintain lateral Displacement
resistance capacity
• Maintain lateral stability
Energy
• Maintain vertical load
absorption
supporting capacity
• Maintain a level of
redundancy and
robustness
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Damaged Structures – School Building in Tulunan
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Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake Engineering deals with study of the effects of
earthquakes on people and their environment and with
methods of reducing those effects.
“The protection of cities from earthquake damage and the
protection of the inhabitants from injury and loss of life are the
responsibilities of engineers.”
George Housner
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