The Spanish American War
The Spanish American War
The Spanish American War
•The Spanish American war which broke out on April 25, 1898, ended on August 12 of the same year.
• There were many factors that contributed to the US decision to open hostilities against Spain.
• These included the Cuban struggle for Independence, efforts of the American to extend influence
overseas and the sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.
• Americas open support for the Cubans revolution and her vast investment in Cubans sugar industry led
her involvement in this Spanish colony
• On April 19, the U.S. Congress passed several resolutions demanding the pull out of Spanish forces in
Cuba. To save her honor, Spain declared war against U.S. on April 24.
• The next day, the U.S. Congress declared war on Spain and thus the Spanish American war began.
• The Conclusion of the Spanish - American war, which resulted to the victory of the Americans paved the
way to the end of the Spanish Colonial rule and the rise of the United States as global power
•At the end of Spanish-American war, General Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore where
he had negotiations with the American consul general, Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the American's
offer to support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.
• The US would then recognized the Philippine Independence after the defeat of Spain.
•Pratt advised Aguinaldo to meet with Commodore Dewey who was then based in Hong Kong, if he were
to join the latter should he sail from the Philippines
• General Aguinaldo, rushed to HK but missed Commodore Dewey who had already sailed to Manila to
destroy the Spanish Fleet.
• The Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at noon. Admiral Patricio Montojo of
the Spanish forces incurred heavy casualties with 160 of his men killed and 210 wounded
• This battle made Dewey instant hero, The Congress promoted him to rear admiral and later Admiral.
• Upon the advice of the Hong Kong Junta, General Aguinaldo left on board the McCulloch (others
McCullough), Dewey dispatch vessel and arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898.
•His first act upon his return was his proclamation on May 21, urging the people to rise arms and join the
Americans in a common struggle against the Spaniards.
•On May 24, 1898 General Aguinaldo establish a dictatorial government with him as the Dictator, upon
the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.
• Aguinaldo established a new government to revoke the authority of the Biak-na-Bato Republic and unite
the revolutionary forces.
• At that time, a dictatorship was necessary to carry out the war successfully
•On May 28, the Consultative Assembly Instituted by Governor General Basilio Agustin met for the first
time.
• But the Filipinos did not like to settle for the projected reforms. They Clamor for total independence.
• The Capture of Manila bay was the principal objective of General Aguinaldo He and his group
commanded by General Gregorio Del Pilar, Pio Del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and Mariano Noriel, among
others, surrounded the city.
• This initial success inspired other people to relive the revolutionary spirit.
•Dewey's Squadron dominated the bay and thus the Spaniards were trapped within the city walls.
• Aguinaldo's men had cut off the supply of foodstuffs and potable water in the city. The populace
suffered terribly during the siege.
• Aguinaldo offered Governor General Agustin terms for an honorable surrendered but the latter rejected
him
• Dewey demanded the surrendered of Manila on August 7 Consequently, the Spanish governor general
honorably conceded.
Unit VII The Birth of Nation *TOPIC 1. The Proclamation of Philippine Independence
•On June 12 1898, between four and five in the afternoon, General Emilio Aguinaldo before a huge crowd
proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite. .
•Finally, after 333 years of Spanish domination, the Philippines obtained Independence.
•Dona Marcela Agoncillo, assisted by her daughter Lorenzo, and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad
(niece of Dr Jose Rizal) had sewn the flag in Hong Kong. General Aguinaldo made its design.
• The National anthem titled, Marcha National Filipina (formerly Marcha Filipina Magdalo) composed by
Julian Felipe, was played by the town band of San Francisco de Malabon (now general Trias).
•The act of Proclamation of Philippine Independence was solemnly read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
which he himself wrote
•The declaration was signed by 98 people with one of them an American - LM. Johnson, Colonel Of
Artillery.
•After the proclamation of Independence. Apolinario Mabini became the adviser of General Emilio
Aguinaldo.
•Upon Mabini's advice, Gen. Aguinaldo changed the form of Government from Dictatorial to
Revolutionary. Thus, Aguinaldo became the President of the Revolutionary Government
•By decree of June 18, 1898, President Aguinaldo organized the municipal and provincial government.
•On August 1, 1898, the first convention of municipal presidents was held in Bacoor, Cavite, Capital of
the Revolutionary Government.
• TOPIC
2. The Incredulous Battle of Manila
•Governor General Fermin Jaudenes, through Belgian consul, Edouard Andre, secretly told Dewey and
Meritt in early August 1898 concerning the capture in Manila.
•The Governor was not aware of the peace protocol that had already been concluded in Washington
between the United states and the Spain on August 12, 1898.
•It was a rainy morning on August 13, 1898 when the sham battle of Manila began after Dewey's naval
gun bombarded Fort San Antonio Abad near the Luneta.
• At about 11:20 am, the Spaniards had already raised the flag of surrender. General Greene only notice
the flag at around noontime.
•After the fall of Manila, General Diego de los Rios became the governor general. He became the last
Spanish governor general of the Philippines.
• The siege of Baler that highlighted the gallantry of both the Filipino and Spanish soldiers ended on June
30, 1899 (now Philippine-Spanish Friendship Day pursuant to Republic Act No. 9187).
• The treaty of Paris was signed between representatives/diplomats United states and Spain at Paris,
France on December 10, 1898.
• The pull out of Spanish military in the Philippines was provided in the Treaty of Paris.
Treaty of Paris
•Actually, this treaty was another blow to Philippine - American relations. It made the Philippines a
colony of the United states.
•Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898. It provided the following:
•Gen. Aguinaldo tried to persuade foreign countries to recognize Philippine independence. He sent Felipe
Agoncillo, with Sixto Lopez to Paris to ask for recognition but they are not permitted to attend the
conference in Paris. From there, he went to Washington to worked against the ratification of the treaty by
the US Senate.
•After the heated debate in the US senate, the treaty was finally ratified on February 6, 1899 by a margin
of one (1) vote.
•On August 22, 1898, Aguinaldo ordered the transfer of the government's seat of power from Bacoor,
Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan.
•On September 15, 1898, the Revolutionary Congress was inaugurated at Barasoain Church in Malolos
amidst colorful activities.
•A total of 93 representatives took part in the Congress, 35 of them were directly elected. Many of them
were holders of academic degrees from Universities of Europe.
•The President of the Congress himself, Dr. Pedro A. Paterno, was a holder of Bachelor's Degree in Law
from University of Salamanca and Doctorate degree from the Universidad Central De Madrid.
• The committee to draft the Constitution was composed of 19 members with Felipe Calderon as
chairman. It studied the three Constitutional drafts submitted - The Mabini plan, Paterno plan and the
Calderon plan.
1. The Mabini Plan was the Constitutional Programme of the Philippine Republic.
3. The Calderon Plan was a Constitution based on the Constitution of France, Belgium, Mexico, Costa
Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil.
•After thorough examination and deliberation, the Committee choose the Calderon Plan and submitted it
to the Malolos Congress for approval.
•According to Felipe Calderon, the committee rejected the Mabini plan because it was based on the
Statutes of Universal Masonry
abhorred by the majority of the delegates who were Catholics.
• Calderon mention that the Paterno draft was also discarded because it was patterned from the Spanish
Constitution of 1868.
•Discussion of the draft Constitution lasted until November 29, 1898. article 5, Title Ill of the draft
became the most debatable. This refers to Religion and the separation of the Church and State.
•Del Rosario spoke in favor of the Principle of separation of Church and State. Calderon on the contrary
wanted to make Catholicism as State religion.
•After the members voted for it, the result was a tie. The second voting resulted to the separation of
church and state, winning by only one vote given by Pablo Tecson
•Finally on January 21, 1899, president Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the
Fundamental Law of the land.
•Then on January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was inaugurated amidst festive ceremonies at
the Barasoain Church. It was popularly known as the Malolos Republic.
•The official organ of the Republic was El Heraldo de la Revolucion (Herald of the Revolution) with its
first issue on September 29,1898.
• Its name was afterwards changed to Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice official, and finally to Gaceta de
Filipinas, with the last issue on October 14, 1899.
• Some Filipinos who wrote articles using their nom de plume for the newspaper were Rafael Palma
(Dapit hapon), Cecilio Apostol (Catullo), and many others,
•In 1899 Jose Palma, the 23 year old brother of Rafael Palma and member of the La Independencia, wrote
the poem "Felipinas" which was later adopted as the lyrics of the National Anthem of the Philippines, still
at wars against the United states.
•For MABINI, independence would not simply mean liberation from Spain but also educating the people
for autonomy and refraining from colonial mentality. Thus, the Malolos Congress had set up educational
institution.
•A system of free and compulsory elementary education was provided for by the Malolos Constitution
•The Universidad Literaria de Filipinas (at the convent of Barasoain Church) was also established with
Joaquin Gonzales as first President.
•Gonzales was subsequently replaced in September 1899 by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero.
• Military training for the officers in the Army of the Republic was offered in the Military Academy of
Malolos whose Director was Major Manuel Sityar, a former Spanish lieutenant of the Spanish Guardia
Civil. Some of its instructors were graduates of Military Academy of Toledo, Spain.
• In Mindanao, Spanish colonial rule particularly ended in Butuan, Agusan del Norte with the hoisting of
Philippine Flag. Butuan was then the Military capital of the province of Surigao.
• Although President McKinley wanted peace, the American occupied the Philippines in spite of Local
resistance.
• On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission (Schurman
Commission) to recommendations in the administration of the country.
• The Manifest Destiny is a divine right that the white giving reason the spread westward of American
influence westward of the Pacific Ocean bringing with it Government, Economy and Christianity.
• Benevolent Assimilation - it is succinctly stated that " future control, disposition, and government of the
Philippines Islands were ceded to the United States and the Military Government is to take the whole of
the ceded authority.
• John O. Sullivan, Newspaper Editor coined the term Manifest Destiny in 1845.
• Its Champion was U.S. President William McKinley, who decided to keep the Philippines as a colony of
America.
• The American thought that the Filipinos were not yet civilized. They were not yet really Christian.
• The American thought it was the "white's man burden" to help the colored people improve. Of course,
Filipinos were shocked to know this
• The American Rule Hostilities began on the night of February 4, 1899 at about 8:00 pm An American
soldier named Private Robert Willie Grayson with two other members of the U.S. shot and killed a man
who happens to be a filipino soldier.
• General Mc Arthur issued his order to advance against the Filipino troops without investigating the
shooting incidents.
• Aguinaldo tried to avoid the war. He send an emissary to inform Gov. Gen. Elwell Otis that the firing
on their side had been against his order. . Governor General Otis answered that since the fighting had
begun, it must go on to the grim end. Aguinaldo
issued a declaration informing the Filipino people that they are now at war. This turn out to be to be the
seven-year Filipino-American War (1899-1906).
• In the Suburbs of Manila, The American fleet started bombarding the Filipino fort north of San Juan del
Monte on February 5, 1899. In the afternoon of that day, the fierce battle of La Loma near the Chinese
cemetery ensued. Major Jose Torres Bugallon, one of Gen. Lunas gallant officers fell mortally wounded.
• In kalookan a fierce battle followed, with the American once again victorious. Undismayed by his
defeat, Luna prepared for a Plan for a recapture of Manila by burning American occupied houses in tondo
and in Binondo. This took place on February 22 Washington's birthday (An American national holiday).
• In Quingua (Plaridel), on April 23, the American Cavalry under Major Bell suffered heavily losses under
General Gregorio Del Pilar. In this battle, continued fighting Colonel John Stotsenberg was killed.
• On March 31, 1899, the American captured Malolos which was then the Capital of the First Philippine
Republic.
• On April 25, the Battle of BagBag River was fought. General Luna irked by the insubordination of
General Tomas Mascardo, left Calumpit with his men to punish Mascardo, who was then in Pampanga.
• Mabini through his Manifesto written in an Isidro, Nueva Ecija dated April 15, 1899, urged his
countrymen to continue the struggle for independence.
• General Luna met his tragic end in the hands of his fellow patriots. Early in June he received message
from Aguinaldo asking him to go to Cabanatuan.
• He left his command in Bayambang, Pangasinan. He arrived in Cabanatuan on June 5. He was angry to
see that one of the sentries was a member of the Kawit Company, the Presidential Bodyguard, which he
asked Aguinaldo to disband for military insubordination.
• In the afternoon of the same day, General Luna, after attending the meeting with his fellow patriots who
were already planning to make peace with the American (which he vehemently opposed) was stabbed to
death by Aguinaldo's Body quard
• He received about 40 wounds. His aide-de-camp Colonel Francisco Roman was also killed. The next
day, he was buried with full military honors on Aguinaldo's orders.
General Gregorio Del Pilar at Tirad Pass
• Severino de las Alas, the Secretary of the Interior in his circular informed the Provincial chiefs of Luna's
death and said that: (a) it was caused by Luna's insulting and assaulting of the President's bodyguards, and
(b) the Plan of Luna to take over the Presidency from Aguinaldo,
• In Aguinaldo's fight to the north, General Gregorio Del Pilar considered the advantageous terrain in
PASONG TIRAD, near the town of Cervantes, Ilocos Sur.
• At Tirad Pass, Gen. Del Pilar with 60 riflemen, stood guard to intercept the American soldiers and give
Aguinaldo sufficient time to escape.
• On December 2, 1899, Major Peyton G. March and about 300 American troopers stormed the Pass, but
were repulsed by Del Pilar's men. The American had not so far located the positions of the Filipinos.
Pasong Tirad was 4,500 feet high.
• Through Januario Galut, an Igorot guide of the American, the secret trail to the top was known.
• In the midst of the combat General Del Pilar, mounted on a white horse, was hit with a bullet that pass
through his neck.
• Only eight (8) men escaped alive to relate the tragic news to Aguinaldo.
• After the Battle in the Tirad Pass, the American authorities lost track of Aguinaldo until Cecilio
Segismundo, Aguinaldos messenger fell into the hands of General Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva
Ecija.
• With the approval of General McArthur, who had succeeded Otis as military governor, Funston
employed 80 Macabebe Scouts, two former officers of Aguinaldo ( Lazaro Segovia and Hilario Tal
Placido), three tagalog natives, and four other American officers for the capture of Aguinaldo
• Pretending to be the reinforcement with five American prisoners, the Macabbebe Scouts were able to
enter Aguinaldo's Camp. Aguinaldo and his men met them and even gave them food.
Aguinaldo's Capture
• At a given signal, the Macabebes suddenly opened fire. Tal Placido, a fat powerful man grabbed
Aguinaldo from behind. General Funston and four other American officers entered the room and arrested
him in the name of the United states, Aguinaldo was taken aboard the Vicksburg and brought to Manila.
• On April 19, 1901, he took the oath of allegiance to the United States and appealed to all Filipinos to
accept the sovereignty of the United States.
• Although the Filipino-American war was still in progress, on March 16, 1900 President McKinley
appointed the Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission)
• He gave the Commission the Legislative and Executive authority to put up a Civilian Commission.
• On July 4,1901, the American Civil Government was proclaimed with Judge William Howard Taft as
the fist Civil Governor. He exercised both the Legislative and Executive functions being the head of
Second Philippine Commission that served as the lawmaking body.
• His Policy, the Philippines for the Filipinos, laid the foundations or the Democratic Government during
his administration
• Though thousand of Filipinos surrendered as a result of American peace propaganda, some military
commanders refused to lay down their arms.
• In Samar, General Vicente Lukban resorted to ambushing American Soldiers. Enraged by this Tactics,
General Jacob Smith ordered the Massacre of all men and children above ten years of age.
• The end for San Miguel came on March 28, 1903, after some Philippine Scouts discovered his
headquarters between Caloocan and Marikina. Though hit three times, San Miguel nevertheless fought
until his last breath.
• With the death of San Miguel, Faustino Guillermo assumed the Leadership of the New Katipunan
movement in Rizal and in Bulacan.
• At the height of Rebellion in Samar, in 1902, Macario Sakay, Julian Moltalban and Cornelio Felizardo
organized their Resistance forces in the Rizal-Cavite-Laguna-Batangas area by formally establishing the
Philippine Republic or what Sakay referred to as the Tagalog Republic.
• In mid-1905, Governor-General Henry c. Ide authorized dr. Dominador Gomez a well known Labor
leader, to conduct negotiations for the surrender of Sakay and his men.
• Dr. Gomez went to Tanay and told the rebel leader that his surrender would help restore peace and order
n the country, a condition provided by the Cooper Act of 1902 for the establishment of a Philippine
Assembly
• This Assembly would serve as a training ground for self government and the first step towards
independence.
• Colonel Harry Bandholtz, who had been handling the negotiations with Dr Gomez, invited Sakay, his
principal lieutenants & Dr Gomez to a party in Cavite (at the house of Governor Van Schaik).
• The Americans and the Philippine Constabulary arrested and disarmed Sakay and his men. They were
charged with ladronism or Banditry and other crimes such as rape, kidnapping and murder.
• In accordance with the provision of Brigandage Act, the court sentenced General Macario Sakay and
Colonel Lucio De Vega to die by public hanging
• The last revolutionary general to surrender to Americans was General Simeon Ola, who surrender to
Colonel Bandholtz in Guinobattan, Albay on September 25, 1903.
• Like Malvar, Ola took the oath of Allegiance to the United States Artemio Ricarte, refused to take the
oath of allegiance and was exiled in Hong Kong and later in Japan.
• The Philippine Assembly was inaugurated at the Grand Opera House, Manila on October 16, 1907.
• Sergio Osmena was chosen Speaker of the Assembly while Manuel L. Quezon became the majority
floor leader
• The first Bill passed by the Philippine Assembly was the Gabaldon Law Sponsored by Assembyman
Isauro Gabaldon) which appropriated P1 Million for Barrio Schools.
• Pursuant to the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (Also known as Cooper Act), two Filipino resident
Commissioners represented their countrymen in the US Congress - Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo).
They took part in the debate in Congress but were not given the privilege to vote.
• On August 19, 1916, the US congress passed the Jones Law which was signed by President Woodrow
Wilson.
• The Jones Law provided a Bicameral Philippine Legislature with the Upper house (Senate) and a Lower
House (House o Representative).
• The New Legislature under the Jones Law was inaugurated on October 26, 1916, with Quezon as
President and Osmena as Speaker of the House.
• The heightening tension between Governor Wood and the Filipino leader came to its climax on July 23,
1923, when Senate President Quezon, Senate President Pro tempore Osmena and the Filipino Department
Secretaries from the Council of States.
• The incident known as the "CABINET CRISES OF 1923" happened when Governor Wood governed
the country without the cooperation of the legislature,
• Upon Quezon's advice, Filipino Cabinet members resigned from their posts in protest of Governor
Wood's handling of the Ray Conley case.
• Conley was charge with Immorality and misconduct in office but later Wood's administrative committee
exonerated Conley and recommended his reinstatement.
• Quezon, acting as Spokesman of the Filipino members of the Cabinet, accused the Governor General of
controlling the affairs of the Government.
• The Nacionalista and Democrata Parties Join forces in a common cause against the governor general
and to work the recognition of the country's independence.
• The HHC Act, divided the Philippine Congress into two opposing camps - the Anti's and the Pros.
• The Antis, led by Senate President Quezon, opposed the acts because of its objectionable features.
• The Pros headed by Senator Osmena and Speaker Roxas upheld it on the ground that it was the best
independence measures.
• In November 1933, Quezon led the twelfth mission to Washington to secure a better independence.
• A new Independence measure called Tydings-McDuffie Law was passed and signed by President
Franklyn Roosevelt on March 24, 1934. it closely resembled the HHC Act. The Philippine Legislature
accepted the law.
• The drafting of the Constitution lasted six months - from July 30, 1934 to February 8, 1935.
• The Constitution was approved by the Convention by a vote of 177 - to- 1. Twenty-two members were
absent. One member had died in August 1934
• President Roosevelt approved the Constitution. Then on May 14, 1935, the Plebiscite for the ratification
or rejection of the Constitution was held. For the first time, Filipino women exercised the right to
Suffrage.
• The Constitution was overwhelmingly ratified by the People with a total of 1,213,046 in favor and those
against only 44,963.
• The first national Election under the 1935 Constitution was held on September 17, 1935.
• The candidate for President and Vice President Manuel L Quezon and Sergio Osmena (Coalition Party),
General Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Melliza (National Socialist Party), Bishop Gregorio Aglipay
and Norberto Nabong (Republican Party).
• Manuel L Quezon and Sergio Osmena were overwhelmingly elected as President and Vice President
respectively.
Unit VIII – The American Rule
TOPIC
3. The American Legacy
• After the victory of the American against the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila, on May 1, 1898, the
US Military reinforcement grew in number. -
• The U.S. in fact, sent its top General to the Philippines including General John "BlackJack" Pershing
who urged the colt gun factory to manufacture the famous colt .45 caliber automatic pistol. This kind of
weapon was used against the Muslim warriors in Battle.
• Veterans of the Indians wars were also sent to the country. Among them were General Elwell Otis and
General Henry W. Lawton. They came to be known as the Thomasites. ( from the name of army Ship they
Boarded).
• These American teachers, numbering about 540 who arrived in the country on August 21, 1901,
established the modern school system.
• The American Legacy The first American newspaper to appear in the Philippines was the Bounding
Billow, published at irregular intervals on board Dewey's Flagship Olympia.
• The First American daily newspaper to be published in Manila was the American Soldier.
• the first Filipino weekly in English was the Philippine Herald, founded by Senate President Manuel
Quezon in 1902.
• In 1908, El Renaciemiento attacked the then Secretary of the interior, Dean Worcester in the article Aves
de Rapinta (Birds Of Prey).
• The period from 1905-1930 was the golden age of Zarzuela in the country. Severino Reyes 's walang
sugat (not wounded was one of the most famous Tagalog Zarzuela
• In 1903, Charles M. Swift established the MERALCO (Manila Electric Company). Its original name
was Manila Electric Railroad and Lighting Company, the first company given the franchise to operate
electric cars called Tranvia and supply electricity to Manila
• On February 17, 1905, the Philippine Constabulary school was established. Later it became the
Philippine Military Academy, the first military officer's school in the country. From Intramuros it was
moved to Baguio.
• In 1910, the Philippine General hospital (PGH) located at Taft Avenue, Manila was established by the
government to attend to indigent patients.
• It was Daniel Burnham, noted Chicago architect and town planner who designed Baguio City.
• Filipino sculptor, one of the most prominent in the field was Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) best
known for his masterpiece, the Bonifacio Monument
• The principal figure is Andres Bonifacio, leader of the Philippine Revolution in 1896. Behind him
stands Emilio Jacinto. The Monument was completed in 1933.
• The American used their stay in the Philippines to teach us their way of life and the principles of
Democracy. Individual freedom respect for rights and liberties of the people.
• The Americans came and enhanced the knowledge of the Filipinos on democratic ways and institutions.
•They Organized the Civil Courts, including the Supreme Court with Cayetano Arellano as the first
Filipino Chief Justice.
• Local Government were established in towns and provinces under the control of American Troops. The
first election under the American Flag was conducted on May 7,1899 in Baliwag, Bulacan
• Governor General Basilio Augustin and Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda commissioned Fr. Gregorio
Aglipay to confer with the revolutionary leader to bring back with the Spanish side with a promise of
autonomy for the Philippines
• On the other hand, Emilio Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel as his emissary to Aglipay for
the purpose of persuading the latter to go the North to work for the revolutionary cause.
• Aglipay went to the North to investigate the condition of the Bishopric of Nueva Segovia (Cagayan).
Upon his return to Manila to Report to Nozaleda, he found Manila besieged by the Americans
• He decided to go to Cavite and join Aguinaldo's movement, particularly the Malolos Congress.
• On October 28, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a Decree appointing Aglipay as a Military Vicar General,
making him the religious leader of the revolutionary movement.
• A day after his appointment, Aglipay issued a letter to the Filipino Clergy to form an ecclesiastical
council which would ask the Pope to appoint Filipinos in all church positions from Archbishop to the
lowest parish priest
• Archbishop Nozaleda deeply alarmed by Aglipay's decisions charged the latter with Usurpation of
Power.
• Nozaleda issued his decree excommunicating Aglipay which took effect on May 5, 1899.
• In 1901, Isabelo de los Reyes, a radical Propagandist, returned to the Philippines and campaigned for the
establishment of a Filipino Church.
• In the same year, He founded the Union Obrera Democratica (Democratic Labor Union) On August 3,
1902, De los Reyes called a meeting of his Democratic Labor Union at the Centro de Bellas Artes and
Proposed the establishment of Filipino church independent of Rome with F. Gregorio Aglipay as the
Supreme Bishop
• The proposal was accepted and thus the Iglesia filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church)
was founded. * On January 18, 1903, Aglipay was consecrated Supreme Bishop by the Bishops of
Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Isabela, Cagayan, Pangasinan & Abra.
The colorums.
• The remnants of Hermano Pule's Cofradia de San Jose retreated to the mountains of Tayabas and
Laguna mountains of San Cristobal.
• This group came to be known as Colorums, a corruption of the latin phrase et saecula saeculorum (world
without end) used at mass to end certain prayers.
• These Colorum groups were characterized by religious fanaticism, which was combination of catholic
devotion, hero-worship and folk superstitions.
• In Tarlac, the colorums worshipped Jose Rizal and Apo Ipe Saivador. They believed that the two leaders
would resurrect and saved them.
• Felipe Salvador, otherwise known as Apo Ipe was born in Baliwag, Bulacan on May 26, 1870. when
katipuneros from Balintawak arrived in Baliwag, Ipe joined them. He was appointed as Colonel by
Aguinaldo in 1899
• When Aguinaldo surrendered to the Americans, he went to the mountains and begin his guerilla
operations. Soon he organized his group and called it Santa Iglesia or Holy Church.
• In an interview years later, an ilokano colorum named Pedro Calosa said that colorum members were
tenants who had been ejected by nocienderos, or small farmers deprived of their land by land grabbers
who used their powers to advance their personal interests.
Unit VIII - The American Rule • TOPICS 6. Land Tenure system, and 7. The First labor
Group
The hacienda system introduce during the Spanish period, kept the peasants in bondage. The landlord -
tenant relations ensued even after the institution of a democratic government.
A. INQUILINOS (Cash tenants) - paid yearly rent for using a piece of land.
• He was often required to give various services to the haciendero for free.
• Refusal to work or to contribute to the expenses could mean outright dismissal from the hacienda.
• It became customary for the children of the tenants to serve the landlords as domestic servants to help
their parents pay the interest on debts incurred due to cash advances.
B. KASAMA (Sharecropper) -provided the labor on the hacienda where he shared the harvest on a 50-50
basis with his landlord or Hacendero, after deducting the expenses incurred in planting and in harvesting.
• Like the Inquilino, he was expected to render personal services to the landowner, at the landowner's
discretion.
• In January 1902, Isabelo De los Reyes organized the first labor union in the Philippines, the Union de
Litografos e Impresores de Filipinas
• Soon after its founding, the members decided to reorganize themselves into the Union Obrera
Democratica (U.O.D.) a federation of small unions of Printers, lithographer, cigarmakers, tailors and
shoemakers which demanded higher wages and workers benefit.
• With its official organ, La Redencion El Obrero, the union voiced for social demand and nationalistic
feelings of the workers. As a result of one of the strikes, Isabelo de los Reyes was imprisoned. A few
weeks later he was pardoned.
• Dr. Dominador Gomez, who succeeded De los Reyes, led a group of Laborers on May 1, 1903 in a
demonstration before Malacanang, however, Gomez was replaced by Lope K. Santos for the union
members distrusted the former's involvement in the surrender of Sakav which led to his capture
• Lope K Santos a printer and a newspaperman, was the last President of the U.O.D. under him the union
became known as the Union Del Trabajo de Filipinas
• On May 1, 1913 labor day was first officially celebrated in the country. The labor leaders organized the
Congreso Obrero De Filipinas (C.O.F.). This congress approved a resolutions demanding eight hour labor
day, child and women labor laws and employer's liability law.
• COMMUNISM is a concept of society in which the major resources and means of production are
communally owned. Theoretically, there would be equal sharing of the benefits of production.
• This ideology involves the abolition of individual ownership of property. It advocates the revolution of
the working masses to overthrow the capitalist society so that the classless society be achieved.
• On November 7, 1930, the Communist Party of The Philippines was formally established with all the
officers of the K.A.P.
• With the radicals in the minority, Evangelista and his followers walked out and immediately launched
the Katipunan ng mga Anak Pawis ng Pilipinas or K.A.P.
• Evangelista became the elected executive secretary while Manahan, the Vice-president, in charge of the
peasant movement. Other officers were Jose Hilario, Antonio Ora, Patricio Dionisio, Cirilo Bognotand H.
C. Hao.
• When some officials were arrested, soon after, Antonio Ora, a CPP Central Committee member was
arrested in Manila.
• While Ora was being taken to Prison he died reportedly due to an automobile accident near Cabanatuan,
Nueva Ecija. The C.P.P. members became skeptical about it
• They were thinking that the incident was not purely by chance. As a result, the Communist staged a
demonstration rally on January 25, 1931.
• Evangelista, Manahan et. al., were arrested charged with sedition on the basis of the platforms, action
and demands of C.P.P. they found guilty of by the Court of First Instance (C.F.I.) and sentence to jail.
• it was on October 26, 1932 when the Supreme Court declared the C.P.P. an Illegal Association.
SAKDALISM
• BENIGNO RAMOS, leader of a popular movement sakdal, used to be a Senate clerk. In 1930, he
purposely left his job to work against the Administration.
• Ramos consequently founded Sakdal, a tabloid weekly, which became the vehicle for bitter denunciation
of the ruling oligarchy. The tabloid exposed the discontentment of the masses. In the 1934 election of
delegates of constitutional Convention, the Sakdalistas desired to have a number of candidates.
• in campaign meetings and through their paper, the Sakdalistas opposed colonial education in the
country, in particular Camilo Osias grade school "Readers".
• On May 2, 1935, 150 peasants armed with bolos and paltiks marched to the municipal hall of San
Ildefonso, Bulacan and hauled down the American and Philippine flags and raised the red Sakdal flag.
• Benigno Ramos was in Japan when the revolt broke out. He was then arranging for Japanese support for
the Sakdal party.
• He denied his involvement in the May 2 incident. Disowned by their leader, many peasants withdrew
support for Ramos.
The Filipino - American war broke out due to the skirmish at the San Juan Bridge in February 1899.
Despite the effort to settle the conflict against Americans, they declared war. The Filipino troops tried their best to
win against the Americans but they failed because of the supremacy of the Americans in firearms and Filipino troops
lacked military training. With the successive defeats in battle and death of Filipino revolutionary generals,
Aguinaldo has no other recourse but to surrender to the Americans.
Americans had expressly informed the Filipinos about their intention of colonizing the archipelago that was
to teach self-governance. Truly, they fulfilled their promise. From the position of House of Representatives in 1907
to the position of President in 1935, little little were occupied by Filipinos including Representatives in the
American Congress. The enactment of Tydings - Mcduffie act promised the granting of Philipines after a 10-year
transition period until World War II broke.
Benevolent Assimilation
On December 21, 1898, United States President William Mckinley announced his decision to keep the
Philippines as an American colonial possession. Referring to the Treaty of Paris, it said that as a result of the
victories of American arms, the future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands were ceded to
the United States. It enjoined the military commander to make known to the natives of the Philippine Islands that it
was succeeding the sovereignty of Spain. It said that the authority of the United States was to be exerted for the
securing of the persons and property of the people of the islands and for the confirmation of all their private rights
and relations. It would be the duty of the commander of the forces of occupation to announce and proclaim in the
most public manner that they come, not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the natives in their
homes, in their employments, and in their personal and religious rights. President William Mckinley described this
mission as "Benevolent Assimilation".
On January 5, 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation. He cautioned that if the American
would attempt to forcibly take over the country, his government would have no other choice but to fight.
He warmed that his government was prepared to fight any Arrierican attempts forcibly take over the
country. This sounds like a declaration of war to the Un States although he had had no intention to get into a war
with the United States. W Anew that war would only cause sufferings to the Filipino people. However, bve w still
optimistic that the situation could be saved by negotiations between him and t American military leaders in the
Philippines, And so, Aguinaldo wrote General Ehe SOtis requesting for peaceful negotiations.
On January 9, 1899, Otis appointed three American officers to meet ww dưee Filipino military officials
appointed by Aguinaldo. However, nothine accomplished.
Private William Grayson of the Nebraska Volunteers had been enlisted since May 1898, a month after the
Spanish - American War broke, and his unit had been deployed in the Philippines since June 1898. Grayson's unit
was under the command of Colone John M. Stotsenburg. had been encamped in Santa Mesa since two months
before the outbreak of the Filipino-American war. Since the time of their encampment, there had been some reports
surrounding the San Juan Bridge, located at the cast of their camp.
On the morning of February 4, 1899, Stotsenburg ordered Grayson to hold the village, if armed men came
into their lines, ordered them out, if they persisted, summon enough men to arrest them. In case an advance in force
was made, to fall back to the pipeline outpost and prevent occupation of the village by all means, to call all
headquarters for assistance.
At 8 pm of the same day, Grayson together with Private Orville Miller and another man advanced to San
Juan Bridge, suddenly they encountered four armed men Grayson and Miller called "halt" but the four men
responded by cocking their guns, they fired at them and retreated to Santol Grayson claimed that he hit two of the
four men while Miller got one, but neither American nor Filipino reports mentioned that anyone was hit. Because of
the incident, finally Filipino-American war started.
Aguinaldo attempted to stop the war by sending an emissary to General Elwell Otis. But the general
responded. "Fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end
After knowing the response of the United States, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a proclamation:
“ I order and command:
That peace and frietilly relations with the American be broken and that the latter be troited as enenties,
within the loni prescribed by the laws of war.
That the Americans capture be held as prisoners of war.
That this proclamation be communicated to the consuls and that congress onler and accord a suspension of
the constitutional giuranlee, resulting from that declaration of war.
In the early stage of Filipino-American war, the natives suffered successive setbacks. General Arthur
MacArthur immediately commanded the American troops to move toward Filipino positions in Manila and the
suburbs. California and Kansas brigade of United States Army captured Santa Ana and Makati Nebraska and Utah
brigade occupied the San Juan Bridge. On the other hand, soldiers from Idaho and Washington killed hundreds of
Filipinos who were then trying to cross the Pasig River. Admiral Dewey's naval guns bombarded the coastlines
continuously capturing Manila and the suburbs. Assassination of Antonio Luna Antonio Luna, a chemist by
profession was also a good guitar player, swordsman, writer and editor before he joined Aguinaldo's army. It was
Jose Rizal, who even recommended Antonio Luna to lead the revolution against Spain when Pio Valenzuela in
Dapitan visited him Luna was a writer for La Solidaridad using the pen name * Taga-llog" and later become editor
of nationalistic newspaper la Indepedencia." But he had one defect that the members of Luna family had in
common: short or bad temper. His brother Juan Luna, the famous painter, allegedly killed his own wife (Paz. Pardo
De Tavera).
Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and designated him to be the chief of the military zone that included
many provinces of Central Luzon. His short temper made many enemies for him. He also slapped soldiers when
their efficiency failed to meet his expectations. While in Bayambang, Pangasinan, he received a telegram from
Cabanatuan saying that he was needed there. On June 5, 1899 he went to Cabanatuan with his aide Colonel
Francisco Romanand some soldiers. When he reached Aguinaldo's headquarters, he got angry when he discovered
that the President was not there. After several minutes, a rifle shot was heard; he rushed downstairs and cursed the
soldiers He even slapped one of them. Then a captain, Pedrong Kastila from Cavite, drew his bolo and treacherously
hacked him. Seeing him wounded, the other soldiers stabbed him, while others shot him. He died with more than
forty wounds in his body. He may not be a likeable person for others but he was honored as the “Greatest General
of the Philippines
In the morning of December 2, 1899, the young and brave general Gregorio De Pilar (Heneral Goyo as
affectionately called) while delaying the Americans at Tirad Pass so that Emilio Aguinaldo could escape capture,
there happened the famous Battle of Tirad Pass. Vicente Enriquez, Del Pilar's aide related the story on how the
general was killed
"General was going from trench to trench, exerting his men to fight bravely. He heard gunfire and went to
investigate a spot with higit cogon where hr thought the Americans ere hiding; as le was about to mount his roselle
(pinkish white horse) which, incidentally, wae food to him by Aguinaldo, he Tas hit by a bullet from chindar tie nape
of his neck, jusi Icloud the letwel of his mouth. He covered his face nwith his lund, fell on his back andt died
instantly."
The death of Del Pilar was another big loss to the revolutionary forces, after the assassination of Antonio
Luna although he was killed in the battle President Aguinaldo was able to get away from the Americans, preserving
the fight for independence Del Pilar may have died in his young age but he was honored now as the "Hero of the
Battle of Tirad Pass.”
Surrender of Aguinaldo
On March 23, 1901 at Palanan, Isabela was the place where President Aguinaldo had transferred his
office, far away from the Americans and unknown to them. On the other hand, Cecilio Segismundo,
Aguinaldo's messenger was captured and forced to reveal the location where Aguinaldo was hiding. One of the
letters was confiscated from the hands of Segismundo; the letter contained the request of Aguinaldo to send
additional troops to Isabela. It was General Frederick Funston, who made the plan of Aguinaldo's capture. Five
Americans (including Funston) together with Tal Placido and Lazaro Segovia and more than 80 Filipinos (most
of them were Macabebes) proceeded to Isabela. Americans pretended as prisoners of war and the Macabebes
as the reinforcement troops requested by Aguinaldo. A messenger was sent to inform Aguinaldo that they were
arriving and carrying some American captives. Upon their arrival to the house where Aguinaldo was hiding,
Segovia signaled their men below to start firing. When Aguinaldo rushed to the window to find out what was
happening the enemies already surrounded the house. Funston and his men told Aguinaldo to surrender. On
April 01, 1901, he was brought to Manila and forced to take an oath of allegiance to the government of United
States. The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200
American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence,
famine, and disease
Wait a Minute Emilio indo hilo walo them when the American Dapur
Military Government
After the Mock Battle of Manila on August 1898, United States President William McKinley ordered for
the establishment of Military Government in the Philippines. The Meknginted military govermor was Major General
Wesley Merritt, the commander of United States forces in Manila. He left the Philippines for Paris, France to brief
the Ole Spanish Peace Commissioners; Major General Elwell Otis who served until Cn succeeded him The last
appointed military governor was Major General Arthur MacArthur who served until 1901.
The military governor ruled the Philippines in the name and by the authority United States President.
During the stay of military governors, the military government was able to accomplish, among other things, the
following:
1. It reorganized the courts in the country. It established a Supreme Court composed of six
Filipinos and three Americans. Cayetano Arellano, A Filipino, was appointed as the first Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court.
2 In the pacified areas, military government organized town and provincial governments. The first
town to hold local elections under American rule was Baliuag, Bulacan. It was held on May 6, 1899 The military
government introduced the public school system in the Philippines.
3 English was taught for the first time with American soldiers acting as the first English teachers
of the Filipinos.
On January 20, 1899, President William McKinley created the First Philippine Commission otherwise
known as Schurman Commission, a group of five persons headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman, President of Cornell
University, and its members composed of Admiral George Dewey, Major General Elwell Otis, Charles Denby,
former United States Minister to China, and Dean C. Worcester, a professor of University of Michigan. They were
tasked to investigate the conditions of the islands and to make recommendations.
The Commission arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899. After completing its survey of the existing
conditions in the Philippines, the Commission submitted the report to President McKinley on January 31, 1900. The
following were the recommendations of the Commission:
1. The United States should remain in the Philippines, and that the Filipinos were not ready for
independence.
2. In all pacified areas, military rule should be lifted and replaced by a civil government.
3. A territorial government should be established with a bicameral legislature, The lower house
would be elective while the upper house would be half elective and half appointive.
4. The organization of town and provincial governments.
5. The protection of the civil nights of the Filipines and the promotion of theiame.
Joother c tion s created by the United States President, the Second 2hippne Com on otherwise known as the
Taft Commission in March 16, 1960 The communists was headed by wallam Howand Tait Its members were Lubu
Wright Henry C e, Dean Worcester and Bernard Moses. The commission was ed o esta a cni government in the
Philippines and to train the Filipino, is sell-ovemment.
The arrived on June 3, 1900 and began its legislative and executive face Between September 1900 to
August 1902, it enacted 499 laws, established z disc system, including the creation of Supreme Court, drew up legal
cod pening he antiquated Spanish ordinances and organized a civil service system. The first law that it passed
appropriated $1,000,000 for building and repairing of roads nd badges. The Municipal Code of 1901 provided for
popularly elected presidents, Vice presidents, and council on to serve as municipal boards. The municipal board
membean were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary
construction projects and they also elected provincial govees In September 1901, the commission was expanded to
include three pro American Filipinos as members They were Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legends and Jose
Arriaga.
Civil Government
Or March 2 1901, the United States Congress enacted the Army Appropriations Act providing for the end
of military government in the Philippines. The legislation puts an amendment sponsored by United States Senator
Jon Spooner of Wisconsin, riding for the establishment of civil government in the Philippines. The Spooner
Amendment remoned to the United States President the final authority to govern d Philippines. This power
henceforth be exercised by the United States Congress
On July 4, 1901, avil government was inaugurated in the Philippines with William Howard Taft being
appointed as the First Civil Govemor of the Philippines. The United States Congress changed the title of Civil
Governor to Governor General in 1905, Since he was also the bead of the Philippine Commission that served as the
legislative body, Converse Toft exercised both executive and legislative functions. His policy of "The Philippines for
the Filipinos" made him popular among the Filipinos and displeased ton Americans who wanted to take advantage
of the country's natural resources Telt served as gremor until December 1903.
On July 1, 1902, Philippine Bill of 1902 otherwise known as "Cooper Act" was passed. United States
Representative Henry A. Cooper of Wisconsin sponsored it, it was the first organic law for the Philippines enacted
by the United States Congress
The 1902 Philippine Organic Act removed the Catholicism as state religion. The United States government,
in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican. The church agreed to sell the friars estates
and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to
withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to vold offending Spain In 1904, the
administration bought for US$7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares,
of which one half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants
but the majority of them estate owners.
Republika ng Katagalugan
In 1904, Macario Sakay established the Republika ng Katagalugan". The goverrunent had its own
constitution and a flag that resembled the Katipunan flag. Although called Tagalog Republic, it includes all the
islands of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
Sakay issued a manifesto stating that Filipinos had the right to fight for their independence. But United
States considered him as a mere bandit By the late 1904, Sakay and his revolutionaries took to the offensive. They
succeeded in seizing ammunition and firearms. In Philippine Constabulary uniforms, they captured a military
garrison in Parañaque. Sakay used guerrilla warfare at night to take American forces by surprise. Sakay and his
Republika ng Katagalugan had the support of the common masses. Lower class Filipinos in the Batangas, Cavite,
Laguna and Rizal provinces contributed food, money, other supplies and information. The American forces began
reconcentration in the towns of Taal, Tanauan, Santo Tomas, and Nasugbu where Sakay's support was strongest.
Many Filipinos died in the reconcentration as the result of disease and lack of food. This cruel tactic began to
weaken Sakay's republic.
In 1905, Governor-General Henry Ide sent Dominador Gomez to negotiate with Sakay. Gomez presented a
letter from Ide that if he surrendered, he and his men would not be punished. Gomez assured Sakay that a Philippine
Assembly comprising of Filipino lawmakers would be formed. In July 14, 1906, Macario Sakay and his men
surrendered and went to Manila and were followed by a brass band and hunda of Filipino supporters from the local
towns. By July 17, 1906, the Americans betterave Macario Sakay and his men. They disarmed and imprisoned him.
Sakay was tried ana convicted.
Philippine Assembly
Philippine Bill of 1902 calls for the establishment of all - Filipino lawmaking body On July 30, 1907, the
election for the Philippine Assembly was held. Several politica parties emerged, the Nacionalista Party, the
Progressive Party and the Independence Party. Nacionalista Party's main platform of government was for the
immediate independence while Progressive Party was pro-American. The Nationalista Party won 59 out of 80
elective seats in the Assembly. The Progressive Party won only 16 seats. Independence candidates won five seats.
The first ever-Philippine Assembly was formally inaugurated at the Manila Grand Opera House on October
16, 1907. Sergio Osmeña was elected as the Speaker of the House while Manuel L. Quezon was chosen as Majority
Floor Leader. The first law passed by the Filipino legislators was the Gabaldon Act, which appropriated $1,000,000
for the construction of barrio schools all over the archipelago.
Based on the provisions of Philippine Bill of 1902. Legislative power was both exercised by the Philippine
Assembly (composed of Filipinos) and Philippine Commission (composed of Americans). Thus, for the first time
under American rule, the Filipinos were given a share in making laws for the Philippines. The Philippine Assembly
acted as the lower chamber while the Philippine Commission as the upper chamber.
Resident Commissioners
The Philippine Bill of 1902 provided that two Filipino resident commissioners will represent the
country in the United States Congress. These commissioners were given the right to speak out or against
any proposed law in Congress affecting the interests of the Philippines. However, they had no right to
vote.
The Philippine Assembly elected the first two resident commissioners. They were Pablo Ocampo
and Benito Legarda. One of the greatest resident commissioners was Manuel L. Quezon who served from
1909 to 1916. He was known for defending the interests of the Filipinos. Majority of the resident
commissioners worked for the passage of laws that were beneficial to the colony.
Payne-Aldrich Act
The Republican Party of the United States supported a downward reform of the tariff. For this reason,
United States President William Howard Taft called congress for a special session.
A tariff bill to reduce rates was sponsored by Sereno E. Payne, a congressman from New York, which the
lower house swiftly passed, however the Senate version sponsored by Nelson W. Aldrich, a Republican from Rhode
Island effected fewer downward revisions and stepped up many rates. Aldrich was confident that his bill dow be
approved, but Robert M. La Follette mounted a lengihy examination of the e exceedingly complex wordings. To the
dismay of Aldrich and other conservatives, D ablic learned of the protectionist nature of the proposal.
Following the conflict, a compromise bill was passed that moderated the bill's kith rates. The president
signed it immediately. This act was the first modification of eN laws since the Dingley Tariff of 1897, which it
replaced. The former president, Theodore Roosevelt, allegedly avoided the issue. The act lowered the general tariff
rate from 46 to 41 percent while it increased rates on items such as animal hides, iron are and coal. It lowered 650
tariff items, raised 220 and left 1,150 untouched.
Taft came to the act's defense against Democratic and progressive Republican charges that it was a token
measure offering precious little relief from the conservative Republicans' protectionist tactics. In fact, the new tariff
bill made only very small changes in the law. Some expected that Taft would disapprove it. A disappointed Taft
believed it was nevertheless better than the previous tarif. Therefore, he signed it into law. But the president drew the
ire of many by commending the act as the best tariff bill the Republican Party ever passed." The Payne-Aldrich
Tariff was less protectionist than the McKinley Tariff of 1890 and the Dingley Tariff of 1897. The tariff bill
remained in effect until the Underwood Tariff of 1913.
Governor General Francis Burton Harrison (1913-21) administration was one classic example of
harmonious collaboration between Americans and Filipinos. Harrison's attitudes (he was described as a
"constitutional monarch" presiding over a "government of Filipinos") reflected the relatively liberal stance of
Woodrow Wilson's Democratic Party administration. In 1913 Wilson had appointed five Filipinos to the Philippine
Commission of the legislature, giving it a Filipino majority for the first time. Harrison undertook rapid
"Filipinization of the civil service, much to the anger and distress of Americans, including superannuated officials.
In 1913, there had been 2,623 Americans and 6,363 Filipino officials: 1921 there were 13,240 Filipino and 614
American administrators. Critics accused Harrison of transforming a colonial government of Americans aided by
Filipinos" into a government of Filipinos aided by Americans" and of being the plaything and catspaw of the leaders
of the Nacionalista Party."
One major step towards the attainment of Philippine Independence was the enactment of Jones Law of
1916. It replaced the Philippine Bill of 1902. In the preamble of the law, it provided the intention of the United
States to grant Philippine independence as soon as a stable government was established. Philippine Senate as the
upper house of the legislature replaced the Philippine Commission, while Philippine Assembly was renamed as
House of Representatives. Unlike the Philippine Commission, all but two of the Senate's twenty-four members (and
all but nine of the ninety representatives in the lower house.) were popularly elected. The two senators and nine
representatives were appointed by the governor general to represent the non-Christian peoples The legislature's
actions were subject to the velo of the governor general, and it cola not pass laws affecting the rights of United
States citizens The Jones Act brochu legislative branch under Filipino control. The executive was still under the
control of an appointed governor general, and most Supreme Court justices who were appointed by the United States
president, still were Americans in 1916.
Elections were held for both houses in 1916, and the Nacionalista Party made an almost clean sweep. All
but one elected seat in the Senate and eighty-three out n ninety elected seats in the House were won by their
candidates leaving the Nation Progressive Party (the former Federalista Party) a powerless opposition Manuel L
Quezon was chosen president of the Senate, and Sergio Osmena continued as speaker of the House.
The law remained the basic legislation for the administration of the Philippines tunt the United States
Congress passed new legislation in 1934, which became effective in 1935, establishing the Commonwealth of the
Philippines. The governor generals had different interpretations on the provisions of the Jones Law, however.
Harrison rately challenged the legislature by his use of the veto power. His successor, General Leonard Wood (1921-
27), was convinced that United States withdrawal from the islands would be as disastrous for the Filipinos as it
would be for the interests of the United States in the western Pacific. He aroused the intense opposition of the
Nacionalistas by his use of the veto power 126 times in his six years in office. The Nacionalista Party created a
political deadlock when ranking Filipino officials resigned in 1923 leaving their positions vacant until Wood's term
ended with his death in 1927. His successors however, reversed Wood's policies and reestablished effective working
relations with Filipino politicians.
During the First World War. Filipinos temporarily stopped their independence campaign and supported the
United States against Germany. After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor. On March 17,
1919, the Philippine Legislature passed the famous "Declaration of Purposes", which stated the inflexible desire of
the Filipino people to be free and sovereign. A Commission of Independence was formed to study the ways and
means of attaining liberation ideal. This commission recommended the sending of an independence mission to the
United States.
On February 28, 1919, the First Philippine Independence Mission headed by Senate President Manuel L.
Quezon, left Manila for Washington. It consisted of 40 prominent Filipinos representing the political, educational,
and economic elements of the country. Secretary of War of the United States, who extended to them the courtesies of
the American nation, received the Filipinos. The case of the Filipinos were presented to the United States Congress,
and then returned home.
In the farewell address of President Woodrow Wilson to the United States Congress on December 2, 1920,
he recommended the granting of the independence of the Philippines. Unfortunately, the Republican Party then
controlled Congress, so the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded.
Wood-Forbes Mission
The Democratic Party lost in the United States presidential election. It was fortunate for the Filipinos to
attain their much - awaited independence. Warren G. unling was elected as President, a Republican Party. After its
inauguration, President Harding sent a special mission to the Philippines to study the political condition of the untry.
The mission was composed of General Leonard Wood and Governor General William Cameron Forbes
For four months, the Wood - Forbes Mission stayed in the Philippines, On October 1921, the mission
submitted its report to President Harding. The mission reported that the Filipinos were not prepared for
independence and that consequently the United States should not yet grant independence for the Filipinos.
The failure of the First Independence Mission did nol discourage the Filipino people. In subsequent years
other independence missions were sent across the Pacific. The second mission was sent in 1922, the third in 1923,
the fourth in 1924, the fifth in 1925, the sixth in 1927, the seventh in 1928, the eighth in 1930, the ninth (OSROX
Mission in 1931, the tenth (one-man mission consisting of Benigno Aquino) in 1932, the eleventh in 1933, and the
twelith in November 1933
The funds needed to defray the expenses of these missions were first provided by legislative enactments.
Later, Insular Auditor Ben Wright ruled that the use of public funds for the independence campaign was illegal
Voluntary contributions were solicited. The Filipino people responded with donations to the independence missions.
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was the first United States legislation passed for the decolonization of the
Philippines. The United States Congress passed it on December 1932, however, it was vetoed by President Herbert
Hoover. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, 1933 during the administration of President Franklin D.
Roosevelt. The act provided for the following provisions:
1. The establishment of a ten-year Commonwealth to serve as a transition government before the
proclamation of independence on July 4, 1946
2. Imposition of limitation on the quota for duty-free sugar, coconut oil, and cordage
3. A graduated export tax would be imposed beginning the sixth year of the ten year transition
period.
4. A constitutional convention would be called to draft a constitution which would have to provide
for certain stated limitations on autonomy where the President of the United States would have the power to approve
or disapprove all constitutional amendments and to control bonded indebtedness, currency and foreign affairs.
5. The United States President would call an election for the officials of the Commonwealth after
the constitution was approved.
6. Alter the tratuition period, independence would become effective but th United States would
remove its commercial military and naval bases in the Philippines
Tydings-McDuffie Act
Manuel L Quezon was against the Hare Hawes Cutting Law on the grounds that the provisions relating to
trade and excluding Filipino immigrants were too stringent and that the guarantee of United States base on
Philippine soil and powers granted United States high commissioner compromised independence After the bill wan
delated in the Philippine legislature, Quezon himsell went to Washington and negotiated the passage of a revised
independence act, the Tydings McDuffle Act, in March 1934
The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for a ten-year transition period to independence, during which the
Commonwealth of the Philippines would be established. The economic provisions of the law stipulated the
continuation of free trade relations between the United States and the Philippines. It also authorized the Philippine
legislature to create a constitutional convention to draft the constitution providing for a republican form of
government. It also highlighted the fundamental concept on the rights of individuals embodied in the Bill of Rights.
Salient provisions of the Tyding McDuffie Act were:
1. The constitution formulated by the Filipino delegates was to be approved by the President of the United
States
2 No foreign Philippine loans could be made without the approval of the United States President
3 The United States retained control of Philippine foreign affairs, it could negotiate with foreign countries
for the neutralization of the islands.
4 The United States Supreme Court could review all decisions of the Philippine courts
5 American citizens were to have equal rights with Filipino citizens in the islands.
6. Filipino immigration to the United States was limited to the ntinimum quota o! fifty a year
If the Tydings-MeDuffie Act marked a new stage in Filipino-American partnership it remained a highly
unequal one. Although only fifty Filipino immigrants were allowed into the United States annually under the
arrangement, American entry and residence in the islands were unrestricted. Trade provisions of the act allowed for
five years free entry of Philippine goods during the transition period and five years of gradually steepening tariff
duties thereafter, reaching 100 percent in 1946, whereas United States goods could enter the islands unrestricted and
duty free during the full ten years. Quezon had managed to obtain more favorable terms on the bases, the United
States would retain orly a naval reservation and fueling stations The United States would moreover, negotiate with
foreign givements for the neutralization of the islands
MANUEL. QUEZON. the president of the commonwealth November 15, 1935- August 1, 1944) was bom ort
August 19, 1879 in Tayabas Baler. His boyhood experiences Came along with his common folk ode went to San
Juan de Letran and at the age of 16 finished the degree Bachelor of Arts At the city of Sto. Tomas he taok up law,
which was temporarily suspended, due to his participation in One ale for independence from the United States of
America. Emea Aguinaldo led the struggle. the is apture in 1901 Queen went bark to the university and finished the
law degree in 1903.in the Petit years he practiced law, He was remembered as "Father of the Filipino Language”
Fueled by his belief that the only way to obtain independence was to work well with the United he fan for
governor of Tayabas In 1905 he won and beld the office for Two years until he was elected representative to the
Philippine assembly in 1907
Among his achievements included the following, first appointment as resident commissioner for the
Philippines in Washington. He could speak but not to vote in America's House of Representative Second, he played a
major role in the passage of the clones Law of 1916: the law that promised independence to the Philippines although
no specific date was given, Third, after resigning as ident commissioner he went back to Manila to be elected
senator and eventually became the senate president.
He fought hard for the passing of the Tydings-McDuffle Act of 1936 that provide independence of the
Philippines, which was put into a transition period for ten years In 1935 he was elected president of the
commonwealth government
On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated amidst colorful ceremonies
held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila A huge crowd of around 300,000 people witnessed the
historic event. Archbishop Gabriel M. Reyes of Cebu read the invocation prayer. After the prayer, Secretary of War
George H. Dern, as the personal and official representative of President Roosevelt delivered an address in which he
extolled the progress of democracy in the Philippines. Governor-General Murphy, who read the proclamation of the
President of the United States, followed him. Chief Justice Ramon Avancena of the Philippine Supreme Court
administered the oath of office to President-elect Manuel Quezon, Vice President elect Sergio Osmena, and the
Members-elect of the National Assembly. After the oath taking ceremony the Secretary of War of the United States,
on behalf of the President, proclaimed the termination of the Government under the Jones Law and the birth of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines. Thereupon President Quezon delivered his inaugural address. A long parade
ended the inaugural ceremonies.
Immediately upon assuming the presidency of Commonwealth Government, Quezon undertook the task of
laying the foundations of the future Philippine Republic. According to President Quezon. I would rather have a
government run like hell by Filipinos than a government run like heaven by Americans." Among the
accomplishments of the Commonwealth were as follows:
1. Retirganization of the government by creating new office, including the Department of National Defense, the
Institute of Natiorul Language and the National Council of Education, the Filipinization of the judiciary from The
Supreme Court down to the municipal courts and the establishment two new courts, namely, the Court of Appeals
and the Court of Industria Relations
2. Genting of womansulfrage, after a special national plebiscite in which 447724 women voted in favor of
woman suffrage and 44307 against
3. Creation of new churtered cities - Cebu, lloilo, Bacolod, Davao, Zamboanga San Pablo, Quezon City,
Cavite, and Tagaytay
4. The adoption of the National Language based on Tagalog
5. Promotion of social justice, as shown by the Eight Hour Labor Act enacted by the National Assembly
and the appointment of the public defender government lawyers) to defend the rights of poor laborers in the courts
6. Compulsory military training of able-bodied Filipino youths (C.A.T and ROT.C.), under the supervision
of General Douglas MacArthur.
7. Taking of the 1939 official census of the Philippines,
8 The Improvement of the Philippine economy, as revealed by the growth agriculture, commerce and
industries. of
9. Creation of the JPCPA (Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs which recommended (1) the
granting of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as provided by the Tyding -McDuffie Law and (2) the
extension of Philippine American preferential trade to December 31, 1960,
10. Passage of three amendments to the 1935 Philippine Constitution, which were ratified by the national plebiscite
on June 18, 1940. These amendments were (1) tenure of the office of the President and Vice President was four
years with reelection for another term; (2) establishment of a bicameral Congress of the Philippines, with Senate as
upper Wall M house and the House of Representatives as lower house and (3) creation of an composed of three
members to supervise all elections independent Commission on Elections
Foods
American culinary arts are similar to those in other Western countries. Wheat is che primary ceral grain.
Traditional American cuísine uses ingredients such as turkey. potatoes, corn, squash, barbeque potato chips and
chocolate cookies. Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, hotdogs and French
fries derived from the recipes of various immigrants: Mexican dishes such as burritos and acts and pasta dishes
adapted from Italian source were also introduced by the American American generally prefer coffee or tea.
So far as the American legacy is concerned, English stands head and shoulder above surviving else that
Americans might have given to the Filipino way of life: America seems to have influenced the Philippines in much
the same way as it has induced Est of the world- through its fast-food chains. Fast-food joints are ubiquitous in the
philippines. The Americans to the land brought McDonald's, Burger King, Puza Hut. KFC, and many other
Hal Minute NK Creams dimer unule Manita emurant rnd 2 Chicken pirapit o ed ky werry sa Maideid m P.
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Clothing
Filipinos adopted the American mode of dressing. Pants with belt, polo shirts, coat and tie or Americana,
straw or felt hats and leather or tennis shoes as attire for men For women, they started to wear skirts, high-heeled
shoes, fanciful hats, stocking, make-ups, perfumes, lotions artificial eyelashes and cosmetics.
House
Americans have introduced three distinct types of buildings. The first was the bungalow type", a low one
storey house made of light wood sometimes with little stone and cement with low ceilings, smaller windows covered
with wooden jalousies, granolithic flooring on the living dining areas, a bedroom, a small kitchen off the dining
room with the side door leading to garage. The second type was the "split level type". a living dining area, floor
splits four steps or more to the bedroom area down to the den which could be opened to the backyard. The split
affords a higher ceiling for the social areas, which makes the houses a little more airy. Walls were either adobe stone,
the floor with crazy-cut marble and the ceiling is painted wood with some false beams as accents. Sometimes there
are sliding doors tat opened to back garden. The living areas, the colors are natural walnut, off white and beiges and
for bedrooms, plans paint in pastel shades. The third type of building is the "row of apartment house that sprouted in
heavily populated areas, row upon row to storey residences sharin common walls. One enters to see a living area, cut
in the center by stairs leading the second floor. At the rear is the kitchen and dining room combination and single
bathroom in the apartment.
Architecture
During the American period, Manila and other major cities had modern building college theaters, hotels,
stores, and private homes, which were built along America architectural lines. Modern building contained elevators
airconditioning syster and electrical gadgets. Alongside these streamlined edifices were other building constructed of
western architectural design like Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Grac Roman, Gothic, and Byzantine. Among the well-
known Filipino architects were Ju F Nakpil, Andres Luna de San Pedro, Juan M. Arellano and Pablo S. Antonio
Language
It has been the policy of the Americans to propagate the English language English was made the medium of
instruction from clementary grades to college. In business and government English was the medium of
communication. In a short period of time the Filipinos learned how to read, write and speak English.
But because of language diversity, a program for the development and adoption of a common national
language based on the existing native dialects was drafted in the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines. The
Commonwealth Government created the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (National Language Institute), which was
composed of President Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups.
American Names
Spanish-given names of religious in origin like Natividad. Concepcion, Pilar, Carmen Circumcision,
Asuncion, Milagros, Epifanio, Rosario, and Dolores that were used by the Filipinos to during Spanish period were
all changed. Americanized names like Michael. Joe, Bobby, Theodore, Tony, Bill, Tom, Mary, Nancy, Rose and Lily
were adopted.
Emancipation of Women
Women empowerment and gender inequality was not a problem during American period. For the
first time, women were allowed to vote and elected in government positions. The conservative role of
women, that was for household activities only, was eliminated.
Literature
Poetry, sarswela, short story and novel flourished during American period. Poetry was written in three
languages Filipino, English and Spanish Some of the popular poets were Maximo Kalaw, Carlos P. Romulo, Maria
Agoncillo, Paz Marquez Benitez, Garcia Villa, Carlos Bulosan, and many others.
Remarkable sarswelas like the work of Severino Reyes, honored as "Father of Tagalog Drama" (Walang
Sugat and Patricio Mariano (Anak ng Dagat) entertained a lot of audiences Other noted persons actors in sarswelas
were Aurelio Tolentino, ana Abad, Juan Matapang Cruz, and Juan Crisostomo Sotto.
Short stories adopted the American style, with the founding of University of the Philippines Writers Club in
1926, which aimed to enhance and propagate the language of Shakespeare Paz Marquez Benitez published "Dead
Stars. Juan C. Laya's Native Scil", and Manuel Arguilla's "How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife.
Another form of amusement was balagtasan, named after Francisco Balagtas, a debate in verse, a political
joust done almost spontaneously between protagonist who debated over pros and cons of a certain issue. The first
ever balagtasan was held in March 1924 at the Instituto de Mujeres, with Corazon de Jesus and Florentino Collantes
as rivals. Jose Corazon de Jesus, known as Huseng Batute, became the first King of the Balagtasan
In the late stage of American period continued to produce great poets like Pedro Gatmaitan, Jose Corazon
De Jesus, Alejandro Abadilla Lope K. Santos and Florentino Collantes. They adopted the modem style of poetry,
which is free verse Fictionist writers like Liwayway Arceo and Genoveva Edroza Matute with their work "Uhaw ang
Tigang na Lupa" and "Ako'y Isang Tinig" became popular during American period using fine writing as their model
Newspapers
The first newspaper in English was the Bounding Billow. It was published at irregular interval on George
Dewey's flagship "Olympia". Its issue on June 1898 commemorates Dewey's memory at Battle of Manila Bay.
Several newpapers that followed among them were "The American Soldier" which was the first daily newspaper to
be published in Manila and the Manila Times. After several years, Vicente Sotto founded The Independent." The
first Filipino daily newspaper The Philippine Herald" came out in August 1920.
Entertainment
Americans introduced jazz, swing and electrified popular music, much of which was Sung in Tagalog.
Filipinos listened and danced to American music, went to theaters and watched American movies, and put posters of
American actors and actresses on their bedroom walls.
Although some Filipinos still continue the love kundiman, sonatas for plans and playing violin
Games
Outdoor games such as baseball, softball, calisthenicS, football and valleyball, and Indoor games like
billiards, table tennis, poker and other card games became popular Americans have emphasized the value of sports to
improve physical fitness, body figure and ease tension arising from work. They also introduced the spis por mancup
in the minds of players
Religion
Americans introduced the Protestant Movement. Several protestant sectrearie the Philippines during the
early years of American occupation. These included Presbyterians in 1899, Baptist in 1900, Disciples of Christ in
1905 and the Methode 1908. Other sectors like Seventh day Adventist. Episcopalian and Lutheran arriv The various
protestant groups sent missionaries all over the archipelago. They die not just indoctrinate but also rendered
community service. They established schools churches and hospital
Filipinos were free to choose their religion. The principle of separation of church and state was observed,
unlike during Spanish period where Roman Catholicism w the official religion.
Holidays
Traditional American holidays such as Washington's Birthday, Halloween Thanksgiving Day, Valentines
Day and Filipino-American Friendship Day became part of Filipino celebration. We also started to commemorate
the National Heroes Day, Rizal Day and Bonifacio Day during American occupation
Educational Development
Under American Period American government gave priority to education in the Philippines. Education
became very important for the Filipinos. The focus of American education was to spread democracy, duties, rights
and responsibilities of the people. Education allowed the Americans to spread their culture. By their impartial
treatment of rich and poor the American teachers showed the real meaning of equality. They taught their pupils not
just to memorize but also to think, enabling them to voice their opinions and manifest their inherent worth as
individuals.
Education is a right. Americans wanted to give everyone the chance to study Filipino soldiers acted as first
teachers offering their services without receiving compensation. Also included in their mission was to build
classrooms. In Augus! 1901, a group of teachers arrived, they were called Thomasites, because they boarded from
the ship SS Thomas.
Every child from age 7 was required to enroll in schools nearest to their towns School supplies were given
for free. The levels of education were three levels namely, elementary level consisted of four primary years and 3
intermediate years. The condary level consisted of four years; and the third was the college or tertiary level.
Many elementary and secondary schools were opened in provinces and cities Nonnal, vocational,
agriculture, and business schools were also opened. There were Colleges opened like Philippine Normal School
(1901): National University (1901), university of the Philippines (1908), University of Manila (1914), Philippine
Women Oersity (1919); and Far Eastern University (1933). Vocational schools also opened He Philippine Nautical
School, Philippine School of Arts and Trades and the Central uconn Agriculture School. Schools were also built in
non-Catholic areas like Sulu, Mindanao, and the Mountain Provinces
Education for the Americans opens the door for upward social mobility. For the tilininos, calming a
diploma ensure a good job and acceptance in society with a chance for a better future.
The Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission viewed economic development, along with
education and the establishment of democratic institutions, as one of the three pillars of the United States program of
tutelage. The commission planned to build railroads and highways improve harbor facilities, open greater markets
for Philippine goods through the lowering or elimination of tariffs, and stimulate foreign investment in mining,
forestry, and cash crop cultivation. In 1901, some 93 percent of the islands' total land area was public land, and it
was hoped that a portion of this area could be sold to American investors Those plans were frustrated, however, by
powerful agricultural interests in the United States Congress who feared competition from Philippine sugar, coconut
oil, tobacco, and exports. Although Taft argued for more liberal terms, the United States Congress passed the Public
Land Act of 1902, which set a limit of 16 hectares of Philippine public land to be sold or leased to American
individuals and 1,024 hectares to American corporations. This act and tight financial markets in the United States
discouraged the development of large scale, foreign-owned plantations such as were being established in British
Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina. The Commission argued that tariff relief was essential if the
islands were to be developed.
In August 1909, Congress enacted the Payne Aldrich Tariff Act, which provided for free entry to the United
States of all Philippine products except rice, sugar, and tobacco. Rice imports were subjected to regular tariffs, and
quotas were established for sugar and tobacco.
In 1913 the Underwood Tariff Act removed all restrictions. The principal result of these acts was to make
the islands increasingly dependent on American markets, between 1914 and 1920, the portion of Philippine exports
going to the United States rose from 50 to 70 percent. By 1939 it had reached 85 percent, and 65 percent of imports
came from the United States.
In 1931, there were between 80,000 and 100,000 Chinese in the islands active in local economy many of
them has arrived after United States rifle had been establish Some 16,000 Japanese were concentrated largely in the
Mindanao province of Day (the incorporated city of Davao was labeled by local boosters the "Little Tokyo of
South") and were predominant in the abaca industry, Yet the immigration of foreign laborers never reached a volume
sufficient tn threaten indigenous control or to economy or the traditional social structure as it did in British Malaya
and BurmA.
In 1935, because of the Free Trade Act, the foreign trade was increased in a high value from Php
10,000,000 in 1899, arose to Php 258.000.000,
Medium of Exchange
At the beginning of American colonization, United States coins and banknote were introduced but these
were used at less than their real value and banks weni generally afraid to hold accounts of the United States
currency.
The peso was chosen as the official currency and the value of the peso was fixed a half of the value of the
United States dollar. Finally, in 1903, Philippine Coinage Act was passed.
Tenancy Problem
The landlord and tenant relationship remained unchanged with the limited intervention of the United States
and the continuing dominance of the Nacionalista Party, where most of them were owners of huge tracts of lands.
Despite the attempt to establish homesteads modeled in American West in 1903, different regions had their own
specific arrangements, different proportions of tenants and small proprietors The "Kasama System became the most
popular, particularly in Central Luzon and Visayan region
Under this arrangement, the landowners supplied the seed and cash necessary to tide cultivators over during
the planting season, whereas the cultivators provided tools and work animals and were responsible for one-half the
expense of crop production Usually, owner and sharecropper each took one-half of the harvest, although only after
the former deducted a portion for expenses. Terms might be more liberal in frontier areas where owners needed to
attract cultivators to clear the land. Sometimes land tenancy arrangements were three tiered, An original owner
would lease land to an "inquilino" who would then sublet it to "kasamas"
Cultivators usually were in debt, for they were dependent on advances made by the Landowner or
"inquilino" and they needed to pay steep interest rates. Principal and interest accumulated rapidly, becoming an
impossible burden. The "Kasama System" brought a class of peons or serfs; children inherited the debts of their
fathers, and generation-to-generation, families were tied in bondage to their estates. Contracts usually were not
written and landowners could change conditions to their own advantage
There were two factors that worsened the cultivator's position. First, rapid population increase (from 7.6
million on 1905 to 16 million in 1939) brought about through improvements in health programs, which added
pressure on the land, lowered The standard of living, and increased the number of unemployed. Closely tied to the
population increase was the erosion of traditional patron-client ties. The landlord-tenant relationship was becoming
more impersonal. The landlord's interest in the tenants welfare was waning Landlords stopped providing services
and used profits from the sale of cash crops to support their lifestyle in urban area or to invest in other kinds of
business. Cultivators accused landowners of being shameless and forgetting the principle of "utang na loob",
demanding services from tenants without pay and giving nothing in return.
The area under cultivation increased from 13 million hectares in 1903 to 4 lien hectares in 1935 stimulated
by the United States demand for cash crops and increasing population tenancy, In 1918, there were 2 million farms,
of which 15 tilion were managed by their owners, By 1939 farms had declined to 1.6 million HS00.000 respectively,
as individual owners became tenants and migrant laborers and cities in the distribution of wealth grew. In 1939 also,
the wealthiest 10 percent she population received 40 percent of the country's income.
The elite and the cultivators were separated culturally and geographically, as well as economically, as new
urban centers increase, often with an Americanized culture, the elite left the country to become absentee landlords,
leaving estate management in the hands of frequently abusive overseers. The Philippine Constabulary played a
central role in suppressing antilandlord resistance.
One of the priorities of the Americans was the promotion of public health and unitation. They were
successful in curing and minimizing the spread of deadly diseases like cholera, smallpox, dysentery, and
tuberculosis. Several agencies were created to promote public health, among them are Bureau of Health and the
Quarantine Service Many hospitals, clinics and health centers were established all over the Philippines. By 1935,
there were more than 1,000 hospitals, clinics and health centers in the country both government-owned and private.
As a result, there was a decline in death rate and increase in birth rate. During American period also that the
Philippine General Hospital was established.
Infrastructure, Transportation and Communication
More roads and bridges were also constructed. Americans had improved the buildings constructed by the
Spaniards. They also brought the first motor vehicle to the country. By 1934 there were already more than 40,000
motor vehicles, cars, trucks and motorcycle in the country. In 1911, airplane was introduced for the first time in the
Philippines. But it was not until 1930 when commercial air transportation began in the country with the organization
of the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company. As early as November 20, 1931, Philippine Legislative created an office
under the Department of Commerce and Communications to handle aviation matters, particularly the enforcement of
rules and regulations governing commercial aviation as well as private flying.
Telephone lines were introduced in Manila in 1905 and radio-relationship Towns and provincial capitals
were linked together by telephones, telegraph lines and radio. Mail offices throughout the country, numbering more
than a thousand in 1935, handled ordinary mails, telegrams, money orders and airmail letter and packages. The
Philippine Long Distance Telephone or PLDT, the largest in terms of telecommunications in the country was sold by
General Telephone and Electronics Corporation (a major stockholder since PLDT's incorporation) to a group of
Filipino businessmen on November 1928.
In the shipping industry, it likewise prospered; more ports and port facilities were built. By 1934, a
thousand ships of all kinds were found in th fluvial domains of the country
Preliminaries
-During the three were (3) centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, there were more
than 100 revolts by the Filipinos. They help to bring a little improvement in the People’s
live. But the Filipinos were not happy until they were free.
Causes of revolts: They were many causes of the Filipinos revolts and gives famous
example of this kinds of revolts.
Filipino libertarians
Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman (Lakan Revolts)
Don. Juan de Manila and Don Nicolas Managuete (Pampanga Revolt)
Don Agustin de Legazpi and his cousin Martin Pangan (Tondo)
Magalat (Filipino rebei from Cagayan).
The Igorots of Northern Luzon.
Gabreil Dayot and Felix Cutabay.
Pedro Ladia.
Juan Sumoroy. (sya ang leader ng Sumonoy Revolt)
Francisco Maniago.
Andres Malong.(Malong Revolt)
Pedro Gumapos.
Pedro Almasan. (Almasan Revolt)
Francisco Dagohoy.
Diego Silang. (Ilocos)
Gabriela Silang. (Ilocos)
Juan Dela Cruz Palaris.
Manuel, Jose & Joaquin Bayot.
Apolonio Dela Cruz (a.k.a. Hermano Pule).
Pedro Mateo and Seralogo Ambaristo.
Muslim Filipinos.
-The Lakandula and Sulayman revolt, also known as the tagalog Revolt, was an
uprising in 1574 by the Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman in Tondo Manila.
The governor also ordered the confiscation of their patrimonial land properties.
Because of the New policy, Lakandula and Sulayman decided to rise arms. Taking
advantage of Lim-Ah-Hong’s attack on Manila in 1574, the two Chieftains
proclaimed their revolt and gathered their warriors in Navotas.
Governor Lavezaris sent Juan de Salcedo and Fr. Geronimo Marin to persuade
them not carry out their plan. They were given an assurance that all their
grievances would be remedied and those who took arms would be pardoned.
Govenor Lavezaris did these geture to ask help from Filipino natives on diving
away Lim-Ah-Hong from the country.
The revolt was peacefully settled thru the diplomatic persuasion of Salcedo and
Marin.
The PLAN: They would secretly enter the City of Manila one dark night and
massacre the Spaniards.
A native woman who was married to Spanish soldier happened to learn of it and
warned the Spanish authorities about it.
The pilot did not succed.
The leaders were arrested and executed without any fair trial.
(According to Mabini, liberty is the freedom to do right and never wrong, so in other
words when you say freedom there's always limitation)
It was territorially one of the largest conspiracies against the Spanish rule next to
katipunan.
Attempting to restore freedom and local leadership being enjoyed during the pre-
colonial years, The “MAHARLIKAS”, planned to overthrow the Spanish rulers in
the country due to injustices against the Filipinios.
Led by Don Agustin de Legazpi (nephew of Lakandula) together with some other
leaders like:
Martin Pangan – Gobernadorcillo of Tondo;
Magat Salamat – son of Lakandula;
Juan Banal – another Tondo chief;
Esteban Taes – chief of Bulacan;
Pedro Balingit – chief of Pandacan;
Pitonggatan – chief of Tondo;
Felipe Salonga – chief of Polo; and
Geronimo Basi – brother of Agustin de Legazpi.
~ They Planned to overthrow the Spanish Governor
Agustin de Legazpi and his fellow conspirator, through Dionisio Fernandez,
contacted a Japanese sea Captain, Juan Gavo, to get arm and Japanese warriors
to fight the Spaniards
Aside from this help would also secured from Borneo, Laguna and Batangas. The
conspirators with their warriors would the assault the City of Manila and start
killing the Spaniards.
Magat Salamat innocently revealed the plan to Antonio Surabao, a cuyo native
who was pretending to be a supporter.
Surabao later recounted this to his master, Pedro Sarmiento (Spanish
encomendero of Calamianes)
Immediately, Capt. Sarmiento rushed to Manila and informed Gov. Gen Santiago
de vera on October 26, 1588 of the existence of the conspiracy against the
Spanish Government.
• The Governor ordered the arrest of those persons implicated in the plot, including the Japanese
interpreter Dionisio Fernandes. All were investigated and tried in court.
• Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan were brutally hanged, their heads were cut off and
placed in the iron cage and their properties were seized by the government. Same is true with
Dionisio Fernandez. The sites of their home were plowed and sown with salt to remain barren.
• Magat Salamat, Geronimo Basi and Esteban Taez also executed. The rest were given lighter
punishments - heavy fines and some years of exile from their town. Five of the leading members
of the conspiracy, were exiled to Mexico (Balinguit, Pitonggatan, salonga, Calao and Manuguit).
• On economic motive - the revolt primarily centered on oppressive agrarian policies, force labor
and burdensome taxes.
• Magaļats led revolt was in defiance of payment of tribute. He and his men were kept in Manila
in exiles.
• He was pardoned but went home and continued the revolt. Magalat, however, remained
undefeated in open battle.
• Later the Spaniards decided to hire a native assassin. Magalat was murdered in his own house
(in his Headquarter by his own men who had been promised reward by the Spaniards.
4. Revolt of the Igorots. (1601)
Cause: Refusal to accept New Religion
- The Spaniards were determined to convert the Igorots to Christianity.
• They launched a crusade to proselytize the highland native of Luzon and to place them under
Spanish authorities.
• Fr. Esteban Marin also offered his services as emissary but was met with hostility
• The Spanish Government sent a strong expedition under Lt. Mateo de Andrada to the
Igorotland to stop the natives from resisting colonial subjugation
• The Spaniards, however, were only able to gain nominal political and military control over
them.
5. Revolt of Irrayas, Northern Isabela in the Cagayan
Valley (1621)
Cause: Oppression of Spanish Officials.
- The Revolt was led by rebel Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay, (in some book - Felipe Catabay)
• A Dominican missionary, Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas tried to convince the rebels to avoid an
uprising against abusive Spanish officials, but the rebels refused to heed the priest's words of
peace,
• However, they treated Fr. Santo Tomas and his missionary companions with respect. They
allowed the friars to leave unmolested.
• Fr. Santo Tomas returned and exhorted the leaders to lay down their arms and promised them
that the government would pardon them & remedy their grievances. The revolt ended without a
fight.
- Pedro Ladia a native of Borneo, who claimed to be descendant of Rajah Matanda, instigated the
people of Malolos, Bulacan to rise in arms against the Spanish government.
• He was able to recruit a numbers of followers but before he could carry out his plan, Fr
Cristobal Enriquez had already entreated the people to remain loyal to Spain. • Pedro Ladia was
later on arrested and sent to Manila to be executed.
• They resented Governor Diego Fajardo's order, which involved the sending of men to Cavite
shipyards.
• Hostilities began on June 1, 1649, with the killing of the curate of the town.
• The revolt spread to Albay, and Camarines, Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin and as far as Northern
Mindanao.
• At one time the Spanish Commander offered a large sum of money in exchange of Sumoroy's
head. The rebels sent him the head of a pig instead.
• In July 1650, Under cover of Darkness and rainfall, the government forces staged an assault on
the native forts. The Rebels were caught by surprise.
• Sumoroy's mother perished in the battle. The revolt ended with individual surrenders.
• The rebels themselves killed Sumoroy and brought his head to the Spanish Government...
- The Maniago revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1960's. it was a revolt against the
Spanish during the colonial period and was named after its leader Francisco Maniago (a chief
from the village of Mexico).
• The Pampanga's rice production suffered exceedingly from the disruptive effects of polo (one
thousand Pampaguenos had been working for eight months as timber cutters).
• To show their sentiments against the government, the workers mutinied and set their
campsite on fire.
• The Spaniards tried to end the rebellion immediately because they knew that the
Pampanguenos had been trained in military art.
• Governor Manrique de Lara began his manuevers with a show of force, by bringing with him
300 men in Macabebe. Seeing the well armed Spaniards, the Pampanguenos showed with
cordiality, Tis caused other rebels to waver and distrust others
• Governor Lara called Juan Macapagal, Chief of Arayat, to a discussion. De Lara treated him
well and assured him rewards if he would side with the government. Macapagal consequently
accepted the offer. He went back to Arayat and organized a force to repress the rebels. His
defection discouraged other chiefs.
• Parish priest as well as mercenary soldiers were also employed to demoralize the rebels.
• The Governor General moreover proposed a partial payment of 14,000 pesos on the total
amount of 200,000 pesos that the government owed to the Pampanguenos.
• The Spaniards concluded an agreement with Maniago which brought about peace in Pampanga.
• For fear that the Pangasinenses would strike back, the Pampanguenos themselves demanded
two Spanish garrisons in the province, one in Lubao and another in Arayat.
• From then on, they never revolted against the Colonial government.
• The Maniago revolt was the start of much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan
• This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to
revolt against the Spaniards.
9. Andres malong's Revolt: Pangasinan (1660-61)
Cause: Spanish Oppression and the desire to replace the Spaniards as Personal Rulers of the
People.
• Spurred by Pampagueno rebellion, the natives of Pangasinan also rose in arm against the
Spanish government in Lingayen on December 15, 1660.
• Several Spaniards were killed including an Alcalde mayor, inspired by the growing numbers of
their followers and their early successes, Malong proclaimed himself King and directed his
military leaders to placed the province under rebel control with his defense at the capital town
of Binalatongan (now San Carlos City).
• He appointed Pedro Gumapos as count, Francisco Pacadua asjudge, and Jacinto Macasiag and
Melchor de Vera as army general.
• Letters were sent to the people of Ilocos, Zambales, Pampanga and Cagayan, inviting them to
rise against the Spaniards. Pampanguenos did not joint because they had already made their
peace with the Spaniards.
• To extend his sovereignity, Malong sent 6,000 men to Pampanga and 3,000 men to
Ilocos and Cagayan leaving 2000 men with him in Pangasinan. But this depleted the forces.
• The government troops led by Don Felipe de Ugalde and Don Francisco Esteban
outmaneuvered his army in Pangasinan.
• He was pursued into the mountains and was caught alive.
• He was executed together with Vera, Pacadua and macasiag in 1661 in Binalatongan.
10. The Revolt of Gumapos (1661)
Cause Continue Andres Malong's revolt
• Pedro Gumapos and his army of Zambals killed many Spaniards in Ilocos. The ilocanos did not
join them for their loyalty was to their property.
• During the Zambal invasion they hid their valuables in the Bishop's house and buried other
properties.
• The Bishop assembled the Zambals and threatened them with excommunication. But the
Bishop's words fell on deaf ears.
• Gumapo's campaign ended after an encounter with the Spanish forces. Four hundred rebels
were slain and Gumapos himself was taken prisoner and was later hanged in Vigan.
• The flames of rebellion soon spread in Ilocos with Pedro Almazan as the defiant leader.
•Almazan, a rich chief of San Nicolas, crowned himself king of Ilocos during the wedding
ceremony of his son to the daughter of another chief.
• He wore the crown of the Queen of Angels taken from the church, which the rebels sacked.
• The rebels were gaining some headway at the start but the Spaniards eventually suppressed
them.
• Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco Dagohoy's brother a Christian burial because the
latter died in a duel.
• Dagohoy argued that his brother's burial was the responsibility of the Jesuit Priest because he
had died carrying out the missionary's order, to arrest an apostate.
• The priest refused to bury Dagohoy's brother unless the proper limosmas or church offerings
were given. The body were left decomposing for three (3) days.
• Humiliated by this tragic incident, Dagohoy got mad and incited the natives of Bohol to revolt.
• Dagohoy took around 300 men and women to the uplands, set up a self sustaining community
far from the Spanish authorities.
• Dagohoy's community grew in number as more people fled to the hills to avoid being recruited
by the government to join its expeditions in Northern Mindanao as well as to avoid imposition of
the government.
• Because of the killing of Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Fr Guiseppe Lamberti, the Spanish
authorities tortured and killed Dagohoy's future father-in-law and the porter of the church of
the slain priest.
• The death of the innocent porter drove more people to join Dagohoy's group. Shortly
afterwards, Father Morales was killed in cold blood
• Twenty Spanish governors from Gaspar de la Torre (1739-45) to Juan Antonio Martinez(1822-
25) tried to stop the Rebellion but failed.
• In the 1740's and in the 1750's, the Spanish government was preoccupied with the Muslim
raids.
• In 1829, the rebellion finally ended when Governor Mariano Ricafort pardoned 19,420
survivors and permitted them to live in the newvillages.
• Nothing has been heard on how Dagohoy died. His autonomous community lasted for 85
years.
• In 1597, the Spanish colonizers tried to seize Jolo and force the sultanate into submission.
• Governor Francisco de Sande sent forces to Jolo under the command of Captain Esteban
Rodriguez de Figueroa.
• He ordered the pacification of the place and the payment of the tribute by the inhabitants to the
colonial government.
• On March 13, 1637, Governor Corcuera with his Spanish-Filipino troops landed at the mouth
of Rio Grande de Mindanao
•The next day Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat's capital in Cotabato fell into the hands of Spaniards
Kudarat retreated to a hill called han Ilihan
• In 1645, the Tausugs finally liberated Iolo from the Spanish forces.
• In 1749, Sultan Almud Din I was deposed by his brother Bantilan because of his friendship
with the Spaniards.
• On April 28, 1750, he was baptized by the Dominican fathers at Panigul. Tarlac. He was named
Don Fernando Alimud in the first Christian sultan of Jolo.
• His son and daughter were likewise converted to christianity. And given education in Manila.
• Sultan Jamalul A'lam of Jolo transferred his capital to Maimbung. The Sultanate of Sulu, being
a sovereign government was able to lease Sabah (North Borneo) to a British company
•On January 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalul Alam leased Sabah to Mr. Alfred Dent, an Englishman and
Baron Gustavus Von Overbeck, an Austrian of British North Borneo company for annual rental
of 5,000 Malayan Dollars.
• The contract inn 1878 used the Tausug word "padjack" which means lease. (The rental was
increase to 5,300 Malayan dollars in 1903-1963)
The Sultan of Jolo, a direct descendant of Sultan Kudarat, acquired sovereingnty over North
Borneo (Sabah) the second half of the 17th century. (If you ask me, do we still a valid claim to
the sabah? Yes, but our diplomatic relation with Malaysia may severe if we declared again)
• When the sultan of Brunei sought help to the sultan of Jolo to suppress a rebellion in 1704, the
Sabah territory was ceded to the
latter in 1715 out of gratitude
• In 1886, Governor general Emilio Terrero led the invasion to Cotabato to subdue the Moro
Maguindanaoans and on august 21, 1891. Governor General Valeriano Weyler known as the
"Butcher won the first battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake
•Datu Amai Pakpak, the defender of Marawi was able to escape.
• In 1895, Gov-Gen Ramon Blanco, invade the Lanao lake region. Blanco's troop attacked
Marawi on March 10, 1895. In this second battle of Marawi, the heroic Datu Amai Pakpak died
in action.
• To avenge the fall of Marawi and the death of Datu Amai Pakpak, the muslims warriors
declared a jihad (holy war) forcing Blanco to halt the campaign and return to Manila,
• The bitter warfare between Spaniards and the Muslims ended in 1898, after the signing of the
Peace Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, which ended the Spanish domination in the
Philippines.
• TOPIC
CHAPTER 7
THE BIRTH OF THE NATION
3. The Calderon Plan was a Constitution based on the Constitution of France, Belgium,
Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil.
After thorough examination and deliberation, the Committee choose the Calderon Plan and
submitted it to the Malolos Congress for approval.
Del Rosario spoke in favor of the Principle of separation of Church and State. Calderon on the
contrary wanted to make Catholicism as State religion.
For MABINI, independence would not simply mean liberation from Spain but also educating
the people for autonomy and refraining from colonial mentality.
Military training for the officers in the Army of the Republic was offered in the Military
Academy of Malolos whose Director was Major Manuel Sityar, a former Spanish lieutenant of
the Spanish Guardia Civil.
Solidarity Continuation
"La Solidaridad was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31, 1889, then in Madrid,
until its last issue on November 15, 1895.
From December 15, 1889 until its last issue, M. H. Del Pilar became the editor, replacing Lopez Jaena
FREEMASONRY
Many Filipino propagandist turned Masons because they need the help of the masons in Spain and
other countries in their fight for reforms. This organization called FREEMASONRY
The first filpino Masonic Lodge called Revolucion was founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona
This fodge was recognized by the Grande Oriental Espanol headed by Morayta in April 1889.
Revolucion did not last long
The following month, Lodge Solidaridad was organized in Madrid by M. H. Del pilar with the help of
Julio Llorente.
Lodge Solidaridad eventually prospered that other Filipinos joined it, including Dr. Jose Rizal, Pedro
Serrano Laktaw. Baldomaro Roxas. Galicano Apacible and others
On the night of July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the residence of Doroteo Ongjungco in
Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila, with:
On July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested by Governor Despujol and subsequently
imprisoned at Fort Santiago.
The following day, the Governor General ordered the deportation of Rizal to L Dapitan,
Zamboanga del Norte as punishment for his allegedly subversive materials.
THE KATIPUNAN
Some of the members of the Liga Filipina found out that peaceful agitation for reforms
was not enough.
This time, they opted for the country's freedom more than anything else. Andres
Bonifacio was one of them.
The radical ones led by Bonifacio believed that the welfare of the people could not be
achieved by requests for reforms but an armed revolution
Their goal was transformed from assimilation to separation and then Independence.
The Revolutionary Society
On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Deodato
Arellano's house at No, 72, Azcarraga, St., (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo,
Manila,
They decided to form a revolutionary society, modeled in part on Masonic Order called
Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and
Respected Society of the Sons of People)otherwise known as K.K.K. or Katipunan, dedicated
to National Independence through armed revolution
It was agreed that the members be recruited by means of the Triangle Method in which
an original members would recruit two members who did not know each other but only
knew the original member who took them in. (Payment of Entrance fee - one real fuerte (25
centavos) and a monthly due of medio real - (about 12 centavos)
The Triangle Method was abolished in December 1892 after it was found out to be too
cumbersome
New converts were initiated into the Secret Society using rites borrowed from the
masonry. The Neophyte was made to swear to guard the secrets of the society.
The Judicial power resided in a secret chamber called Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial
Council). The courts passed judgment on members who disobeyed the secret rules of the
society
1. First Grade called Katipon (associate), wore a black mask at the Katipunan meetings. His
Password was Anak ng Bayan (Sons of People)
2. The Second Grade called Kawal (Soldier), wore a green mask. His password was GOM-
BUR-ZA.
3. The Third Grade called Bayani (Patriot), wore red mask. His password was Rizal, the
honorary President of the Katipunan.
During the first election, the following officers of the Supreme Council were chosen:
Deodato Arellano - President
Andres Bonifacio Ladislao Diwa - Comptroller Fiscal
Teodoro Plata - Secretary
Valentin Diaz - Treasurer
There were also woman members of the Katipunan, but they were not required to sign
with their own blood
Among the women members were: Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio's wife was called the
Lakambini of the Katipunan; Benita Rodriguez, the wife of Katipunan Restituto Javier and
Josefa and Trinidad, sisters of Dr. Jose Rizal.
The women's chapter of the Katipunan was born during the Presidency of Roman Basa
(second President) in July 1893.
Josefa Rizal was elected President of the woman's chapter called La Semilla.
Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria De Jesus, made a flag,
which consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with three white K's arranged
horizontally at the center,
This was the first official flag of the society; however some members had their flag with
three K's arranged in the form of a triangle.
Knowing the importance of Primer to teach the members of the Society its ideals,
Emilio Jacinto prepared one, which he called Kartilya, a word adopted from the Spanish
Cartilla, which at that time meant a primer for grade school students.
The Kartilya consisted of thirteen teachings which the members of the Society were
expected to observed
The Katipunan
Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or ten commandments titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (Duties to be observed by the Sons of the Country) to lay the guidelines
for good citizenship.
The rules include:
1) Love of God, love of country, and one's fellowmen,
2) Diligence in work;
3) Sharing one's means with the poor)
4) Punishment of Scoundrel's and traitors, and
5) The guarding of the mandates and aims of the K.K.K.
Under Emilio Jacinto's supervision, two patriotic printers, Faustino Duque and
Ulpiano Fernandez, printed the KALAYAAN, the organ of the Katipunan, to disseminate the
ideals of the society.
KALAYAAN had its first and only issue in January 1896, which carried a false
masthead stating that it was being printed in Yokohama with Marcelo H. Del Pilar as editor.
This was to deceive the Spanish authorities and evade arrest.
Publised in the Kalayan was an essay titled "Ang Dapat mabatid ng Mga
Tagalog"What the Filipino should know) attributed to Bonifacio.
This Composition dealt with the three Questions asked of Katipunan applicants:
a) What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?
b) What is the condition of the country today?
c) What will be the Philippines tomorrow?
Copies of the Kalayaan reached members and possible recruits through the efforts of
Macario Sakay and Pio del Pilar as distributors.
The katipuneros were tirelessly recruiting members in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and
Cavite. The society grew and began to spread into the non-tagalog provinces.
On April 10. 1895, Bonifacio and his companions including Emilio Jacinto, Restituto
Javier and Guillermo Masangkay entered the Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on
Mt. Tipus in the Mountain ranges of San Mateo, Montalban.
They held a secret session leading to the initiation rites of new recruits. After
session, Aurelio Tolentino picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote on the cave wall in
Spanish, "VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA FILIPINA".
In the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the Supremo (Head of the Supreme
Council). He also occupied this position in the fourth and fifth elections of the Supreme
Council, in December 1895 and august 1896 respectively.
On June 15, 1896, Dr PIO VALENZUELA, acting as Bonifacio's emissary, sailed for
Dapitan to get Rizal's support for the armed revolution.
To cover his real mission for the Spanish authorities, he brought with him a blind man
named Raymundo Mata, who was in need of Dr. Rizal's medical services. Rizal did not agree
to the Katipunan's plans of an armed uprising since the people were not ready for it.
The Revolution of 1896
By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for the revolution, hints
about its existence reached the Spanish authorities.
On July 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the Civil Guard stationed at
Pasig, reported the questionable activities of some Filipinos.
The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19. Teodoro Patino a member of the
Katipunan betrayed the secrecy of it to father Mariano Gil, an Augustinian parish curate. On
the basis of Patino's information, the Spanish authorities acted immediately.
On August 23, Bonifacio, Jacinto and other Katipuneros met at Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin,
Balintawak, north of Manila and gathered at the residence of Melchora Aquino, known as
Tandang Sora.
In the mass meeting held, the Katipuneros tore their Cedulas personales
(certificates) and at the same time shouting. "Long live the Philippines! Long Uve the
Katipunan"
This event is recorded in the history as the Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin".
which proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish government.
Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot) in San Juan at the dawn
of Sunday, August 30, 1896. this is now known as the Battle of the Pinaglabanan.
The Spaniard outnumbered the revolutionaries who were not fully armed. Due to
heavy casualties, Bonifacio and his surviving men were forced to retreat to Balara.
A day earlier, August 29, Melchora Aquino was arrested by the Guardia Civil at
Pasong putik, Novaliches and Jailed at Bilibid prison for giving aid to the Katipuneros,
In the afternoon of August 30, Governor General Ramon Blanco, in trying to quell the
Philippine Revolution, issued a decree declaring a state of war in Manila and seven Luzon
provinces. Cavite, Laguna, Batanas, Bulacan, Pampangga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac and placed
them under Martial Law.
The decree also provided that those who would surrender within 48 hours after the
publication of the decree would be pardoned except the leaders of the Katipunan.
On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de Armas, near the Fort of san
Felipe in Cavite and are now remembered as Los Trece Martires (The Thirteen Martyrs of
Cavite).
Meanwhile, Rizal was arrested while in his way to Cuba to serve as doctor for the
Spanish army.
On November 20, Dr. Jose Rizal appeared before Colonel Francisco Garcia Olive to
answer the charges filed against him.
By December 26, the litigation of Rizal took place before the Military Court. Two (2)
days after, Gov. Camilo Polavieja approved the verdict.
Eight (8) Filipino soldiers, with eight (8) Spanish sodiers behind them carried out
the execution.
They wanted to reinforce their operation against the Spaniards and to conduct an
election of officials under the newly founded Kakarong Republic. Led by General Eusebio
Roque (a.k.a. Maestrong Sebio and Dimabungo) and around 6000 men and women enlisted
themselves as members.
On February 25, 1897 the town of Dasmarinas Cavite was taken by Spanish troops
which was defended by Gen. Flaviano Yengko, Yengko was mortally wounded in action and
died on March 3, 1897 at Imus Military Hospital,
Yengko was the youngest General of the Phil. Revolution, being younger than gen
Gregorio Del Pilar by one year, 2 months and 7 days in the bloody battle of Salitran, Gen
Zabela was killed by Yengkos group.
Rivalry in the Katipunan
In Cavite there were two Katipunan councils -
1. The Magdalo Council - headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo's
cousin), and
2. The Magdiwang Council - with Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Gregoria de Jesus,
Bonifacio's wife) as President.
The Capital of Magdiwang Council was Noveleta, then later transferred to San Francisco
de Malabon (now General trias)
Emilio Aguinaldo first gained popularity after he had beaten a Sergeant of the
Guardia Civil in a single combat.
He even became more renowned after his successful uprising in Kawit, then in the
Battle of Imus and in the early part of November 1896, he liberated the town of Talisay,
Batangas from the Spanish soldiers Upon Invitation of the Magdiwang in the Province of
Cavite, Bonifacio left his hideout in Morong,
On December 1, 1896, he and his wife together with his two brothers (Ciriaco and
Procopio) General Lucino and twenty soldiers arrived in Cavite ;
2) Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command. The
Magdalo faction believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan has
ceased to be a secret society and therefor should be replaced by a new one.
The Magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government
because the Katipunan was actually a government with a Constitution and By Laws
recognized by everyone,
Before the casting of votes had taken place, Bonifacio reminded that whoever should
get elected in any position should be respected. Elected were as follow:
Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio's election saying that his position should
be occupied by a lawyer.
Daniel Tirona suggested a Caviteno lawyer, Jose Del Rosario, for the post.
Bonifacio felt insulted. He demanded Tirona to retract what he had said. But, Tirona,
instead of offering an apology, tried to leave the scene .
This infuriated Bonifacio and made him drew his revolver to shoot Tirona, but Ricarte
and others intervened.
Bonifacio angrily declared the election null and void and left the assembly room with
his bodyguards.
A day after the tejeros assembly, March 23, Bonifacio gathered his followers and
drafted a document called Acta de Tejeros, signed by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters.
Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio) and loyal
followers fled to Limbon (barrio of Indang).
Upon learning of Bonifacio's presence at Limbon and the alleged crime committed by
his soldiers in Indang, Aguinaldo summoned Colonels Agapito Bengson, Felipe Topacio and
Jose ignacio Paua to go to Limbon with some troops and to arrest Bonifacio and his men.
Bonifacio furiously resisted.
Ciriaco Bonifacio and two soldiers were killed, while Bonifacio himself was wounded in
the left arm and neck.
Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken
prisoners and brought to Naic.
The case of Bonifacio brothers evolved quite rapidly after a Council of War headed
by Gen. Mariano Noriel was created
The Trial began on May 5, with Placido Martinez as defense attorney for Bonifacio
and Teodoro Gonzales for Procopio. - Tragically, the Bonifacio brothers were given the
penalty of death the next day. The charges were treason, conspiracy to assassinate
President Aguinaldo, and bribery.
Pio del Pilar testified in the trial of Bonifacio saying that the latter had been forcing
officers to join him.
As for Severino, de las Alas, it was he who made the false charges that the friars bribed
Bonifacio to established the Katipunan and made the Filipinos into fighting the wars for
which they were poorly armed. Bonifacio also ordered the burning of the convent and
church of Indang, and
The soldiers had taken by force from people carabaos and other animals. He also
accused Bonifacio and his men that they planning to surrender to the Spaniards.
Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Giron, turning state witness, told the council that Bonifacio
gave him initial payment of ten pesos to assassinate Aguinaldo but he refused to follow the
order.
On May 10, 1897, General Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Macapagal to release the
Bonifacio brothers from Prison
He gave Macapagal a sealed letter with orders to read its details after reaching their
destination.
The Katipunan in Cavite rose in arms on August 31, 1896. At Cavite el Viejo (now
Kawit), the Magdalo troops led by Candido Tria Tirona attacked the enemy garrison.
The Magdiwang forces on the other hand, pounded the Spaniards in Noveleta
In the morning of September 5, Emilio Aguinaldo and his men assailed the Spanish
troops stationed at Imus under the command of General Eusebio Aguirre.
In This battle, the Spaniards lost hundreds of men, from that time on, Cavitenos
recognized Aguinaldo as man of Distinguished valor and called him General Miong, no
longer Captain Miong,
Macapagal took four men with him and open the letter upon the request of Bonifacio
The letter ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio.
Included in the letter was a warning that failure to comply with the order would result
to severe punishment.
Macapagal followed the order and executed them at Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon
(according to National Historical Institute)
Macapagal placed a few twigs on the swallow grave of the two brothers.
AFTER THE DEATH OF BONIFACIO, THE REVOLUTION WENT FROM BAD TO WORST
FOR THE FILIPINOS.
AGUINALDO MOVED HIS WAR CAMP MANY TIMES AWAY FROM CAVITE
Aguinaldo and his men joined the troops of Gen. Mariano Llanera of Nueva Ecija in
assaulting Spaniards stationed in the Central Luzon provinces.
On November 1, the Revolutionary leaders met and adopted a Constitution titled the
Provisional Constitution of the Philippine Republic.
It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation of the Philippines from
Spanish monarchy and the formation of the Philippine Independent State.
On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated and the officials
were:
1) Emilio Aguinaldo - President
This agreement known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, resulted to the voluntary exiled of
Aguinaldo and his men to Hong Kong. This pact consist of three documents. The first were
signed on December 14, and the third on December 15, 1897.
On December 25, 1897, Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went to Lingayen
Pangasinan, from where a Spanish merchant Steamer was to take them to Hong Kong.
Two days after Aguinaldo and 25 others sailed for Hong Kong on board the steamer
Uranus, in compliance with the pact.
The Spanish Government announced the end of the Hostilities on the January 23,
1898. it proclaimed amnesty two days later; and it gave part of the promised money to the
rebels in Hong Kong.
However, after the peace fact, neither side fully complied with the terms of the
Agreement.
The Government never instituted the expected reforms. Likewise, the Filipinos
continued their plan to overthrow the government
The Makabulos Constitution adopted on April 17, 1898, set up this provisional
government in Central Luzon to continue in force until a general government for the
Republic was established.
In Malolos, General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the revolutionary
spirit.
Revolts were also experienced in Bohol, Cebu, Panay and others Island in the
Country.
Feliciano Jocson, a pharmacist, incited the patriots in Manila to continue the fight
against the Spaniards.
Aguinaldo and his officer went into exile but did not end the fight to win
independence from Spain.
On a letter written in Hong Kong dated February 19,1898, Mariano Ponce stated
that General Aguinaldo had signed the Pact of Biak-na Bato because under its terms, the
Filipino revolutionist could rest and regain their lost strength and then return to combat
with renewed vigor.
The Spanish American war which broke out on April 25, 1898, ended on August 12 of
the same year.
There were many factors that contributed to the US decision to open hostilities against
Spain.
These included the Cuban struggle for Independence, efforts of the American to
extend influence overseas and the sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.
Americas open support for the Cubans revolution and her vast investment in Cubans
sugar industry led her involvement in this Spanish colony.
On April 19, the U.S. Congress passed several resolutions demanding the pull out of
Spanish forces in Cuba. To save her honor, Spain declared war against U.S. on April 24.
The next day, the U.S. Congress declared war on Spain and thus the Spanish
American war began.
The Conclusion of the Spanish - American war, which resulted to the victory of the
Americans paved the way to the end of the Spanish Colonial rule and the rise of the United
States as global power.
Filipino - American Collaboration
At the end of Spanish-American war, General Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore where
he had negotiations with the American consul general, Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the
American's offer to support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.
The US would then recognized the Philippine Independence after the defeat of Spain.
.
Pratt advised Aguinaldo to meet with Commodore Dewey who was then based in Hong
Kong, if he were to join the latter should he sail from the Philippines.
General Aguinaldo, rushed to HK but missed Commodore Dewey who had already
sailed to Manila to destroy the Spanish Fleet.
The Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at noon. Admiral
Patricio Montojo of the Spanish forces incurred heavy casualties with 160 of his men killed
and 210 wounded.
This battle made Dewey instant hero. The Congress promoted him to rear admiral
and later Admiral.
Upon the advice of the Hong Kong Junta, General Aguinaldo left on board the
McCulloch (others McCullough), Dewey dispatch vessel and arrived in Cavite on May 19,
1898.
His first act upon his return was his proclamation on May 21, urging the people to
rise arms and join the Americans in a common struggle against the Spaniards.
At that time, a dictatorship was necessary to carry out the war successfully.
But the Filipinos did not like to settle for the projected reforms. They Clamor for
total independence.
The Capture of Manila bay was the principal objective of General Aguinaldo. He and
his group commanded by General Gregorio Del Pilar, Pio Del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and
Mariano Noriel, among others, surrounded the city.
This initial success inspired other people to relive the revolutionary spirit.
Dewey's Squadron dominated the bay and thus the Spaniards were trapped within
the city walls.
Aguinaldo's men had cut off the supply of foodstuffs and potable water in the city.
The populace suffered terribly during the siege.
Aguinaldo offered Governor General Agustin terms for an honorable surrendered but
the latter rejected him.
Learning Objectives:
• THE LEARNERS can:
1. Examine human weaknesses in the Filipino Heroes struggle for Independence;
2. Explain the factors leading to the Philippine Revolution; and
3. Appreciates the works of the reformists.
B.4 Insect
Giant Moth – largest Philippine insect with a wingspan of 1 foot.
C. Marine Life
Philippine rivers, seas, lakes are filled with fish, shell, pearl, coral, sea weeds and other
marine wealth.
The Philippine Glory of the Sea known as Conus Gloriamaris. The world’s rarest and most
expensive shell.
Tridacna Gigas - world’s largest shell, its length is 1 meter and weight 600 pounds
Pisidum – world’s smallest shell
Philippine pearl of Allah – largest pearl with a weight of 14 pounds
D. Mineral Resources
The country’s rich deposits of gold, iron, silver, copper lead, manganese, zinc, salt,
chromite, marble and coal.
Other minerals found in the country include mercury, limestone, petroleum, nickel, sand, gravel,
rock, asphalt, manganese, and uranium.
E. Tourist Spot
The Philippines is one of the world’s most beautiful countries embellished with scenic
and natural wonders.
Land bridge theory – the earth was made up of huge landmasses that connected each piece of
land to one another through land bridges located above big bodies of water. When the earth
experienced global warming, the ice melted and the land bridges were all destroyed. Thus, the
broken pieces of landmasses floated on water and gradually scattered elsewhere.
Big bang theory –expounded by a Belgian astronomer-priest states that all matters in the
universe had been condensed into one large mass. As a result of the atmospheric changes, a
graduated but increasing gravitational force occurred immediately followed by a massive
explosion for within the landmass.
Biblical Theory – theory states that God created heaven and earth, after which the first man and
woman called Adam and Eve.
Darwinian Theory – this theory traces man’s origin from apes. For several million of years, the
ancestors of man (Homo erectus) left Africa – cradle of man’s remote past – and scattered
throughout the world crossing the land bridges.
Continental Drift Theory, Pacific Theory, and Asiatic Theory had slight differences to the above
mentioned theories drawing out similar conclusion on the evolution of the earth as caused by
natural forces.
The Negritos were presumed to have reached the Philippines using land bridges. It is
believed that this group was one of the first primitive nomads, who wandered beyond the far
reaches of Asia. They were short (typically five feet –feet tall), round-headed with kinky hair,
small flat nose with thick lips and dark complexion. Using crude stone tools, they managed to
survive through hunting and fishing. The new waves of migrants eventually pushed them to the
hinterlands. The descendants of the Negritos presently live in the mountains and forest of
Bataan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Pampanga. Other Negritos settlers are Mindoro,
Palawan, Negros, Panay, and some remote places in Mindanao.
Indonesians are the next groups of Ancient Migrants. The first wave came from
southeastern Asia. They were the first people to reach the archipelago by sailboats. Indonesians
are tall (the shortest being five feet in height), slender in physique, light complexion, thin lips,
and high aquiline nose. The second wave of Indonesian migrants in contrast with the Negritos
the two groups of Indonesian migrants has a far advance culture because they belong to New
Stone Age. Their major economic activity was agriculture. Although hunting and fishing were
still employed. They both cooked foods in bamboo tubes. Indonesian built houses made of
wooden or bamboo frame with grass roof. (Nipa Hut)
Malays or brown raise were the last of the original that settled in many islands of
archipelago they came from Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. They board on sailing
boat called “Balangay”. The Malays were of medium height, slim but well built, brown skin and
with black hair and dark brown eyes.
When clusters of loosely independent settlements were placed under one leadership, the
Spanish colonizers began to coin term to identity all the subjugated natives. The term Indio first
coined by the Spaniards referred to all colonized natives both in the Americas and in the
Philippines. The term also referred to the Christianized natives.
The America natives soon came to be called Creoles. After gaining great political and
economic influences, these minority groups (referring to those born in the Philippines of Spanish
or Chinese descent are called Insulares or Ilustrados.
Visayan – living primarily in the middle section of the Archipelago. They are lighthearted folks.
Tagalog – living in Central Luzon. They are pragmatic people.
Ilokanos – The third most important group, live mainly in Cagayan Valley. They frugal and
hardworking people from Northern Luzon.
Bicolanos – from Southern Luzon, nature lovers.
The two Muslim groups: Moro and Samal are concentrated in the southern portion of the
archipelago particularly in Western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago, and Southern Palawan
Island.
Those Spanish and Chinese descents comprised the chief and non-Malay inhabitants of the
country.
In Luzon, there are 28 identified ethnic groups with respective sub-branches. Living on
purely highland areas, they inherited from their ancestors.
Apayao groups – they are riverine-oriented and practice a slash-and-burn type of cultivation.
Kalinga and Itawit live in peaceful coexistence with the Apayaos.
Kalingas – in the provinces of Kalinga and Apayao came to be called the “Peacocks of the
North”. Because of their weaknesses on dress and personal ornamentation.
Ilokanos – live in flat lands.
Bontocs – live in Cordillera mountain ranges in the upper Chico River. Their culture can easily be
distinguished by the stone-walled rice terracing technology. The distinctive material culture of
the group is the customary use of pocket hats among the males and they preferred to use ax
instead of the bolo.
Ibalois – large group inhabiting the Benguet Province, they are well known for celebrations on
numerous tribal rituals.
Ga’dangs - inhabiting in the middle of Cagayan Valley, use numerous types of beads made of
semi- precious stones as part of their attire.
Ifugao ethnic groups – famous in oral literature such as “Hudhud” and “Alim”, experts in wood
carving.
Ivatan/Itbyat – live in Batanes-Babuyan. Their houses are strongly built with thick walls of
stones and mortar. One unique product of their creativity is the “so-ot”, the all-weather hat.
Sambals – occupy the northwestern flank of Zambales Mountain Ranges as well as the Western
tip of Pangasinan. This Sambal language is closest to a variety of Tagalog vernaculars known as
Sinaunang Tagalog which is spoken in Tanay, Rizal.
Negrito – various names such as Aeta, Ati, Eta, Ito, Batak, live in small groups. They are the
masters of life in tropical rainforest being most proficient in the use of bow and arrow. They
survive the thick forested areas on High Mountain. They are expert hunters and gatherers.
Having knowledge of the forested terrain, they are the mostly favored guide regularly hired by
the US Army. They teach American soldier on how to survive in the jungle. Because of Mt.
Pinatubo volcanic eruption the Negritos must had been displaced.
The Mangyans of Mindoro are made up of several tribes. They are expert weavers particularly of
“sturdy cloth”.
Bataks – found in several areas of Palawan, are like the Negritos who are small dark and kinky-
haired people. The distinguishing feature of this group is their culture of sleeping in treetops or
in hearths to ward off mosquitoes. Men wear “g-strings” and women wear only “skirts”. They
are fond of ornamentals placed from head to foot.
Tagbanuas – are straight-haired people, slender in physique with brown skin. Tagbanuas like to
wear attractive colored dresses and ornaments. This group believes in fairies called “diwata” in
shaping their life.
Palawans - have slight differences in physique with the Tagbanuas. They employ “Kaingin
cultivation”. And use bamboo, saplings, and other longitudinal material in the creation of grids
for the field use a support for vine-like crop plants.
Mindanao has various ethnic groups in both rural and urban areas
Muslim of the South are considered the largest cultural minority. Muslims are still expert
political and economic influences. The distinct Muslim groups in the region form the main bulk
of the Tausug, Maranao, Maguindanao, Samal, Badjao, and Yakan. The non-Muslim tribe such as
T’Boli, Tiruray, Bagobo, Subanon, Bukidnon, Mandaya, and Manobo live on the mountainous
areas of Mindanao.
The Badjaos are known as sea gypsies and called due to similarity of their culture with the boat
people of Borneo. This ethnic group lives in house boats called “iepa” and their culture is closely
linked with the sea.
The Tausug lives in Jolo, Siasi and Patikul. The name was supposed to mean “people of the
current” although some say these interpretations came from the terms: “tau” which means a
person and “suug” – the traditional name of Jolo.
The Maranao people of the Lake Maranao the largest ethnic groups in the country they give
their settlement in the Lake Lanao and economically associated with Market trade,
One of the most non-Muslim group in the region are the Manobos they are known as the most
numerous of the ethnic group in the Philippines is on the ethnicity to the family of languages
they are concentrated on the areas from Sarangani Islands to the Mindanao Mainland
particularly the province of Agusan del Sur, Davao, Bukidnon, North and South Cotabato.
Tasadays is a very small ethnic group is. one of the many Manobos sub group They are hunters
and gatherers. The live to practice the “earliest primitive culture”.
-The maniago revolt was the start of much bigger and even bloodier revolt In Pangasinan
-This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to
revolt against the spaniards
Patriotism- is the feeling of love, devotion and sense of attachment to a homeland allegiance
with other citizens who share the same sentiment
- feeling and personal devotion or concern for one’s country
2. Nationalism- bigger dimension referring to general temperament
Nationalism
-sense of belonging
-It is brought by political, economic, social and intellectual factors that develop in a certain stage
in history
1. Spread of Liberalism
- Send their children to schools giving them exposure to libertarian ideals
3. Racial Prejudice
- Inferior race- as what Spaniards regarded the Filipino natives
- Indios – as what Spaniards haughtily called filipinos
- The Spaniards think that filipino has a ‘’Limited intelligence’’ that couldn’t rise as their own
- Jose rizal with the Sucesos de las islas Filipinas of Antonio De morga – proved wrong the
allegations of the Spaniards that filipino wre savages and had no culture prior to the coming of
the western colonizers
4. Cultural Changes
- Higher education was implemented
- Young men and Chinese mestizo and native families- can take up law, medicine and pharmacy
- The ilustrados (enlighted ones)- see the repressive colonial policies of spain, enlightened with
liberal ideas.
5. Secularization Controversy
- The parishes vacated by the Jesuits were given to the native seculars
6. Cavite Mutiny 1872
- Filipino soldiers and dock workers killed their Spanish officers as an expression of
protest.
-They were executed after.
-The execution of GOM-BUR-ZA growth the number of Filipino nationalisms
- Nationhood- coincided the development of the concept of Filipinos
- Esponales insulares, mestizos de sangley, native elite was united
- They believe that it would be better if the filipinos would become Spanish citizens to enjoy the
same rights and privilages
- adherents=propagandist
- reforms;
5. Human rights for filipinos , such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and
freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances
Propagandists
-Filipino exiles of 1872, the patriots, and who had been to spain for their studies are the people
who joined
- They were 20-30’s filipinos
-Came from the best, brightest and riches families in the Philippines
-College students or professionals
-Men of intelligence, courage and patriotism
Propagandists
1. Jose rizal
- -Physician-novelist
- -Noli me tangere- reflected the defects of the Spanish rules in the Philippines or the
abusive of the friars
- -El filibusterismo
- -Founder of La Liga Filipina
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- Lawyer- journalist from Bulacan
- Diariong tagalog- first bilingual newspaper
- Dasalan at Toksohan
- Hail mary, Lord’s prayer, the apostles creed and Ten commandment, The act of
Contrition and Catechism
3. Graciano Lopez
- Fray Botod or Friar Potbelly
- Parodied religious literature
4. Mariano Ponce- Physician Journalist
5. Antonio Luna- Pharmacist and essayist
6. Juan Luna- painter, known for his monumental painting Spolarium
7. Felik Ressurection Hidalgo- Painter, Virgenes Christians Expuestas al Populacho (Christian
Virgins Exposed to the Rabble)
8. Dr. Pedro A. Paterno- lawyer, poet and historian
9. Jose Ma. Panganiban – linguist and essayist
10. Jose Alejandrino- engineer and writer
11. Fernando Canon- engineer, poet and musician
12. Pedro Serrano Laktaw- teacher and lexicographer
13. Isabelo Delos Reyes- folklorist and newspaperman (historian and journalist)
14. Dominador Gomez- Physician-orator
La Solidaridad (Solidarity)
- Established in Barcelona
- This took place at a traditional eve banquet
- La solidaridad newspaper founded in Barcelona
- Marcelo Del Pilar Joined
Freemasonry
- Many filipino propagandist turned masons to get helped from the masons in spain and
other countries for the refoms
- Revolucion- first filipino masonic lodge
- The lodge solaridaridad was organized In Madrid
- It is prospered that the other filipinos joined it including Dr. Jose Rizal, Pedro Serrano
Laktaw, Baldomaro Roxas, Galicano Apacible and others
La liga Filipina
Constitution of La Liga Filipina- Jose rizal wrote it while in hongkong with the
help of Jose Ma. Basa
Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila
Unus Instar Omnium (One like all)- served as an avowal of their ideals, based on
its constitution
- Each member of the league had to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues
- They ought to choose symbolic name
- It alarmed the Spanish authorities
Kartilya- from the Spanish word Cartilla which meant for primer for grade school students, it
composed of 13 teachings.
Katungkulang gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
1.love of God; love of country and one's fellowmen
2. diligence in work
3. sharing of ones means with the poor
4. punishment of scoundrel’s and traitors
5. and the guarding of the mandates and aims of KKK.
Three Question asked to the Katipunan applicants
1. What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?
2. What is the condition of the country today?
3. What will the Philippines be tomorrow?"
Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog ( What the Filipino Should know)- it is attributed to
Bonifacio and that was published in the newspaper Kalayaan.
Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Cavite- recruited members of the katipunan
Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on Mt. Tipus in the Mountain Ranges of San
Mateo, Montalban- where Bonifacio and his companions entered
VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA FILIPINA- wrote on the cave wall in Spanish
The revolution of 1896
Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak, North of Manila- house of tandang sora, where the
katipuneros met
Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin- Long Live The Philippines! Long Live The
Katipunan! screamed of the katipuneros while tore their Cedulas personales (certificates)
Haedene Bato, Mandaluyong – Bonifacio gave his last manifesto
Battle of the Pinaglabanan- Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot).
Balara- Where Bonifacio and his surviving men retreated
Pasong putik, Novaliches (Bilibid Prison)- where melchora jailed because of giving aid to the
katipuneros.
Seven Luzon Provinces under martial Law- Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac
48 hours- hours given to those who surrender after the publication of decree would pardoned
expect for the leaders
Plaza de Armaz, near the Fort of san felipe in Cavite- death of 13 people called Los Trece
Martires (The thirteen martyrs of Cavite)
Sedition, Rebellion and Illicit Associations- charges to rizal that’s why he executed
Date and place of rizal’s execution- Bagumbayan Field (Luneta) December 30, 1896 at 7:03
8 spanish and 8 filipino soldiers, firing squad- people who executed rizal
Kakarong Republic- 6,000 men and women were members
Two Katipunan Councils in Cavite- The Magdalo Council, The Magdiwang Council
The Magdiwang Council- Noveleta, later in San Francisco de Malabon (now general Trias)
The Magdalo Council- Imus, Cavite
Bonifacio conducted the meeting, among the issued discussed were:
1. Establishment of a revolutionary government under the new elected officials
2. Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command. The magdali faction
believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan has ceased to be a secret society
and therefore should be replace by new one.
- The magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government
because the Katipunan was actually a government with a constitution and by laws
recognized by everyone
Limbon (barrio of Indang)- where Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers
(Ciriaco and Procopio) and loyal followers fled
Naic- Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken
prisoners and brought to
Charges put to Bonifacio- treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, and bribery.
Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit)- the Magdalo troops led by Candido Tria Tirona attacked the
enemy garrison.
General Miong- according to Cavitenos, and they also recognized Aguinaldo as man of
Distinguished valor
The letter - ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio, included in the letter
was a warning that failure to comply with the order would result to severe punishment.
Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon (according to National Historical Institute)- execution
place of Bonifacio and his brother
On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated and the officials were:
6) Emilio Aguinaldo - President
Pact of Biak-na-Bato- resulted to the voluntary exiled of Aguinaldo and his men to Hong
Kong. This pact consists of three documents. The first were signed on December 14, and the
third on December 15, 1897.
Lingayen Pangasinan- Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went from where a
Spanish merchant Steamer was to take them to Hong Kong
Malolos- General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the revolutionary spirit.
CHAPTER 7
THE BIRTH OF THE NATION
3) Guam and Puerto Rico were ceded by Spain to the United states;
5) U.S. agreed to give Spain the right to ship commodities to the Philippines for a period of Ten
(10) years.
1. The Mabini Plan was the Constitutional Programme of the Philippine Republic.
3. The Calderon Plan was a Constitution based on the Constitution of France, Belgium,
Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil.
After thorough examination and deliberation, the Committee choose the Calderon Plan and
submitted it to the Malolos Congress for approval.
Del Rosario spoke in favor of the Principle of separation of Church and State. Calderon on the
contrary wanted to make Catholicism as State religion.
For MABINI, independence would not simply mean liberation from Spain but also educating
the people for autonomy and refraining from colonial mentality.
Military training for the officers in the Army of the Republic was offered in the Military
Academy of Malolos whose Director was Major Manuel Sityar, a former Spanish lieutenant of
the Spanish Guardia Civil.
These fiags were symbols of the forces operating in the Philippines at that time.
THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC IS THE FIRST REPUBLIC IN ASIA.
History
The possession and transmission of a culture that man differs from other animals
As culture is not merely a chronological reconstruction of the past events but process of creation
or a formation of culture specifically a national culture (Nick Joaquin).
The study of past events, recording of analysis and branch of knowledge that recalls past events
Importance of History
1. Allows us to understand our past and present
2. It gives insights the culture we are less familiar
3. Teach us valuable perspective of our problem in our society
4. We have learned and observed the beginning and development of our own country
5. It strengthens our sense of nationalism
6. Help us to know who we are while molding our future
Source of History
1. Primary Source
Witnessed the event that took place
Directed written by individuals / original made from someone
Contemporary accounts
Recorded as original source (materials that captured the event, photography, video
recording etc.)
Included written records such as narratives, manuscript, public documents, letters, and
diaries. Fossils, artifacts and testimony from living witnesses.
2. Secondary Source
Not been part of the event
Serves as interpretation or readings of primary source
Usually formed as public works
Coming from original source
Can be combination of primary and secondary source
G. Renato Constantino
Philippine history is a people’s history
The recorded struggles of people
Philippines history is a story of struggle
History is not merely the works of heroes and great men
History is not necessarily presenting a long unbroken chain of events
History can serve as a guide to present and succeeding generations in facing the challenges of
time
Archaeology
Study and reconstruct the cultural events of the past through the material remains left by
people. (Artifacts and Fossils)
Idea on how things might have looked like at a particular time
1) Alfred Marche
Frenchman
First major expedition in 1881
Island of Marinduque and other sites in central Philippines
2) Feodor Jagor
German traveler
Reported having encounter a priest in Naga, Camarines Sur, who collected artifacts from
ancient graveyard
3) Dr. Antonio De Morga
Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas
Described the ancient artifacts that were recovered by farmers of Ilocos, Pangasinan.
Clay vessels with dark brown color and some marked with characters
4) Carl Guthe
The second major archeological exploration
Michigan archeological expedition (1922-1925)
Conducted a dig with his team in Palawan, Bohol, Northern Mindanao
The purpose of the expedition to collect Chinese ceramics exported in Philippines from
China.
5) Henry Otley Beyer (1883-1966)
Father of archeology
The archeological site he discovered results the construction of a dam for Manila Water
Supply
Construction of a dam was his first archeological research in the country
In 1947 published the “ONLINE REVIEW OF PHILIPPINES ARCHEOLOGY BY ISLANDS AND
PROVINCES”
6) Larry Wilson
A mining prospector
Assisted Beyer in the exploration of numerous Pleistocene site in the Northern Luzon
7) Wilhelm G. Solheim II
First post war excavations in Masbate Island (1951-1953)
Assisted by Alfedo Evangelista and Arsenio Manuel
Artemio Ricarte
Katipunan General
Wanted to be called Philippines as “Rizaline Republic”
Former President Ferdinand Marcos
Proposed the name “Maharlika”
Study Guides
A. Terms/Concepts to Understand Historical
structuralism Prehistoric archaeology
Primary and secondary sources
Answer:
Primary Source
Witnessed the event that took place
Directed written by individuals / original made from someone
Contemporary accounts
Recorded as original source (materials that captured the event, photography, video recording
etc.)
Included written records such as narratives, manuscript, public documents, letters, diarries.
Fossils , artifacts and testimony from living withnesses.
Secondary Source
Not been part of the event
Serves as interpretation or readings of primary source
Usually formed as public works
Coming from original source
Can be combination of primary and secondary source
B. Questions to Answer
1. Why did some civilizations fail to survive according to
Arnold Toynbee?
Because of its inabilityto respond to challenges.
8. What made William Henry Scott to conclude thatMaragtas is not a prehispanic document?
The Philippine archipelago is composed of about 7,107 islandsand islets. It has a total
land area of 300,000 square kilometers, 92 percent of which is found on the 11 largest islands.
The country can be grouped geographically into the three major islands groups: Luzon, Visayas,
and Mindanao. Accounting for 47 percent of the total land area, Luzon is the largest island group
and is situated in the north. It has an area of 141,395 square kilometers. Mindanao is the second
largest group is located in the south and occupies 34 percent of the total land area. It has an area
of 101,999 square kilometers, while the Visayas is a group of smaller islands between Luzon and
Mindanao comprising the remaining 19 percent of land area. It has an area of 56,606 square
kilometers. The northernmost point of the country is Y’ Ami Isle, which is 78 miles from Taiwan.
The southernmost point is Saluag Isle, only 34 miles east of Borneo.
1. LANDFORMS
Among the central plains, Luzon has the longest unbroken ranges in the Philippines
Most active but eventually losing its world popularity as the most perfect cone-shaped
volcano is Mt. Mayon one of the most violent eruptions is in 1814 where the Cagsawa
community is buried under hot Lava and fire-burning rocks. A living proof of such terrible
destruction was the fact that Cagsawa church got buried to the ground that only its bell tower
could be seen.
Taal Volcano, on January 1911 and September 1965 were considered to be the most
destructive. Six barrios were covered by boiling mud with thousands of nearby resident killed or
died.
Mt. Pinatubo, a dormant volcano for about 600 years caught another world focus when it
erupted, one on July 12, 1991 and the other one is on June of 1992.
The Central Plain in Luzon traditionally known as the “rice granary” of the Philippines
located in south of Caraballo mountains.
Another broadplain in Northern Luzon is the Cagayan Valley found along the Cagayan
River. It is surrounded by the mountains of Sierra Madre (on east), Cordillera Central (on the
west), and the Caraballo Mountain on the south.
One of the most well known valleys in Southwestern Mindanaois the vast lowland area called
Valley of Mindanao
2. WATERFORMS
A. Rivers
Rio Grande de Cagayan one of the most notable river system. It is thelongest river in Luzon and
the mightiest watercourse.
Thelargest river system in the Philippines is found in Mindanao.The central basin of Mindanao is
being drained by Rio Grande de Mindanao(known in its upper course as the Pulangi).
Second longest river isAgusan with the basin of Surigao as its subsidiary.
Other important rivers of the Island include Chico River, Abra Grande, Rio Grande de Pampanga,
Bicol and Agno River in Pangasinan.
St. Paul Underground Riveris located in Palawan. It is popular for being a tourist attraction it is
consider to be the world’s largest known underground river.
B. Lakes
Laguna Bay and Lake Lanaoare the country’s notable lakes. Laguna Bay is the largest
lake in the Philippines while Lake Lanao is the largest deep lake in the country. Other famous
lakes: Taal Lake in Batangas, Lake Naujan in Mindoro, andLake Bito in Leyte.
C. Waterfalls
Most of the country’s waterfalls are not only tourist attraction but also potent sources of
hydroelectric energy.
Pagsanjan fallsis the most favorite tourist spot visited by both foreigners and local
inhabitants.This islocated or situated in Laguna it is popularly called “shooting rapids” because
of the heavy or quick flow of waters from its top.
Botocan fallsother waterfalls, the largest waterfall in the country.
Maria Cristina Fallsis an important source of power found in Lanao del Norte.
Hinulugang Taktak is situated in Antipolo.
Tamaraw Falls in OrientalMindoro.
Darosdos Falls in Samar.
D. Springs
Springs are sources of geothermal power and valuable medicinal watersare the various
springs in the country.These are the most notable springs in the Philippines:
E. Bays
Manila Bay is the largest bay in the Philippines and the finest harbor in Asia.
F. Gulfs
Three famous gulfs in the Philippines:
Lingayen Gulf
Leyte Gulf
Davao Gulf
G. Straits
The narrowest strait in the world is San Juanico Strait. It is located between in Samar
and Leyte.
H. Deep/Trench
Philippine deep has won recognition as the deepest point in the world with the depth of
37,732 ft. below the sea level.
Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, and Zamboanga are among the numerous sea ports and busiest in the
country. These contribute greatly to the country’s economy due to theirgood harbors and rich
fishing grounds.
3. NATURALRESOURCES
A. Agricultural Resources– the Central Plain of Luzon is trying take a last hold for being the
Rice Granary or food basket of the Philippines. It is still the largest producer of rice, the
country’s staple crop. However, the Pinatubo eruption and the continuous growth of as exploding
population offset the total production of rice wills the level of sufficiency.
Other major forms of production are coconut, tobacco, sugarcane, hemp or abaka, coffee,
rubber, pineapple, cacao, sweet potatoes, cassava and many others.
B. Forest Resources
Mindanao is blessed for having the largest forestry production. Palawan is the most
heavily forested province almost 90% of each area is forested.
B.1 Plants
Flora and fauna varieties of palm, rubber trees, indigenous hardwood trees such as
Kamagong tree, Yakal tree, Apitong tree, Ipil tree and Red Narra.
Narra is not only the country’snational tree it is known as the world’s best hardwood.
Abaka or Manila hemp is the most valuable indigenous plant in the Philippines.
Sampaguita (Queen of flowers) – country’s national flower
Pungapung – the largest flower in the world and also wild flower that grows in Mindanao
Rafflesia – stinky flower
Another example of flower is milky white camia, cadena de amor, dama de noche and
bougainvillea.
B.2 Animals
The most useful animal in the Philippines is “carabao”. Carabao is the most reliable and
considered as farmers best friend.
B.3 Birds
Katala/ Kalaw – is called the “clock of the mountains” because it makes a loud call every
noontime.
Palawan Peacock – known as the dancing bird
Timbas – is unique for its scream as it glides into the sky
Philippine falconet – world’s smallest falcon
B.4 Insect
Giant Moth – largest Philippine insect with a wingspan of 1 foot.
C. Marine Life
Philippine rivers, seas, lakes are filled with fish, shell, pearl, coral, sea weeds and other
marine wealth.
The Philippine Glory of the Sea known as Conus Gloriamaris. The world’s rarest and most
expensive shell.
Tridacna Gigas - world’s largest shell, its length is 1meter and weight 600 pounds
Pisidum – world’ssmallest shell
Philippine pearl of Allah – largest pearl with a weight of 14 pounds
D. Mineral Resources
The country’s rich deposits of gold, iron, silver, copper lead, manganese, zinc, salt,
chromite, marbleand coal.
Other minerals found in the country includemercury, limestone, petroleum, nickel, sand, gravel,
rock, asphalt, manganese, and uranium.
E. Scenic/Tourist Spot
The Philippines is one of the world’s most beautiful countriesembellished with scenic and
natural wonders.
Ifugao Rice Terraces – found in massive mountain slopes of northern Luzon
Baguio - Summer capital
Mt. Mayon in Albay – crowning glory of the natural wonders
Taal Volcano - the smallest, found in the central of the Taal lake
Mt. Apo – highest mountain
Mt. Banahaw
Mt. Makiling – woman lying flat with a long stretch and breast protruding.
Origin of the Philippines is one of the land masses that capable to changes to places or its
surface, its origin is most explained by other theories of earth’s evolution.
Land bridge theory – the earth was made up of huge landmasses that connected each piece of
land to one another through land bridges located above big bodies of water. When the earth
experienced global warming, the ice melted and the land bridges were all destroyed. Thus, the
broken pieces of landmasses floated on water and gradually scattered elsewhere.
Big bang theory –expounded by a Belgian astronomer-priest states that all matters in the
universe had been condensed into one large mass. As a result of the atmospheric changes, a
graduated but increasing gravitational force occurred immediately followed by a massive
explosion for within the landmass.
Biblical Theory – theory states that God created heaven and earth, after which the first man and
woman called Adam and Eve.
Darwinian Theory – this theory traces man’s origin from apes. For several million of years, the
ancestors of man (Homo erectus) left Africa – cradle of man’s remote past – and scattered
throughout the world crossing the land bridges.
Continental Drift Theory, Pacific Theory, and Asiatic Theory had slight differences to the above
mentioned theories drawing out similar conclusion on the evolution of the earth as caused by
natural forces.
Indonesians are the next groups of Ancient Migrants. The first wave came from
southeastern Asia. They were the first people to reach the archipelago by sailboats. Indonesians
are tall (the shortest being five feet in height), slenderin physique, light complexion, thin lips,
and high aquiline nose. The second wave of Indonesian migrants in contrast with the Negritos
the two groups of Indonesian migrants has a far advance culture because they belong to New
Stone Age. Their major economic activity was agriculture. Although hunting and fishing were
still employed. They both cooked foods in bamboo tubes. Indonesian built houses made of
wooden or bamboo frame with grass roof. (Nipa Hut)
Malays or brown raise were the last of the original that settled in many islands of
archipelago they came from Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. They board on sailing
boat called “Balangay”. The Malays were of medium height, slim but well built, brown skin and
with black hair and dark brown eyes.
When clusters of loosely independent settlements were placed under one leadership, the
Spanishcolonizers began to coin term to identity all the subjugated natives. The term Indiofirst
coined by the Spaniardsreferred to all colonized natives both in the Americas and in the
Philippines. The term also referred to the Christianized natives.
The America natives soon came to be called Creoles. After gaining great political and
economic influences, these minority groups (referring to those born in the Philippines of Spanish
or Chinese descent are called Insulares or Ilustrados.
Visayan – living primarily in the middle section of the Archipelago. They are lighthearted folks.
Tagalog – living in Central Luzon. They are pragmatic people.
Ilokanos – The third most important group, live mainly in Cagayan Valley. They frugal and
hardworking people from Northern Luzon.
Bicolanos – from Southern Luzon, nature lovers.
The two Muslim groups: Moro and Samal are concentrated in the southern portion of the
archipelago particularly in Western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago, and Southern Palawan
Island.
Those Spanish and Chinese descents comprised the chief and non-Malay inhabitants of the
country.
In Luzon, there are 28 identified ethnic groups with respective sub-branches. Living on
purely highland areas, they inherited from their ancestors.
Bataks – found in several areas of Palawan, are like the Negritos who are small dark and kinky-
haired people. The distinguishing feature of this group is their culture of sleeping in treetops or
in hearths to ward off mosquitoes. Men wear “g-strings” and women wear only “skirts”. They
are fond of ornamentals placed from head to foot.
Tagbanuas – are straight-haired people, slender in physique with brown skin. Tagbanuas like to
wear attractive colored dresses and ornaments. This group believes in fairies called “diwata” in
shaping their life.
Palawans - have slight differences in physique with the Tagbanuas. They employ “Kaingin
cultivation”. And use bamboo, saplings, and other longitudinal material in the creation of grids
for the field use a support for vine-like crop plants.
Mindanao has various ethnic groups in both rural and urban areas
Muslim of the South are considered the largest cultural minority. Muslims are still expert
political and economic influences. The distinct Muslim groups in the region form the main bulk
of the Tausug, Maranao, Maguindanao, Samal, Badjao, and Yakan. The non-Muslim tribe such as
T’Boli, Tiruray, Bagobo, Subanon, Bukidnon, Mandaya, and Manobo live on the mountainous
areas of Mindanao.
The Badjaos are known as sea gypsies and called due to similarity of their culture with the boat
people of Borneo. This ethnic group lives in house boats called “iepa” and their culture is closely
linked with the sea.
The Tausug lives in Jolo, Siasi and Patikul. The name was supposed to mean “people of the
current” although some say these interpretations came from the terms: “tau” which means
aperson and “suug” – the traditional name of Jolo.
The Maranao people of the Lake Maranao the largest ethnic groups in the country they give
their settlement in the Lake Lanao and economically associated with Market trade,
One of the most non-Muslim group in the region are the Manobos they are known as the most
numerous of the ethnic group in the Philippines is on the ethnicityto the family of languagesthey
are concentrated on the areas fromSarangani Islands to the Mindanao Mainlandparticularly the
province of Agusan del Sur, Davao, Bukidnon, North and South Cotabato.
Tasadays is a very small ethnic group is. One of the many Manobos sub group. They are hunters
and gatherers. The live to practice the “earliest primitive culture”.
CHAPTER 4: LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS (Pre-colonial
Philippines)
1 Ancient literature of the land describes how our ancestors live. Ancient poem, epics, and riddles
put in vivid delineation the day-to-day activities of our ancestors and their lighthearted world
view as they struggle for survival.
2 Blending fantasy with reality, heroism was seen through fierce battle fought by heroes against
the force of their enemies including the nature of God and Goddesses.
3 Moral laws of the society had been ingrained in the minds of the children through songs and
folktales.
4 The present ethnic group from the remote rural of the Philippines became the most important
source of knowledge of the ancient times.
5 Rituals, creed, songs and ancient myths aided the present day urban dwellers and researchers.
6 Today’s typical barrio or village gives one a rough picture of Baranganic Community.
7 Accounts written by Spanish historians, every barangay was inhabited by an estimate of fifty
families.
8 Every family was allowed to own as many areas they can cultivate.
9 Houses best fitted the tropical climate. Materials used were bamboo for the structure of the
house as well as for the flooring. The sides and roof were covered with palm leaves. (Nipa hut)
10 Malay influence is seen in houses built above the ground.
11 The lower part of the house is for storage and enclosed by the thin pieces of bamboo. There is
also a detachable bamboo stair to the bamboo door leading to the house. It was usually drawn
at night for protection from bad elements either man or beast.
12 The floor is made up pieces of polished bamboo. Nipa palm, kogon or sticks of bamboo were
made as walls of the house. These provide enough air to ventilate the house.
13 The inner part is a spacious one big room for all purpose (sleeping, dining and reception
quarter).
14 Cooking and dishwashing were done in an extended part called “batalan”.
15 Cooking utensils: knives, bolo, and wooden ladle
16 Clay pots and stove were placed on a built bamboo ledge.
17 A native dining table is set for approximately eight to ten persons. It is three feet high with
length and width enough for big family.
18 This kind of dining table was very popular among the Tagalogs and came to be known as
“dulang”.
19 Our ancestors eat with bare hands. After every meal, dulang was placed in the corner of the
room.
20 The house of those lowland people was uniquely built being on top of the trees. It was
Indonesian influence. It was built for defense against warlike neighboring tribes and also against
wild animals.
21 Another unique dwelling is those Badjaos of Mindanao. They build their house on boat. They are
considered as the ancient counterpart of today’s Chinese boat people.
22 During ancient time, people kept abreast with what was deemed a popular trend. Our ancestors
were at par with other civilized ancient people because they were found by the Spaniards with a
distinct mode of life defined by what was deemed in line with primitive fashion elsewhere.
23 Our ancestors are fond of wearing colorful clothes. A colorless jacket with short sleeves called
“kanggan” is the common upper attire of the men. The lower part of their body is covered by a
strip of cloth called “bahag” it is a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist and down area
between the legs.
24 A headgear called “putong” a piece of cloth wrapped around the head is another indispensable
part of men’s attire.
25 The color of kanggan and putong is associated with status symbol. The chief wore the red
kanggan while the rest below his rank wore either blue or black. The red putong signified that
the wearer had killed an enemy at war. Embroidered putting was worn by those who had killed
at least seven. The color of the putong worn by the men was both status symbol and war heroic
record.
26 The native women’s dress was made up of a semi-loose blouse with sleeves commonly called
“baro” or “camisa”. The skirt is semi-fitted and was called “saya” by the Tagalog and
“patadyong” by the Visayans. A piece of cloth wrapped about the waist called “tapis” had always
been part of the women’s attire. With long hair gracefully knotted at their heads.
27 Native women can comfortably do household chores and gather fruits from the deepest
forested areas.
28 Filipino ancestors were very conscious of their personal hygiene, a quality which has been
carried over to the present generation.
29 They frequently bathed in lakes and streams. To soften their hair they used “gogo”, a dried bark
sliced into pieces.
30 Aside from knowledge on proper hygiene and carrying one’s self, they also know how to look
beautiful.
31 Personal adornment was an inseparable pan of grooming for both men and women.
32 They wore adornments mostly of solid gold and precious stones heavily trapped from their head
to foot. Among these are kalumbiga (armlets), pendants, bracelets, rings, earrings and leglets.
33 To adorn their teeth, they used gold fillings inserted in between each tooth.
34 Tattoo is one of the most important part of our ancestor’s personal adornment. It is drawn on
the body and face of both men and women.
35 Other purpose of tattoo for men is it shows the heroism they had scored in a battle. Tattoo
signified a man’s war medals acknowledge by all the natives as another status symbol. The more
a man covered a tattoo, the higher he gained respect in the society.
36 Filipino ancestors were generally nature lovers.
37 Being closed to the nature made them passionately romantic and artistic. Ancient Filipino epic
poems as well as songs on courtship and love signified the romantic fervor of the time.
38 Their artistic inclination is evidently seen in the numerous wood crafts of idols and woven pieces
of cloth with bright colors from the people of north and south.
39 In contrast to other societies, women were given due respect and recognition.
40 The Baranganic community upheld the political and social rights of women never enjoyed by
their contemporaries.
41 Given the highest status is Asia, the eldest daughter by birthright can inherit the position of
"datu”
42 In public, men out of due respect had to walk a little farther behind the women.
43 Our ancestors produced many kinds of wine from our trees. Tuba, made from coconut palms,
most popular wine particularly in the Visayas and Mindanao.
44 “pongasi” and “tapuy” wine both made from rice.
45 “basi” wine that was made from sugarcane.
46 Filipinos (past and present) are heavy drinkers.
47 Filipino ancestors being expert makers of native wine enjoyed drinking in excess.
48 Since wine dissipates body heat, they oftentimes plunge into the river after drinking or in
between the drinking session.
49 In spite of being drowned in the spirit of alcohol, native Filipinos never lose their senses. They
still managed to find their way home or far under daylight or darkness of the night.
B. Social Classes
In the Philippine setting, every community was made up of natives belonging to any of the three
social classes.
Their way of life was dictated by social stratification and assumed a distinct role I n the society
depending on their position in the social hierarchy.
“Maharlika” or nobles in English term was the highest than any members in the lower strata.
Granted with more rights. They held social, economic, and political influences. Nobility was
acquired through inheritance out of being a member of datu’s kinship. Even the succession to
the position of datu was chosen in maharlikas.
“Timawa” a Visaya term for freemen. They had all rights and privileges in the community except
that of political power which was exclusively enjoyed by the noble class. They lived in a
comfortable life within their means given the right to own and cultivate lands. They are required
to give a part of their harvest to the datu as form of tribute.
“Alipin” a Tagalog term for dependents were the prisoners captured in wars or acquired social
position by virtue of inheritance. Most often, timawa lost his position and was demoted to an
alipin because of nonpayment of debt or punishment for a serious crime.
Alipin fall on two kinds: first is “aliping namamahay” they’re granted with limited rights. They’re
allowed to build their own house. Their obligation was to render service during planting and
harvesting season. They were also called in the construction of their master’s house and in
household chores. Second is “aliping sagigilid” lived with his master. Totally under the
disposition of his master, he was not allowed to marry without the consent of his master, he
was not entitled to own a property.
The ancestors of the Filipino adhered to the belief that each of the forces of the nature was
caused by their gods.
The bounties of harvest and even good health were but the workings of their gods as a prize of
their good deed.
Natural catastrophes were considered as punishment for wrong doings, from this mindset, the
natives had been conditioned to act and react according to what they believed. They performed
their respective roles in the community so as not to offend their gods.
The datu was duty-bound to be a good ruler to his people.
The members of maharlika and timawa had to treat well the alipin.
Social mobility from one class to another was made possible regardless of the rigidity of social
stratification.
Lost of one’s status was primarily caused by a wrong deed done to a fellow native.
The natives soon developed the idea of a free life. Related to the concept of freedom id the idea
of restricted liberalism. Anyone was given the chance to raise his position in the social ladder.
“Intermarriages” meant that a noble could marry a freeman and a freeman to a dependent and
vice versa.
C. Family
It assumes a very important in the process of socialization and moral formation.
The character and outlook of an individual are molded first in the family.
Being the simplest social unit and correspondingly has been translated into a bigger social
group called the “community”.
Ancient family being patriarchal in nature highlighted the father as a figure head. He took
the charge of the family sustenance and his word was the law of the house to be obeyed by
all members.
Deeply implanted in the primitive society, the members of the family normally stayed intact
and worked together
The wife along with other children helped the father in the clearing of the land, planting,
and harvesting. Older son usually stays longer with their father in the field and most often
do heavy household chores such as drawing water from streams or springs and gathering
woods from cooking purposes.
Older daughters helped the mother do household chores and in cloth weaving.
Additional members outside from the immediate household lived together in one big house.
This came to be called an extended family composed of father, mother, children and the
others who were either grandparents, single uncles and aunts or relatives up to third
degree.
Ancient Filipino was significantly matriarchal. The mother most of the time exerted great
influence in managing almost all affairs of the house. Mandated by the social norms, they
were given the right to give names to their offspring as both a privilege and a prerogative.
Daughters had equal rights with their brothers in the inheritance of properties.
Marital relationship was strong and binding promiscuous native men secretly indulged in
affairs with another woman.
Among Tagalogs, the term “asawa” referred to the legitimate wife while “ka-i-bi-gan” to
the other woman.
Community had strict rules on property inheritances by claimants. Legitimate child
(referring to the children of the wife) were the legal heirs.
D. Education
Education by then was informal and an all free time activity.
Native mother taught their daughters on household chores and how to weave.
Fathers took charge of teaching their sons to hunt in thickly forested areas and also to catch fish.
All males were duty bound to defend and protect their community can hostile tribes. Part of the
training was that on the excellent acquisition of the hunting and fishing skills. To get a good
catch was the primary objective so as to develop speed and accuracy. Test of strength and
endurance was undertaken through running, swimming and mountain or tree climbing races.
Role of the elders is the moral upbringing of the children. They were vivid storytellers of various
myths and other oral literatures of the tribe.
Tribal rituals led by the priest and priestess and jointly participated by both young and adults
assumed another form of education.
E. Marriage Customs
The natives of Luzon had marriage customs that underwent several stages.
First, the young man had to undergo a pre courtship stage called “pamamalae”. Under this
stage, the man had to prove his sincerity and also of being a responsible husband. He was
compelled to render two obligations namely: servitude and dowry.
Courtship stage. Parents of both sides are down to discuss other conditions to be met. To please
the parent of the bride, there were several gifts that had to be offered by the groom’s parent.
“Bigay kaya” dowry in the form of land, gold or even dependents.
“Himaraw” parents of the groom dole out an amount of money as payment for the expenses
incurred in feeding the future bride during her infancy.
“Panghihimuyat” certain money given by the parents of the groom. It is the payment for taking
care of the girl since childhood.
“Bigay suso” girl’s wet nurse gift. This is for having breast fed her during her infancy.
Marriage ceremony. The most exciting stage with its observance varying from one tribe to
another and from among the social classes.
Before and after the rituals, the father of the groom hat to be well-prepared with another set of
gifts in case the bride showed signs of shyness and aloofness.
F. Mourning Customs
Filipino ancestors believed that when a man dies, his soul leaves his body and undergoes a long
journey to another world.
They also considered the spirits of the dead are now members of their big constellations of their
gods and goddesses and deities.
Native Filipinos have various forms of rituals to honor their dead.
In Negritos, ashes were thrown around the bed of a dying man. The belief that once he leaves
his body, footprints marked on the ashes belonged to the dead man on set for the north to bury
their dead along with his clothes and other valuable personal belongings.
Early Filipinos had developed the art of embalming. They used herbs to keep the body from total
decay and perfumed it with oil made from fragrant leaves and flowers.
Some buried their dead under or near the house, in a cave, in the forest or at a certain elevated
land facing the sea.
The mourning for men called “maglahe”, for women – “moratal”, and for the datu – “laraw”.
In some tribes, the mourners wore white shirts or skirts while people in other group wore rattan
bands around their arms, legs, and necks.
Formal ceremony was held for a dead chief.
“Pasiyam” celebration held for nine days and attended by the immediate relatives as well as
almost all of the neighborhood im the community.
“Tibawan” play in honor of the dead. This said play was the origin of the literature such as
karagatan, duplo and karilyo by the Spanish period.
G. Religious beliefs
Our ancestor’s sense of spiritually had been evidently manifested in their worship of numerous
gods and goddesses, deities and soul spirit.
Bathalang Maykapal - the supreme god believed to be the creator of earth and man.
Idiyanale – god of agriculture
Lalahon – goddess of harvest
Balanghaw – god of rainbow
Diyan Masalanta – god of love
Sidapa – god of death
Mandarangan – war god
Sisiburanin – goddess of the underworld
Agni – god of fire
Barangao – god of rainbow
Siginarugan – god of hell
Ancient Filipino ancestors recognized the existence of soul spirits, a counterpart of the modern
day saints.
Anitos – Tagalog term; soul spirits
Diwata – Visayan term for soul spirits; the one who controlled their lives.
Animism – the worship of nature. The sun, moon, bodies of water, animals, mountains and
trees were considered sacred and believed to have great powers to destroy or preserve.
Misfortune, natural calamities, sickness or even death were treated as punishments to them.
In fruit gathering or forested areas, they made it appoint to ask permission first from the nature
gods.
Before planting, they pray to their god of harvests for bountiful graces.
In course of fighting with other tribes, rituals were performed to seek the intervention of the
god of war for their warrior’s victory.
Some tribes captured natives from another tribe and offered them as human sacrifices.
A. Political System
A.1 Early Laws
Ethnic group’s rituals bespeak of the political culture that prevailed during the remote past.
Some of them mention sets of codified laws such as the “Maragtas and Kalantiyaw Code”
The first organized political community was believed to have been established in the Malay
settlement of Panay.
Ten Bornean datu left Borneo to escape from the despotic rule of Datu Makatunaw: Puti,
Bangkaya, Dumalugdog, Sumakwel, Lubay, Paiburong, Dumangsil, Balensula, Paduhing and
Dumangsol. They are clusters of Malay that had successfully established throughout the
archipelago.
The Confederation of Madyaas was built in Panay by Datu Sumakwel. The first political
confederation aimed to extend assistance to its members in terms of protection from hostile
non-Malay groups.
Sumakwel Code – set of rules that guided the “The Confederation of Madyaas”. The said code
was overshadowed in obscurity and its existence was only kept alive through legendary tales.
Kalantiyaw Code – it was believed to have been introduced in 1453. The promulgator of the
code is Datu Kalantiyaw, the third chief of Panay and a descendant of Datu Sumakwel. It was
presumed that the Kalantiyaw Code was a revised or modified form of the former code.
It is from the confederation that the settlements were eventually transformed into a new
political organization known as “barangay”.
A.3 Laws
Although the datu had an absolute authority to rule, he sought the assistance of the council
of elders on matters pertaining to community affairs.
They helped the datu on settlement of disputes within the community and neighboring
barangays.
Once a new law had been made, it was immediately announced by a town crier called
“umalohokan”.
The first written laws relied upon by the scholars of the present time were drawn out from
oral literatures attested by elders from various existing ethnic groups in the country.
“Maragtas Code” other written law formulated by the Muslims. Considered major crimes
were rape, incest, murder, witchcraft, insult, trespassing, sacrilegious acts, and larceny.
Minor crimes are adultery, cheating, petty, theft, perjury, singing aloud at night and
destroying documents owned.
B. Economic Activities
In the land called today Philippines, the early migrants took the necessary measures to survive
using instinct, creativity, and ingenuity.
Our hunting and fishing ancestors shifted to agriculture that went side by side with the
domestication of animals
Waves of other settlers and traders came into our land, the simple day-to-day means of survival
of our ancestors was enriched with added technological know-how.
Nomadic life ended and a new economic order was set into pace.
Our ancestors had much freedom and opportunity to own as many lands as he could cultivate.
The only condition set for him was to give the datu a share of his harvest.
Blessed with fertility of soil, various crops were planted that went beyond sufficiency level. Rice,
sugar cane, coconuts, cotton, hemp and many species of fruits and vegetables were produced
for local consumption and also for primary trade goods.
Early Filipinos mined gold deposits in great quantity. Its abundance was evidently manifested in
the use of the said mineral as part of the ancient personal adornment.
Aside from using the rich forest resources for house building, lumbering was one of the
important trade goods of our ancestors.
Our ancestors used fishing nets, bows and arrows, fishing spears, and other primitive tools to
exploit water resources.
Pearl diving thrive in Sulu, the richest pearl bed in the archipelago. This made Mindanaons world
famous as excellent sea divers ever since.
Barter trade was employed. Barter, the exchange of one good to another. The archipelago
became one of the centers of Asian trade when merchants from neighboring lands beyond the
seas came to exchange their goods with those of our natives.
Ancient pottery made of clay had been one of the trade products greatly demanded inside and
outside of the archipelago.
Trade Partners
A. Inter-baranganic Relations
- Trade was the lifeblood of our forefathers.
- Inter-baranganic alliances were not only based on friendship but also on trade partnership.
- Sanduguan- a symbolic treaty of blood compact between the contracting parties. Both
parties drew blood from their arms and mixed it with wine. They drank in the same cup as a
sign of being “blood brothers”
B. Orang Dampuans
- Trade was carried out with the neighboring barangays, as well as other groups of people
across the seas.
- “Orang Dampuans” or “Men from Champa”- group of immigrants from Southern Annam,
first known trade partner of our ancestors, between 900 and 1200 A.D.
- Established trading posts in Sulu. When their settlements began to prosper, the “Buranuns,”
natives of Sulu grew unfriendly. Feared of being overpowered, the Buranuns attacked the
migrant settlements and massacred the Orang Dampuans.
- The Orang Dampuans burned the native’s villages in revenge, then sailed back to their
native land.
- They returned to Sulu in the 13th Century.
C. Men of Banjars
- Came from two of the important sub-states of the Shri-Vijaya Empire, Banjarmasin and
Brunei.
- They entered into trade agreements with the Buranuns and eventually became friends
- Banjars succeeded to win the hearts of the natives through gift giving.
- The best gift offered to the Buranuns was their beautiful princess as wife to the datu of Sulu.
- They succeeded to acquire not only economic dominance but political as well.
- It was during the supremacy of the Banjars that Sulu became an important trading center in
the region.
D. Sri-Vijaya
- The greatest maritime empire in the vast area of ancient land today known as Southeast
Asia was the Sri Vijaya Empire (Mahayana Tantric Buddhist kingdom).
- Arose from the city of Palembang located at the south-eastern coast of Sumatra in the
beginning of the 7th century
- Grew in military strength and extended over the entire Malay Peninsula.
- The commercial influence of the empire reached the Philippines.
- Under the Sri Vijayas, Sulu was a prosperous trading center in the region. Maritime trading
activities fell under the control of the empire for more than 500 years.
- Sri Vijayas succeeded to monopolize the trade centers in China and India, leading to direct
contact between the Filipino ancestors and the ancient Chinese and Indians traders
- The empire gradually crumbled when the Cholas from India attacked one after another the
Shri Vijaya headquarters
- In early 10th century, the empire collapsed following the rise of new powerful Southeast
Asian neighbor.
E. Majapahit Empire
- The greatest Javanese empire ever built in the ancient history of today’s Southeast Asian
regions.
- Founded in 1293 by Raden Vijaya (reigned 1293-1309), a ruler of Java. He repulsed the
forces of the invading Mongols.
- The Majapahits came from southeast of Singosari (now Java).
- The empire reached its zenith power under Hayam Wuruk (reigned 1350-1359).
- Like the Sri-Vijaya Empire, it was Hindu Indian in culture. The difference lay in its adherence
to Brahmanism.
- In the Philippines, the empire’s political and economic influence reached as far north of the
Manila Bay region.
- Through the chief minister, Gajah Mada, the empire covered much of Indonesia and some
parts of Malaya. When Mada died, the empire soon weakened control over its territories.
- By the early 16th century, the Muslim-converted merchant princes from north Java
successfully monopolized the trade between Malacca and the eastern archipelago. They
turned to the Majapahits which lead to the Majapahit empire’s total disintegration.
F. Arab Traders
- In late 13th century, the Arab Muslims emerged as the most powerful trade partners of the
Malay states and neighboring island groups that extended to Southeast Asia.
- They were also missionaries of the Islamic faith.
- The Sultanate of Malacca was the 1 st Muslim political unit in the Malay Archipelago.
Commercially, it became the major emporium on the trade route between Moluccas (or
Spice Islands) and the West. Religiously, it became a major diffusion center for Islam.
- Mudum- and Arab scholar who succeeded to establish a strong foundation of Islam in
Malaysia in middle of the 14th century.
- From Malaysia, Mudum proceeded to Sulu at about 1380 to spread the Islamic faith.
- In 1390, Raja Baginda, one of the petty rulers of Menangbakaw, Sumatra arrived in Sulu and
carried on the native conversion to Islam.
- At 1450, Abu Bakr left Palembang for Sulu. He married Paramisuli, the daughter of Raja
Baginda.
- Abu Bakr took over when Raja Baginda died and patterned his government after that of the
Caliphate of Arabia.
- With full conversion to Islam, Sulu became the first Sultanate. Sulu became the main base
for the spread of Islam to other areas of the region.
- The conversion of the whole Mindanao as an Islamic region was attributed to Serif
Kabungsuan, a native of Johore. He was also credited as the first sultan of Mindanao.
- Islam spread rapidly from Mindanao to Visayas and Luzon, making the archipelago, once
upon a time, a Muslim land, until the Spaniards came during the second half of the 16 th
century. Spanish conquerors’ propagation of Christianity drove by force the Muslims back to
the south.
Primitive House
Early Shelter
Houses on stilts
Houses along the coastal areas.
There is a pathway leading to the house.
Banggerahan – batalan
Mode of dressing
Our ancestors are fond of wearing colourful clothes.
Kangan – collarless jacket with short sleeves worn by men.
Bahag – strip cloth to cover the lower part of the body, wrap around the waist and in
between legs.
Putong – it is a piece of cloth wrap around the head.
The color of kangan and putong were associated with Status Symbol: red kangan wore
by Chief, blue or black kangan wore below the Chief rank, red putong signify that the
wearer had killed an enemy at war and embroided putong was worn by those who
had killed at least seven. (Thus, the color of putong worn by the men was both Status
symbol and Heroic war record).
Social Classes
The prevalence of a well defined social stratification was a typical characteristic of an
ancient society.
In the Philippine, setting, every community was made up of natives belonging to any of
the three social classes. Their way of life was dictated by social stratification and assume
distinct role in society depending on their position in the social hierarchy. The three
social classes are as follows:
1. The Mahadlika
2. The Timawa; and
3. The Alipin
3. Alipin – a Tagalog term for dependents were the prisoners captured in wars or acquired
such social position by virtue of inheritance.
Most often, a timawa lost his position and was demoted to alipin because of non-
payment of debt or punishment for a serious crime.
Two kinds of alipin:
1. Alipin namamahay
2. Alipin sagigilid
Kinds of Alipin
1. Alipin namamahay – was granted limited rights
He was allowed to build his own house and acquire his own properties
One of his obligations was to render service during planting and harvest season.
He was also called to help in the construction of his master’s house and in household
chores.
2. Alipin sagigilid – in great contrast, lived with his master.
Totally under disposition of his master, he was not entitled to own property.
Foremost prohibition was that on marriage (he was not allowed to marry without the
consent of his master)
In limited cases, the alipin were given some rights (thus, the kind life lived by the alipin
depended also in the master)
Family
Family – assumes a very important role in the process of socialization and moral
formation, Regardless of the influence of western culture. The Filipino family continues
to uphold values that had their roots as early as the baranganic era.
The ancient Filipino family being Patriarchal in nature highlighted the father as a figure
head.
He took the charge of family sustenance and his word was the law of the house to be
obeyed by all members.
The members of the family normally stayed intact and worked together.
To some extent, there are evidences so showing that the ancient Filipino family was
significantly Matriarchal. Older daughters helped the mother do household chores and
in cloth weaving.
Although the father set the rules, the mother most of the time, exerted great influence
in managing almost all affairs of the house.
They were given the right to give names to their offspring as both a privilege and
prerogatives.
Daughters have equal rights to their brothers with inheritance.
In case where the Datu left no male heir to succeed him, the position was given to the
eldest daughter.
Education
The system of education in the Philippines before the arrival of the Spaniard was
generally informal. The children studied in their own homes with their parents or with
some old men in the barangays as tutor.
Native mother taught their daughters on household chores and how to weave.
Fathers took charge of teaching their sons to hunt in thickly forested areas and also to
catch fish.
All males were duty bound to defend and protect their community can hostile tribes
From childhood to manhood, they were rigidly trained to be a good warrior.
Part of the training was that on the excellent acquisition of the hunting and fishing skills.
Test of strength and endurance was undertaken through running, swimming and
mountain or tree climbing races.
Of great interest was the role of the elders is the moral upbringing of the children.
At daytime the venue for storytelling and other literature was in open filed or under a
big tress or gathered around the fireplace.
Tribal rituals led by the priest and priestess and jointly participated by both young and
adults assumed another form of education.
Marriage Customs
Native Courtship varied from one locality to another. Most popular marriage custom
was that practiced in Luzon. It underwent several stages.
Pamamalae – the young man had to undergo a pre courtship stage. Under this stage,
the man had to prove his sincerity and also of being a responsible husband. He was
compelled to render two obligations namely: servitude and dowry.
For several months, the man performed household chores for his future bride (He
fetched water, chapped woods and help his future father-in-law with works in the field).
During this servitude, he was prohibited by the parent of the lady betrothed to casually
converse with their daughter.
Once the young man satisfactorily passed the period of servitude, courtship stage
begins.
Parents of both sides are down to discuss other conditions to be met. To please the
parent of the bride, there were several gifts that had to be offered by the groom’s
parent.
Dowry – the money, goods or estate that a woman brings to her husband in marriage.
(Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage)
One of such dowry is:
“Bigay kaya” dowry in the form of land, gold or even dependents.
“Himaraw” parents of the groom dole out an amount of money as payment for the
expenses incurred in feeding the future bride during her infancy.
“Panghihimuyat” certain money given by the parents of the groom. It is the payment
for taking care of the girl since childhood.
“Bigay suso” girl’s wet p gift. This is for having breast fed her during her infancy.
After having complied with the customary gift giving, the parents once more sit down to
discuss the marriage ceremony.
Mourning Customs
Respect for the dead is a universal value given due to recognition through time
immemorial. But Filipinos have varied rituals to honor their dead.
Although there are variations on the observance of mourning and burials, one to
highlight is that of the Negritos ashes were thrown around the bed of a dying man out
of a belief that once he leaves his body, footprints marked on the ashes belonged to the
dead man on set for a journey to the other world.
Burial customs are varied too from tribe to tribe.
Some buried their dead under or near the house in a cave, in the forest, or at a certain
elevated land facing the sea.
Maglahe – mourning for men
Muratal – mourning for women
Laraw – for Datu
A more formal ceremony was held for dead Chief.
Bright colors were prohibited to be worn by all members of the tribes.
In public, men walked with the tip of their Spears pointed downward and Dagger’s hilt
reversed.
Also, all the quarrels and wars were suspended.
The mourning relatives fasted and abstained from lavish eating and drinking wine.
After the burial ceremony, followed by “Pasiyam” celebration held for nine days and
attended by the immediate relatives as well as almost the entire neighborhood in the
community.
“Tibawan” play in honor of the dead.
Religious Belief
Our ancestor’s sense of spiritually had been evidently manifested in their worship of
numerous gods and goddesses.
At the top of hierarchy was Bathalang Maykapal - the supreme god believed to be the
creator of earth and man. In the lower level of hierarchy were other gods and
goddesses. Most prominent are the following:
Idiyanale – god of agriculture
Lalahon – goddess of harvest
Diyan Masalanta – god of love
Sidapa – god of death
Mandarangan – war god
Sisiburanin – goddess of the underworld
Agni – god of fire
Barangao – god of rainbow
Siginarugan – god of hell
Aside from god and goddesses, the ancient Filipino ancestors recognized the existence
of soul spirits, a counterpart of the modern day saints.
Anitos – Tagalog term; soul spirits
Diwata – Visayan term for soul spirits
Animism – the worship of nature. The sun, moon, bodies of water, animals, mountains
and trees were considered sacred and believed to have great powers to destroy or
preserve
Misfortune, natural calamities, sickness or even death were treated as punishments to
them.
Before planting, they pray to their god of harvests for bountiful graces.
They also sought the help of Bathala to determine the guilt or crime committed by
suspects.
In best of their harvest and domesticated animals were offered along with prayers and
sacrifices to ask a favor for guidance and protection as well.
The Babaylana (a priest) and Katalona (a priestess) led the tribe in the religious ritual
and performed sacrificial ceremony.
Early laws
After cluster of Malay communities that had successfully established in many islands
throughout the archipelago, eventually Datu Sumakwel organized a brotherhood of
Malay communities or confederation.
Aimed to extend assistance to its members in terms of protection from hostile non-
Malay groups.
The confederation of Madyaas – the first political confederation was built in Panay by
Datu Sumakwel. The confederation was guide by the set of rules that came to be called
Sumakwel Code. However, it was overshadowed with obscurity together with
Kalantiyaw Code.
Unit of Government
The unit of government during the time of our forefathers was called “barangay”
derived from the Tagalog word Balangay meaning “sailboat”.
Each barangay which consisted of 50 – 100 families was established near a river or a sea.
The leader called “datu” had immense political power to rule and govern his subjects.
To better promote peace and order in his territory.
Thus, he is the chief executor, legislator and judge.
All his subjects were bound to obey him and mandated to pay an attribute or buwis.
In preparation for an attack, all male members of the community from adolescence to
manhood were given rigid military training.
It took the form of crops or services either military or personal.
Datus belong to the Mahadlikas (Noble Class), his family and relatives were exempted
from the payment of tributes and service rendering. (Privilege of a noble class).
Our ancestors were generally peace loving. However, inter baranganic clashes were
unavoidable. Wars in barangays were caused by atrocities such as maltreatment, insult,
murder and woman kidnapping which led to fierce fighting.
Territorial expansion – powerful barangay usually initiated their aggressive designs on
barangays with weak defenses.
To protect itself, these communities joined another much stronger confederation for
mutual defense and trade partnership.
A princess of one barangay was offered to betroth a prince from another barangay.
Most if the time, strong alliances were bonded through kinship.
Thus, the barangay from where the couple came from merged as part of a
confederation
Trial by Ordeal
Our ancestor’s judicial process was called “trial by ordeal” went in similar pattern to
those practiced in other ancient lands such as Egypt, Babylon, and Greece.
In reality, trial by ordeal was atypical characteristics of the ancient times.
Trial by ordeal – to identify the culprit/ determine the guilty person.
Orang Dampuans – the first know trade partners of our ancestors came about 900
and 1200 A.D.
“Orang Dampuans” or “Men from Champa” – groups of immigrants from Southern
Annam 9now part of Southern Vietnam).
They reached Philippines by sea and immediately established trading posts in Sulu.
The men from champa were expert traders and their settlements were founded purely
on trade.
Buranuns – natives of Sulu grew unfriendly and misunderstanding oftentimes was the
cause of their clashes.
The Buranuns attacked the migrant settlement and massacred the Orang Dampuans
because of great fears of being overpowered.
In retaliation the immigrant burned the native villages and sailed back to their native
land.
It was only in the 13th century when Orang Dampuans returned to Sulu. Since then, no
clash recorded and peace between them prevailed.
Men of Banjars – this group came from two of the important sub-states of the Sri-
Vijaya empire: (1) Banjarmasin (2) Brunei
Men of Banjars – driven with the great desire to acquire the riches of the South Seas,
they entered into trade agreement with the Buranuns and eventually they became
friends.
Because of diplomacy (unlike their Predecessor) the Banjars succeeded to win the hearts
of the natives through gift giving.
The best gifts offered to the Buranuns were their beautiful princess as wife of Datu of
Sulu.
It was the union of the Buranun chief and the Banjarmasin Princess that paved the way
to a lasting harmonious co-existence between them.
As more and more Banjar adventures and traders arrived at Sulu, they succeeded to
acquire not only economic dominance but political as well (even exempted from
payment of taxes).
In the long run it was the Buranun who eventually gave tribute to the Banjars as their
ruler.
It was during the supremacy of the Banjars that Sulu became as important trading
center in the region.
Arab Traders – in the 13th century, the Arabs Muslims emerged as the most powerful
trade partners of the Malay States and neighboring island groups that extended
Southeast Asia.
Also missionaries of Islamic faith.
Islam succeeded to establish its roots in Malacca, located in the western coast of
Malaya.
Politically, the spread of new religion eventually brought the establishment of Sultanate
similar to the Caliphate in many Arab lands.
The Sultanate of Malacca was the first Muslim political unit in the Malay Archipelago.
Malacca – commercially became the major emporium on the trade route between
Moluccas (or Spice Islands) and the west.
Religiously, it became a major diffusion center for Islam.
From Malacca, the Arab traders extended their commercial and political influences in
the region which included the Philippines.
Mudum – an Arab scholar who succeeded to established a strong foundation of Islam in
Malaysia sometime in the middle of 14th century.
From Malaysia, Mudum proceeded to Sulu about 1380 and began his mission to spread
Islamic faith
In 1390, Raja Baginda followed and carried on the native conversion to Islam. He was
one of the petty rulers of Menangkabaw Sumatra who arrived in Sulu.
When Baginda died, Abu Bakr took over the leadership. He patterned his leadership to
the Caliphate of Arabia.
Abu Bakr also married Paramisuli, the daughter of Rajah Baginda.
After Abu Bakr, who was credited for laying down the foundation of Islam in Sulu, the
conversion of the whole Mindanao as an Islamic region to Seriff Kabungsuan a native of
Johore.
Seriff Kabungsuan – was credited as the first Sultan of Mindanao. Through his
initiatives, and later on carried as a religious zeal of his followers, Islam spread rapidly
from Mindanao to Visayas and Luzon.
However, Islamic influences were weakened with the coming of Spaniards during the
half of the 16th century, because of pacification campaign along with the Propagation of
Christianity initiated by the Spanish conquerors.
The aim of the Propaganda Movement was peaceful assimilation referring to the transition of
the Philippines from being a colony to province of Spain . The propagandists believed that it would
be better if the Filipinos would become Spanish citizens, since they would be enjoying the same
rights and privileges of the latter. Its adherents did not seek Independence from Spain but reforms
These reforms were as follows equality of Filipinos and Spaniard before the laws restoration of
the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes secularization of Philippine parishes and the
expulsion of the friar and human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the
press and freedom to meet and petition for redness of grievances.
Those who joined this peaceful campaign were the Filipino exiles of 1872, the patriots who left
the islands to escape persecution, and those who had been to Spain for their studies. Although not
all of the propagandists were sons of wealthy Filipinos, they were scions of good families. One of the
greatest wis Marcelo H del Pilar, a lawyer and journalist from the town of Bulacan. His oldest
brother Toribio, a priest was implicated in the Cavite Mutiny and exiled. From then on, he joined in
dupluhan and dalitan or literary jousts during fiestas. During a pintakasi (cockfighting day), he
spoke out to the crowd by satirizing corrupt officials and friars.
Del Pilar also sought to reach out to people through his pen He wrote his anti-friar pamphlets
in simple yet forceful Tagalog. In 1882, he helped establish the first bilingual (in Spanish and
Tagalog) newspaper, the Diariong Tagalog. He became the editor of the Tagalog section
Between 1887-1888, when anonymous manifestos against the friars were distributed to the
public, he released Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Mockeries), a manual of anticlerical
commentary in the format of novena. He parodied the Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary, the Apostles' Creed,
the Ten Commandments, the Act of Contrition, and the catechism. With these anticlerical protests,
Del Pilar's stay in the country became dangerous. His house was burned mysteriously He left the
Philippines in October 1888 to escape the prosecution of the friars.
Like Del Pilar. Graciano Lopez Jaena parodied religious literature in his satires In Iloilo, he saw
the misery of rural communities and the abuses perpetrated by civil and religious authorities. He
wrote Fray Botod or "Friar Potbelly (circa 1874) where he ridiculed a cleric named Fray Botod, who
arrived looking like a hungry mosquito and soon became stout because of the stocks taken from the
people Because of his anticlerical literature, he moved to Madrid where he joined other Filipino
expatriates into journalism.
Among those who had gone to Spain to study was Jose Rizal, born to a well-to-do family in
Calamba, Laguna. In 1882, he went to Spain and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de
Madrid. His prestige was greatly enhanced by the publication of his socio-histocical novel Noli Me
Tangere (Touch Me Not) in 1887.
The Noli reflected the defects of the Spanish role Philippines particularly the abuses of the
friars The impact of the on the Spaniards in the Philippines was so intense, that later the reading of
it was forbidden in the country. Rizal may have been the first Filipino political cartoonist In his
etchbook, he drew lamporen of Chinese merchant and the cover design for the Noli included the
hairy call and the slippered foot of spanish friar.
Other great Filipino propagandist where Pedro A. Paterno lawyer, Antonio Luna, pharmacist
and esayst Pedro Serrano Laktaw teacher tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon ( later King Alfonso of
Spain And Isabelo de los Reyes, folklorist and newspaperman Juan Luna, known for his monumental
painting Spoliarium, and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo , acclaimed for his masterpiece, Las Virgenes
Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Rabble, also joined the
movement for reforms.
The Filipino propagandists were also supported by a number of Spanish friends in 1882. Juan
Atayde, a Spaniard born in Manila founded the Circulo Hispano-Filipino. Unfortunately, the society
did not stay long due to shortage of funds and also because of the lack of confidence of the members
in Atayde.
Professor Miguel Morayta. Rizal’s professor at Central University of Madrid, tried to form the
Asociacion Hispano Filipino. In 1889. This association was concerned with instituting reforms in
the Philippines. The association lobbied successfully for the passage of some laws which included
the law pertaining to the compulsory teaching of Spanish and the laws providing reforms in the
judiciary. However, these laws were not fully implemented considering the return to power of the
reactionary group in Spain.
Since the membership of the association was composed mostly of Spaniards, it failed to secure
the support of many Filipinos, including Dr. lose Rizal and Antonio Luna: The young Filipinas felt
that the Spaniards and the creoles were too moderate in dealing with their clamor for reforms.
To make known the objectives of the Propaganda Graciano Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly
newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona on February 15, 1889. Marcelo H del Pilar recently arrived
from the Philippines. He joined the group and helped prepare the issues.
La Soledaridad was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to 31, 1889, then in Madrid, where
it was printed from Nov 15 1889, until is last issue on November 15, 1895. From December 15,
1889 until its last issue, M. H del Pilar became the editor replacing Lopez Jaena.
The contributors of ta La Soledaridad were mostly Filipinos like MH del Pilar (Plaridel) Dr. Jose
Rizal (Dimas alang, Laong Laan ), Mariano Ponce (Naning Kalipulako, or Tikbalang), and Antonio
Luna (Taga- ilog) Some foreigners also contributed the articles like Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt
and Dr. Morayta
Many Filipino propagandists turned masons, including Dr. Riza; and M. HL. del Pilar because
they needed the help of the masons in Spain and in other countries in their fight for reforms. This
organization call Freemasonry, Consisted of fratemal lodges, which later evolved into social societies
subsequently opened to non-masons.
In the Philippines, the first masonic lodge was established in Manila in 1856 As a rule, masonic
lodges, were not opened to Filipino. It was in Spain where Filipino expatriates, students, and
intellectuals found themselves attracted to the ideas of equality, religious tolerance, fraternity and
liberty espoused by the free and accepted masons.
The first Filipino Masonic Lodge called Resolucion was founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona.
This lodge was recognized by the Grande Orienta Espanol headed by Morayta in April 1889 The
Resolucion did not last long. It ended after Lopez Jaena resigned as Worshipful Master on November
29, 1889.
The following month, M. H. del Pilar, with the help of Julio Llorente organized Lodge Solidaridad
in Madrid, with the latter as the first Worshipful Master. Grande Oriente Espanol recognized it in
May 1990. Lodge Solidaridad eventually prospered that other Filipinos joined it, including Dr. Rizal,
Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Baldomero Roxas, Galicano Apacible, and others.
Towards the end of 1891, M. H. del Pilar sent Pedro Serrano Laktaw to the Philippines to
establish the first masonic lodge in Manila. Thus the Lodge Nilad was founded on January 6, 1892.
In one of their meetings the masons set forth the platform. They wanted a dignified, free and
prosperous country with a democratic regime and a genuine and effective autonomy, and a good
government. They were asking, for reforms. They wanted representation in the Cortes as well as the
declaration of the country as a Spanish province, with all the rights and obligations.
As of May 1893, the masonic lodges in the country numbered thirty five, nine of which were in
the city of Manila They also accepted women members. The first woman to be admitted was Rosario
Villaruel, who was initiated as a member of the Lage Walana July 18, 1893. Other female members
were Trinidad Rizal, Romualda Lanuza, Josefa Rizal, Marina Dizon, Sixta Fajardo, Valeriana Legazpi,
and Purificacion Leyva.
Almost simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in the Philippines, Rizal wrote the
Constitution of La Liga Filipina( The Philippine League) while living in Hong Kong with the help
Jose Ma. Diana. In Hong Kong, Rizal deealed a proposal to governor general Eulogio Despujol y
Dusay to establish a Filipino Colony in sabah, Borneo, but the latter refused Rizal's scheme was
meant for help resolve the plight of ejected tenants from Calamba, Laguna.
After arriving, manila on June 26, 1892, rizal conferred with Governor General Eulogio Despujol
y Dusay to obtain pardon for his family. He met with some Filipino around the city, then took the
train to Malolos Bulacan; San Fernando and Bacolor, Pampanga and Tarlac.
On the night of July 3 199 Rizal founded la liga Filipina at residence of Doroteo , Ongjunco in
Ilaya St., Tonda, Manila with Ambrosio Salvador as president, Deodato Arellano, as secretary,
Bonifacio Arevalo treasurer; and Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal Among those present in the meeting were
Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira, Domingo Franco, (Felipe Leaf) Jose A. Ramos (Sacorro) Fautino
Villaruel (ilaw), Numeriano Adriano (lyel) Apolinario Mabini Katabay, and Andres Bonifacio (May
Pag-ama) La Liga was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society, dispeting scholarship funds
and legal aid, loaning capital and setting up cooperatives. The league's motto (One like all) Unas
Instar Omnium serve as an _____ of their ideals. Based in its constitution, the objectives of the liga
were the unification of the whole archipelago inoa one compact, vigorous and homogeneous body
protection in cases of ant and necessity defense against violence and injustice, encouragement of
instruction, agriculture and commerce and the study and implementation of reforms.
The goals of La Liga were to be cared out by the Supreme Council. the Provincial Council and
the Popular Council. That each member of the league had to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues. The
members ought to choose a symbolic name.
The members became quite active. Bonifacio for one, rated exerted great efforts to organize
chapters in various district in Manila. Rizal himself saused the circulation of a handbill. Ang
Karapatan ng Tao printed in both Tagalog and Spanish. This was his translation of the French,
Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789.
This situation alarmed the Spanish authorities. On July 6, 1992 Rizal was secretly arrested by
order of Governor General Despujol and subsequently imprisoned at Fort Santiago. The following
day, the governor general ordered the deportation of Rizal to Dapitan Zamboanga del Norte as
punishment for his allegedly subversive materials.
Some of the members of the La liga Filipina found out that peaceful agitation for reforms was
not enough. This time, they opted for the country's freedom more than anything else. Andres
Bonifacio was one of them. He did not join the Los Compromisarios or Cuerpo de Compromisarios
led by Domingo Franco. This faction pledged to continue supporting the Propaganda Movement in
Spain.
The radical ones led by Bonifacio believed that the welfare of the people could not be achieved
by requests for reforms but by an armed revolution. Their goal was transformed from assimilation
to separation and then Independence.
On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Deodato Arellano's house
at No. 72 Azcarraga Street (now Claro M Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo, Manila. They decided
to form revolutionary society, modeled in part on Masonic Order called Katastaasang Kagalang-
galangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of the
People), otherwise known as K.K.K. or Katipunan dedicated to national independence through
armed revolution.
The men, gathered around a flickering table lamp, signed the membership papers with their
own blood. It was agreed that the member be recruited by means of the triangle method in which an
original member would recruit two members who did not know each other but only knew the
original member who took them in. They also decided during the meeting the payment of an
entrance fee of one real fuerte (twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of medio rial (about twelve
centavos). The triangle method was abolished in December 1892 after it was found out to be too
cumbersome, New converts were initiated into the secret society using rights borrowed from the
masonry. The neophyte was made to swear to guard the secrets of the society. More than a secret
society, the Katipunan was a government itself with a constitution promulgated in 1892, and
another constitution replacing the first one in 1894. The central government of the Katipunan was
vested in a Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) with the officials aforementioned.
In each province, there was a Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council and in each town, a
Sangguniang Balangay Popular Council). The judicial power resided in a secret chamber called
Sangguniang Hukuman Judicial Council). There were three grades of membership in the Katipunan.
The tint grade called a katipun (associate), wore a black mask at the Katipunan meetings. His
password was Anak ng Bayan (Sons of the People). The second grade called kawal (soldier), wore a
green mask. His password was GOM-BUR-ZA. The third grade called bayani (patriot) wore a red
mask. His password was Rizal, the honorary president of the Katipunan. During the first election
the following officers of the supreme council were chosen
Deodato Arellano - President
Andres Bonifacio - Comptroller
Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal
Teodoro Plata - Secretary
Valentin Dia - treasurer
There were also women member of the Katipunan, but they were not required to sign with
their Own blood to be admitted in the women section, one had to be a wife, daughter, or sister of a
Katipunero male member) to ensure the secrecy of the movement. Among the women members
were Gregoria de jesus, Bonifacio’s wife who was called the Lakambini of the Katipunan; Benita
Rodriguez the wife of Katipunero Restituto Javier; and Josefa and Trinidad Rizal sisters of Dr Jose
Rizal.
The women guarded the secret paper and documents of the society. When the Katipunan held a
meeting in a certain house they made it appear that a real social party was going on. Likewise, they
were also helping the society by recruiting more members. The womens chapter of the katipunam
was born during the presidency of Roman Basa second president in july 1893. Josefa Rizal was
elected President of the women’s chapter called la Semilla.
Bonifacio deposed Arellano As president in a meeting in February 1893 because of the latter's
inaction. However, early in 1995. Bonifacio realized that Roman Basa was as infective as Deodato
Arellano, that he called meeting of the society and readily deposed Basa. Bonifacio himself was
elected Supremo (President).
With the Katipunan's organizational setup. Bonifacio turned his attention to the symbol of its
authority. Upon his request. Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus made a flag which
consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with the three white Ks arranged horizontally at the
center. This was the first official flag of the society however, some members had their flag with three
K's arranged in the form of a triangle. Others had one K the center of the red flag. Some generals of
the evolution, likewise, adopted their own design.
Knowing the Importance of a primer to teach the members of the society its ideals, Emilio
Jacinto prepared one which he called Kartilla, a word adopted from the Spanish cartilla, which at
that time meant a primer for grade school students (Former UP President Rafael Palma, a
revolutionary patriot, noted that Apolinario Mabini wrote the original.
Statutes of the Katipunans Kartilya and Emilio Jacinto translated Iit into Tagalog for the benefit of
the unschooled members of the Katipuran)
The Kartilla consisted of 13 teachings which the members of the society were expected to observe
The primer constituted the following
I. Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree without a shadow. If not a
poisonous weed,
II. A good deed that springs from desire for personal profit and not from a desire to do good is not
kindness
III. True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one fellowmen and in adjusting every
movement, deed and won to true Reason.
IV. All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white one may be superior to another in
knowledge. wealth, and beauty but cannot be superior in being
V. He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains: he who is the prefers personal profit to honor.
VL To a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate
VIL Don't fritter away time: Lost riches may be recovered, but time lost will never come again.
IX An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that must
be guarded.
X In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children: if he who guides moves toward
evil, they who are guided likewise move toward evil.
XI. Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away with time, but as a helper and partner in the
hardships of life. Respect her in her weakness and remember the mother who brought you into this
world and who cared for you in your childhood.
XII. What you do not want done in your wife, daughter and sister do not do to the wife daughter and
sister of another.
XIII. The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of the nose and the
whiteness of the skin, nor in being priest representing God, nor in the exalted position on this earth
but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the woods is possessed of an upright character,
who is true to his word who has dignity and honor, who does not oppress and does not help those
who oppress who knows how to look after and love the land of his birth. When these doctrines
spread and the Sun of beloved liberty shines with brilliant effulgence on these unhappy isles and
sheds its soft rays upon the united people and brothers in everlasting happiness, the lives, labors
and suffering of those who are gone shall be more than recompensed. (Teodoro agoncillo, History of
the Filipino People, Quezon City, Malaya books, 1970. page 181)
Another step taken by the Katipunan to propagate in teaching was the establishment of a
printing press. In 1894, The Katipunan bought an old hand press with the money donated by two
patriotic Filipinos from Visayas Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban. These two Katipuneros
who came back from Australia in 1895, had one thousand pesos between them for having won in
the lottery, The types used in printing where purchased from Isabelo de los Reyes, and many were
stolen from the pres of the Diario de Manila (Manila Daily by Filipino employees who were
members of the Katipunan)
Under Emilio Jacinto's supervision, two patriotic printer Faustino Duque and Ulpiano
Fernandez, printed the Kalayaan, the organ of the Katipunan, to disseminate the deals of the society
Kalayaan had its first and only issue in January 1896, which carried a false masthead stating that it
was being printed in Yokohama with Marcelo H. del Pilar as editor. This was to deceive the Spanish
authorities and evade arrest.
Published in the Kalayaan was an essay titled "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog" (What the
Filipinos Should Know) attributed to Bonifacio. This composition dealt with the three questions
asked of Katipunan applicants What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish
conquest? What is the condition of the country today? What will the Philippines be tomorrow?"
Copies of the Kalayaan reached members and possible recruits through the efforts of Macario
Sakay and Pio del Pilar as distributors. The Katipuneros were tirelessly recruiting members in
Nueva Edja, Bulacan, and Cavite. The society grew and began to spread into the non Tagalog
provinces. By August 1896, there were thousands of Katipunan members in the arrabales of Manila
and some 18,000 in other towns.
During the Holy Week of 1895, Bonifacio and some Katipuneros went to the mountains of
Montalban in search of a good hideout where they could hold their secret meetings On April 10,
1895, Bonifacio and his companions including Emilio Jacinto Restituto Javier, and Guillermo
Masangkay entered the Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) Mount Tapusi in the mountain
ranges of San Mateo and Montalban. There they held a secret session leading to the initiation rites
of new recruits. After the session, Aurelio Tolentino picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote on the
cave wall in Spanish, ‘’Viva La Independencia Filipina!"
In the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the Supremo or the (head of Supreme Council). He
also occupied this position in the fourth and fifth elections of the Supreme Council, in December
1895 and August 1896, respectively
On June 15, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, acting as Bonifacio's emissary, sailed for Dapitan to get
Rizal's support for the armed revolution, To cover his real mission from Spanish authorities, he
brought with him a blind man named Raymundo Mata, who was in need of Dr. Rizal's medical
services. Rizal did not agree to the Katipunan's plans of an armed uprising since the people were
not ready for it
By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for revolution, hints about its
existence reached the Spanish authorities. On July 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of
the Civil Guards stationed at Pasig, reported the questionable activities of some Filipinos.
On August 13, 1896. Father Agustin Fernandez, Augustinian curate of San Pedro, Makati wrote
to Don Manuel Luengo, the civil governor of Manila, about the evening gatherings in his parish,
apparently by men plotting against the Spaniards.
The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19. Teodoro Patino, a member of the
Katipunan betrayed the secrecy of it to Father Mariano Gil an Augustinian parish curate. On the
basis of Patino's information, the Spanish authorities acted immediately .
The Spanish cazadores (civil guards) began making hundreds of arrests. Many of them died of
suffocation while detained at the overcrowded Fort Santiago. Two Katipuneros acting as spies for
the governor of Manila told Bonifacio about the discovery.
On August 21-22 Bonifacio called for a meeting at the house of Vidal Acab then to the residence
of Apolonio Samson in Kangkong, Caloocan to issue the call to arms. Emilio Jacinto summoned the
heads of Katipunan Councils to Kangkong to discuss their measures against the Spanish force.
The next day, August 23, Bonifacio, Jacinto, and other Katipunero met at Bahay Toro
Pugadlawin, Balintawak, north of Manila and gathered at the residence of Melchora Aquino, known
as Tandang Sora
In the mass meeting held in the yard of a man of Melchora Aquino, The Katipuneros tore their
cedulas personales (certification), the symbol of the Filipino vassalage to Spain at the same time
shouting "Long live the philippines! Long live the Katipunan!’’. This event recorded in history as the
Cry of Pugad Lawin or Cry of Balintawak, which proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish
government.
At Hagdang Bato, Mandaluyong Bonifacio gave his last manifesto, Katipunang Mararahas ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (Society of Enraged Sons of the country) regardimg the the revolution that
would take place in Manila.
Bonifacio led his army to attack the pulvorin (powder) in San Juan at the dawn of Sunday,
August 30, 1896. This is known as the battle of pinaglabanan. The Spaniards outnumbered the
revolutionaries who were not Fully armed. Due to heavy casualties, Bonifacio and his serving men
were forced to retreat to Balara.
A day earlier, Aug 29, Melchora Aquino, was arrested by the Guardia Civil at Pasong Putik
Novaliches, and jailed at bilibid (prison) for giving aid to the Katipuneros.
In the afternoon of August 30, Governor General Ramon Blanco, in trying to quell the
Philippine Revolution, issued a decree declaring a state of war in Manila and seven Luzon provinces
-Cavite. Laguna Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac and placed them under
martial law. The decree also provided that those who would surrender within 48 hours after the
publication of the decree would be pardoned except the. leaders of the Katipunan.
Taking advantage of the amnesty provision, some Katipuneros surrendered like Valenzuela.
However, the Spanish authorities only subjected them to torture to make them squeal matters about
the evolution.
After the San Juan del Monte Battle, Bonifacio, Jacinto, and other leaders like Macario Sakay,
Apolonio Samson, Faustino Guillermo and General Lucino (alias Payat) set up camp in the hills are
Mariquina (now Marikina), San Mateo, and Montalban. more Filipinos joined them.
Series of executions by the government began after the proclamation of a state of war. Blanco
inaugurated a reign of terror in the belief that this would stop the rebellion. On September 4, four
members of the Katipunan were executed at Bagumbayan. On September 12, thirteen were put to
death at Plaza de Armas, near the Fort of San Felipe in Cavite and are now remembered as "Los
Trece Martires the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite). They Were Maximo Inocencio Luis Aguado,
Victoriano Lasciano, Hugo Perez, Jose Lallana, Antonio San Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Feliciano
Cabuco, Maximo Gregorio, Eugenio Cabezas, Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco
Osorio.
CHAPTER 8
THE AMERICAN RULE
1. War of the Philippine Independence form the United States
There was a popular belief among the supporters of Manifest Destiny that the US had
the God-given right to help oppressive countries and build democratic nations.
Manifest Destiny & Benevolent Assimilation; Concept:
Manifest Destiny - is a divine right that the white giving reason the spread westward
of American influence westward of the Pacific Ocean bringing with it Government,
Economy and Christianity.
Benevolent Assimilation - it is succinctly stated that " future control, disposition, and
government of the Philippines Islands were ceded to the United States and the
Military Government is to take the whole of the ceded authority.
The Policy of Manifest Destiny. (In the Philippines)
The Americans believed it as their mission to:
1) Civilize the Filipinos,
2) to Educate and train them for Democracy, and
3) to make them better Christian. This was the so called Manifest Destiny
American soldier with two other members of the U.S. shot and killed a man who happens to be
a filipino soldier.
Aguinaldo declared war. This turn out to be to be the seven-year Filipino-American War (1899-
1906).
The American fleet started bombarding the Filipino fort north of San Juan del Monte. In the
afternoon of that day, the fierce battle of La Loma near the Chinese cemetery ensued.
In kalookan a fierce battle followed, with the American once again victorious. Undismayed by
his defeat, Luna prepared for a Plan for a recapture of Manila by burning American occupied
houses in tondo and in Binondo.
General Luna's tragic end:
General Luna, after attending the meeting with his fellow patriots who were already
planning to make peace with the American (which he vehemently opposed) was
stabbed to death by Aguinaldo's Body guard. He received about 40 wounds.
The Secretary of the Interior in his circular informed the Provincial chiefs of Luna's
death and said that:
a) it was caused by Luna's insulting and assaulting of the President's
bodyguards, and
b) the Plan of Luna to take over the Presidency from Aguinaldo,
At Tirad Pass, Gen. Del Pilar with 60 riflemen, stood guard to intercept the American soldiers
and give Aguinaldo sufficient time to escape.
Pasong Tirad was 4,500 feet high.
Only eight (8) men escaped alive to relate the tragic news to Aguinaldo.
Aguinaldo's capture (March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela):
Pretending to be the reinforcement with five American prisoners, the Macabbebe
Scouts were able to enter Aguinaldo's Camp. Aguinaldo and his men met them and
even gave them food.
At a given signal, the Macabebes suddenly opened fire. Tal Placido, a fat powerful
man grabbed Aguinaldo from behind.
2. A Government under America
Although the Filipino-American war was still in progress.
Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission):
He gave the Commission the Legislative and Executive authority to put up a Civilian
Commission.
His Policy, the Philippines for the Filipinos, laid the foundations or the Democratic
Government during his administration
Provided:
(a) for the extension of the United states Bill of Rights for the Filipinos.
(b) It also guaranteed the establishment of an elective Philippine
Assembly after the proclamation of complete peace.
-The maniago revolt was the start of much bigger and even bloodier revolt In Pangasinan
-This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to
revolt against the spaniards
Patriotism- is the feeling of love, devotion and sense of attachment to a homeland allegiance
with other citizens who share the same sentiment
- feeling and personal devotion or concern for one’s country
4. Nationalism- bigger dimension referring to general temperament
Nationalism
-sense of belonging
-It is brought by political, economic, social and intellectual factors that develop in a certain stage
in history
1. Spread of Liberalism
- Send their children to schools giving them exposure to libertarian ideals
3. Racial Prejudice
- Inferior race- as what Spaniards regarded the Filipino natives
- Indios – as what Spaniards haughtily called filipinos
- The Spaniards think that filipino has a ‘’Limited intelligence’’ that couldn’t rise as their own
- Jose rizal with the Sucesos de las islas Filipinas of Antonio De morga – proved wrong the
allegations of the Spaniards that filipino wre savages and had no culture prior to the coming of
the western colonizers
4. Cultural Changes
- Higher education was implemented
- Young men and Chinese mestizo and native families- can take up law, medicine and pharmacy
- The ilustrados (enlighted ones)- see the repressive colonial policies of spain, enlightened with
liberal ideas.
5. Secularization Controversy
- The parishes vacated by the Jesuits were given to the native seculars
6. Cavite Mutiny 1872
- Filipino soldiers and dock workers killed their Spanish officers as an expression of
protest.
-They were executed after.
-The execution of GOM-BUR-ZA growth the number of Filipino nationalisms
- Nationhood- coincided the development of the concept of Filipinos
- Esponales insulares, mestizos de sangley, native elite was united
- They believe that it would be better if the filipinos would become Spanish citizens to enjoy the
same rights and privilages
- adherents=propagandist
- reforms;
5. Human rights for filipinos , such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and
freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances
Propagandists
-Filipino exiles of 1872, the patriots, and who had been to spain for their studies are the people
who joined
- They were 20-30’s filipinos
-Came from the best, brightest and riches families in the Philippines
-College students or professionals
-Men of intelligence, courage and patriotism
Propagandists
15. Jose rizal
- -Physician-novelist
- -Noli me tangere- reflected the defects of the Spanish rules in the Philippines or the
abusive of the friars
- -El filibusterismo
- -Founder of La Liga Filipina
16. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- Lawyer- journalist from Bulacan
- Diariong tagalog- first bilingual newspaper
- Dasalan at Toksohan
- Hail mary, Lord’s prayer, the apostles creed and Ten commandment, The act of
Contrition and Catechism
17. Graciano Lopez
- Fray Botod or Friar Potbelly
- Parodied religious literature
18. Mariano Ponce- Physician Journalist
19. Antonio Luna- Pharmacist and essayist
20. Juan Luna- painter, known for his monumental painting Spolarium
21. Felik Ressurection Hidalgo- Painter, Virgenes Christians Expuestas al Populacho (Christian
Virgins Exposed to the Rabble)
22. Dr. Pedro A. Paterno- lawyer, poet and historian
23. Jose Ma. Panganiban – linguist and essayist
24. Jose Alejandrino- engineer and writer
25. Fernando Canon- engineer, poet and musician
26. Pedro Serrano Laktaw- teacher and lexicographer
27. Isabelo Delos Reyes- folklorist and newspaperman (historian and journalist)
28. Dominador Gomez- Physician-orator
La Solidaridad (Solidarity)
- Established in Barcelona
- This took place at a traditional eve banquet
- La solidaridad newspaper founded in Barcelona
- Marcelo Del Pilar Joined
Freemasonry
- Many filipino propagandist turned masons to get helped from the masons in spain and
other countries for the refoms
- Revolucion- first filipino masonic lodge
- The lodge solaridaridad was organized In Madrid
- It is prospered that the other filipinos joined it including Dr. Jose Rizal, Pedro Serrano
Laktaw, Baldomaro Roxas, Galicano Apacible and others
La liga Filipina
Constitution of La Liga Filipina- Jose rizal wrote it while in hongkong with the
help of Jose Ma. Basa
Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila
Unus Instar Omnium (One like all)- served as an avowal of their ideals, based on
its constitution
- Each member of the league had to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues
- They ought to choose symbolic name
- It alarmed the Spanish authorities
Kartilya- from the Spanish word Cartilla which meant for primer for grade school students, it
composed of 13 teachings.
Katungkulang gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
1.love of God; love of country and one's fellowmen
2. diligence in work
3. sharing of ones means with the poor
4. punishment of scoundrel’s and traitors
5. and the guarding of the mandates and aims of KKK.
Three Question asked to the Katipunan applicants
4. What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?
5. What is the condition of the country today?
6. What will the Philippines be tomorrow?"
Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog ( What the Filipino Should know)- it is attributed to
Bonifacio and that was published in the newspaper Kalayaan.
Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Cavite- recruited members of the katipunan
Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on Mt. Tipus in the Mountain Ranges of San
Mateo, Montalban- where Bonifacio and his companions entered
VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA FILIPINA- wrote on the cave wall in Spanish
The revolution of 1896
Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak, North of Manila- house of tandang sora, where the
katipuneros met
Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin- Long Live The Philippines! Long Live The
Katipunan! screamed of the katipuneros while tore their Cedulas personales (certificates)
Haedene Bato, Mandaluyong – Bonifacio gave his last manifesto
Battle of the Pinaglabanan- Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot).
Balara- Where Bonifacio and his surviving men retreated
Pasong putik, Novaliches (Bilibid Prison)- where melchora jailed because of giving aid to the
katipuneros.
Seven Luzon Provinces under martial Law- Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac
48 hours- hours given to those who surrender after the publication of decree would pardoned
expect for the leaders
Plaza de Armaz, near the Fort of san felipe in Cavite- death of 13 people called Los Trece
Martires (The thirteen martyrs of Cavite)
Sedition, Rebellion and Illicit Associations- charges to rizal that’s why he executed
Date and place of rizal’s execution- Bagumbayan Field (Luneta) December 30, 1896 at 7:03
8 spanish and 8 filipino soldiers, firing squad- people who executed rizal
Kakarong Republic- 6,000 men and women were members
Two Katipunan Councils in Cavite- The Magdalo Council, The Magdiwang Council
The Magdiwang Council- Noveleta, later in San Francisco de Malabon (now general Trias)
The Magdalo Council- Imus, Cavite
Bonifacio conducted the meeting, among the issued discussed were:
3. Establishment of a revolutionary government under the new elected officials
4. Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command. The magdali faction
believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan has ceased to be a secret society
and therefore should be replace by new one.
- The magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government
because the Katipunan was actually a government with a constitution and by laws
recognized by everyone
Limbon (barrio of Indang)- where Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers
(Ciriaco and Procopio) and loyal followers fled
Naic- Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken
prisoners and brought to
Charges put to Bonifacio- treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, and bribery.
Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit)- the Magdalo troops led by Candido Tria Tirona attacked the
enemy garrison.
General Miong- according to Cavitenos, and they also recognized Aguinaldo as man of
Distinguished valor
The letter - ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio, included in the letter
was a warning that failure to comply with the order would result to severe punishment.
Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon (according to National Historical Institute)- execution
place of Bonifacio and his brother
On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated and the officials were:
11) Emilio Aguinaldo - President
Pact of Biak-na-Bato- resulted to the voluntary exiled of Aguinaldo and his men to Hong
Kong. This pact consists of three documents. The first were signed on December 14, and the
third on December 15, 1897.
Lingayen Pangasinan- Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went from where a
Spanish merchant Steamer was to take them to Hong Kong
Malolos- General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the revolutionary spirit.
Chapter 7
The Birth of a Nation
(Date and Time)
1898
June 5, 1898 – Julian Felipe was asked to compose a march to be played in the proclamation
June 11, 1898 – Felipe presented his draft and played the march
June 12, 1898 – General Emilio Aguinaldo’s proclamation of independence in Kawit, Cavite
June 18, 1898 – President Aguinaldo organized the municipal and provincial governments
By the end of July 1898 – 12,000 American troops under Major Wesley Meritt arrived from San
Francisco
Early August 1898 – Governador General Jaudenes secretly told Dewey and Meritt that they
surrender
August 1, 1898 – First convention of municipal presidents was held in Bacoor, Cavite
August 13, 1898 – Sham battle of manila began after Dewey’s naval gun bombarded Fort San
Antonio
At About 11:20 a.m. – Spaniards had already raised the flag of surrender
Noontime – General Greene noticed the flag
August 22, 1898 – The government’s seat of power from Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan
August 28, 1898 – Last Spanish governor general transfer his headquarter to Iloilo
September 15, 1898 – Revolutionary Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in
Malolos amidst colorful Festivities
In the Afternoon – the congress elected officers
September 29, 1898 – The declaration of Philippine Independence made on June 12, 1898
September 29, 1898 – First Issue of the official organ of the republic, four months before the
emergence of the republic
November 29, 1898 – Discussions on the draft constitution between the separation of church and
state lasted up until this date
December 10, 1898 – The Treaty of Paris was signed
December 20, 1898 – Decree of President Aguinaldo declaring December 30 as Memorial Day
to honor our heroes
December 24, 1898 – General Martin Delgado forced Governor de los Rios to leave Iloilo for
Zamboanga
1899
January 17, 1899 – Wenceslao Gonzales proclaimed a Philippine Republic in Butuan
January 21, 1899 – President Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the
fundamental law of the land
January 23, 1899 – The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated amidst festive ceremonies at
the Barasoain Church.
February 6, 1899 – The treaty was ratified, Philippines would fall into hands of other country if
U.S forces leave
May 19, 1899 – American troops occupied Jolo, Displacing Spanish Garrison of Governor
General in Zamboanga
June 2, 1899 – 33 Spanish Soldiers marched out of the church, ending 337 days of battle against
Filipino
June 30, 1899 – The siege of Baler ended, highlighted the gallantry of both Filipino and Spanish
Soldiers
October 14, 1899 – Last Issue of the Gaceta de Filipinas
November 1899 – All Spanish forces were shipped to Spain
1899 – Jose Palma wrote the poem “Filipinas”
1899 – Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero replaced Joaquin Gonzales as the president of Universidad
Literaria de Filipinas
Towards the end of 1899 – Finally words are adopted from the march
1900’s
March 2, 1901 – Military Government in the Philippines ended, enacted Army Appropriation
Act
April 16, 1900 – First issue of the newspaper El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) in Cebu
1951 - The Tagalog translation of the poem “Filipinas” was used
1965 – The Casa Real in Malolos was declared a National Shrine by President Diosdado
Macapagal
Chapter 7
The Birth of a Nation
(People)
Filipinos
President Emilio Aguinaldo
Proclaimed the independence in Kawit, Cavite
Guided the Revolution to its end
Made the design of the Philippine Flag
President of the Revolutionary Government
Apolinario Mabini
Adviser of General Aguinaldo
Advised to change the government from dictatorial to revolutionary
Argued that the congress was a mere consultative body, it possessed no legislative powers.
True Independence also means educating the people, give the idea to set up educational
institution
Jose Palma
wrote the poem in Spanish entitled Filipina
23-year-old brother of Rafael Palma
Member of La Independencia
Pedro Paterno
President of the Congress
Holder of bachelor’s degree in law from the University of Salamanca and a doctorate degree
from Universidad Central de Madrid
Felipe C. Calderon
Contented that It was necessary to show that the Philippines was duly constituted as a state in
order to strengthen its claim to recognition of its sovereign status
Chairman of the committee to draft the constitution
Wanted to make Catholicism the state religion
Some Filipinos who wrote articles using their nom de plume for the newspaper
Rafael Palma (Dapit Hapon)
Cecilio Apostol (Catullo)
Fernando Ma. Guerrero (Fulvio Gil)
Epifanio de los Santos (G. Solon
Salvador V. del Rosario (Juan Tagalog)
Felipe Agoncillo and Sixto Lopez – Filipino Patriot Lawyer who was sent to Paris to ask for the
recognition of the revolutionary government
Tomas del Rosario – Favor of the principle of separation of Church and State
Pablo Tecson – The separation of Church and State was approved by only one vote higher given
by this man.
President Diosdado Macapagal – Declared the Casa real as National Shrine by virtue of
Executive Act No. 173
Don Cecilio Apostol – A poet laureate who composed the poem ‘Al Heroes Nacional’ (To the
National Hero)
Sergio Osmena – Founder and editor of the El Nuevo Dia (The New Day), a revolutionary
newspaper
Camilo Osias and M. A. Lane – Made the English translation of Jose Palma’s poem “Filipinas”
Enrique Mendiola – Under his guidance, a college for boys called Burgos Institute was
established
Joaquin Gonzales – First President of Universidad Literaria de Filipinas
Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero – replaced Joaquin Gonzales in presidency of the said university
Wenceslao Gonzales – Lead the emissaries of the Philippine Republic, proclaimed Philippine
Republic in Butuan
Dona Marcela Marino Agoncillo, assisted by her daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa
de Natividad (niece of Dr. Rizal)
Sewn the Flag in Hongkong, General Aguinaldo made its design.
Americans
L. M. Johnson – Colonel of the Artillery, an American, one of the 98 people that signed the
declaration
Major General Wesley Meritt – Reinforce Dewey’s forces, with 12,000 American troops under
his command
Edouard Andre – A Belgian consul that secretly told Dewey and Meritt about the surrender of
manila
General Greene – Noticed the flag of surrender in noontime
U.S. Secretary John Hay - handed the 20-million-dollar sum as payment to Spain for the
Philippines
Mark Twain – A writer and satirist, one of the citizens who prompted opposition in the treaty
and U.S Occupation of the Philippines
Andrew Carnegie – A business tycoon, one of the citizens who prompted opposition in the
treaty and U.S Occupation of the Philippines
Spaniards
General Fermin Jaudenes
Succeeded General Basilio Augustin as Governor General of the Philippines
Negotiated the surrender of Manila with an arranged show of resistance to show the prestige of
the Spanish Government
Lt. Martin Cerezo – Lead the fight in baler, unaware that Spain had lost its fight in Philippines
Jules Cambon – Spanish commission member that received the 20-million-dollar
Major Manuel Sityar
A former Spanish lieutenant of the Spanish Guardia Civil
Director of the Military Academy of Malolos
Major Jose Reyes and Major Candido Reyes – One of the instructors in the Military Academy
in Malolos
UNIT 6
Filipino Nationalism and Birth of the Nation
Date and Time
August 20, 1572 – Death of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
1574
Lim-Ah-Hong’s attack in Manila
Lakandula and Sulayman proclaimed their revolt and gathered warriors in Navotas
1622
End of Tambot’s Revolution
Bankaw’s Revolt in Leyte
1660
Maniago’s Revolt in Pampanga
In December 15, 1660, the native in Pangasinan rose in arms against Spanish Governments in
Lingayen, it was the Andres Malong’s Revolt in Pangasinan
The Revolt of Almazan
1661
Andres Malong together with Vera, Pacadua, and Macasiag was executed in Binalatongan
The Revolt of Gumapos
1762 – 1763
Diego Silang’s Revolt in Iloilo
On September 20, 1763, Gabriela Silang and her companions were executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur
1762 – 1765
Palaris’s Revolt in Pangasinan
November 3, 1762, the rebellion began at the town of Binalotongan under Juan de la Cruz
Palaris
1764, the Revolt of Palaris in Pangasinan was suppressed
September 16, 1807 – Basi Revolt, The Ilocanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte rose in arms in defense
of their favorite wine
September 28, 1807 – The alcalde mayor together with strong force attack San Idelfonso and
quelled the Basi Revolt
May 4, 1814 – The Spanish Constitution of 1812, Cadiz Constitution was abolished
March 3, 1815 – More than 1,500 Ilocanos under Simon Tomas rose in arms in defense of the
Spanish Constitution of 1812
March 6, 1815 – The Revolt in Defense of the Spanish Constitution ended with the surviving
leaders severely punished
April 17, 1822 at dawn – The plot of the Revolt of the Bayot Brothers was supposed to be
carried out
1840 – 1841
Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule
1839, Apolinario de la Cruz went to manila to pursue priestly vocation under the Dominican
order, not accepted
June 1840, Apolinario, known as Hermano Pule returned to Lucban, Tayabas Province and
founded the Confradia de San Jose (Confraternity of St. Joseph)
November 1, 1841, Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet launched a assault in Alitao, Hermano Pule was
captured
November 4, 1841, Hermano Pule was executed, paraded his chopped body in his birthplace
January 21, 1843 – Samaniego and his men were shot to death at Bagumbayan at sundown
1578 – 1898
Muslim Wars
1597, Spanish colonizers tried to seize Jolo, Sultan Pangitan Budiman resisted, but still fall in the
hands of Spaniards
June 23, 1635, Build the stone fort known as the Fort Pillar
1660-1650, Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat held power in regions from the gulf of Davao
all the way to Dapitan
March 13, 1637, Governor Corcuera with his Spanish-Filipino troops landed at the mouth of Rio
de Grande de Mindanao
March 14, 1637, Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat’s capital in Cotabato fell into the hands of the
Spaniards
May 24, 1637, Governor Corcuera returned to Manila
1645, Tausugs finally liberated Jolo from the Spaniards forces
1749, Sultan Alimud Din I was deposed by his brother because of his friendship to Spaniards
January 2, 1750, Sultan Alimud Din I and his family, together with some faithful followers
arrived in Manila.
April 28, 1750, Sultan Alimud Din I was baptized by the Dominican fathers
1751, Wanted Alimud to regain his throne in Jolo, accused of treason in Zamboanga, shipped
back and imprisoned at Fort Santiago
1762, British troops rescued Alimud Din I at Pasig and later restored to him his throne in Jolo
Second half of 18th century, the height of Moro was occurred
1769, The Moros landed at Malate and plundered the place
Closing decades of the 19th century, Moro power declined
1848, Governor General Claveria attacked the Samals at Balangungui, brought 350 Samal to
Manila
December 11, 1850, Governor General Antonio de Urbiztondo left Manila for Zamboanga to
subjugate Muslims of Sulu
Last week of the month, came back to Manila upon realizing his troops were not enough
January 1851, Sailed again to Sulu
1861, Sultan finally recognized Spanish sovereignty
1874, Admiral Jose Malcampo became Spanish governor general of the Philippines
March 1, 1876, Sultan Jamalul A’lam worked for peace with the Spaniards
January 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalul A’lam lease Sabah to company
1903 – 1963, The rental was increased to 5,400 Malayan Dollars
1886, Governor General Emilio Terrero invade Cotabato, destroy some forts of Datu utto but still
failed
August 21, 1891, Governor General Valeriano Weyler won the first battle of Marawi in Lanao
lake
March 10, 1895, second battle of Marawi, Datu Amai Pakpak died, Blanco won the battle but
failed to conquer Lanao
1898, warfare between Spaniards and the Muslims ended after signing the Peace Treaty of Paris
1567 – Pope Pius V issued upon the request of King Philip II, the Exponi Nobis
1768 – Jesuits were expelled in the Philippines
18th century – Appointed native secular priests
November 9, 1774 – Royal decree was promulgated ordering secularization of the parishes
1776 – The royal decree was suspended
1859 – Jesuit returns in the country
December 1870 – Archbishop Martinez wrote Spanish regent that says discrimination against
Filipino priest would encourage anti-Spanish sentiments
December 1870 – Amadeo accepted the invitation to assume the Spanish crown
January 20, 1872 – 200 Filipino soldiers and dock workers mutinied and killed their Spanish
officers
January 22, 1872 – The mutiny led by Sergeant Lamadrid ended, he was executed with 41
mutineers
February 17, 1872 – Some of liberal critics, Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora were sentenced to death by garrote
March 14, 1872 – Some of liberal critics were exiled to Marianas Islands
1872 – 1892 – National Consciousness was growing among Filipino who has settled in Europe
1882 – Del Pilar helped establish the first bilingual newspaper
1887 – 1888 – Del Pilar released Dasalan at Tocsohan
October 1888 – Del Pilar left the Philippines to escape the prosecution of the Friars
1882
Dr. Rizal went to Spain and studied medicine at the Universidad central de Madrid
Juan Atayde founded Circulo Hispano-Filipino
July 5, 1896 – Manuel Sityar reported the questionable activities of some Filipinos
August 19, 1896 – The Katipunan was discovered
August 21 & 22 1896 – Bonifacio called for a meeting to issue the call to arms
August 23, 1896 – Cry of Pugadlawin or Cry of Balintawak
August 29, 1896 – Melchora Aquino was arrested by Guardia Civil
At the dawn of Sunday, August 30, 1896 – Battle of Pinaglabanan, Bonifacio attack polverin in
San Juan
In the Afternoon of August 30, 1896 – Governor General Blanco issued a decree declaring a
state of war
August 31, 1896 – Katipuneros in Cavite rose armed
September 4, 1896 – 4 members of Katipunan were executed at Bagumbayan
September 5, 1896 – Emilio Aguinaldo and his men assailed the Spanish troops stationed at
Imus
September 12, 1896 – 13 Katipuneros were put to death at plaza de Armas
September 16, 1896 – 22 prominent residence of Manila were imprisoned
October 1896 – 150 Filipinos were sent to Spain then later to Africa to serve as exiles
November 1896 – Emilio Aguinaldo liberated the town of Talisay, Batangas, from the Spanish
soldiers
November 9 – November 11, 1896 – The twin battles of Binakayan and Dalahican in Cavite
November 20, 1896 – Dr. Rizal appeared before Colonel Olive to answer charges filed against
him
December 1, 1896 – Bonifacio together with his family and some troops arrived in Cavite
December 4, 1896 – The Katipunan members of Balangay Dimasalang met at Bigaa
December 26, 1896 – The process of taking action of Dr. Rizal took place before a military court
December 28, 1896 – Governor Camilo Polavieja approved the verdict
December 30, 1896 at 7:03 a.m. – Rizal was executed by a firing squad in Bagumbayan
December 31, 1896 – Magdalo Council hosted a general assembly
January 1, 1897 – General Feliu launched an assault against kakarong, defeating the
revolutionaries
January 16 at 5:00 in Afternoon – Maestrong Serbio was executed
February 15, 1897 – Governor Polavieja launched an all-out offensive in Cavite
February 17, 1897 – A Spanish soldier killed General Evangelista in the battle of Zapote
February 19, 1897 – General Lachambre captured the town of Silang, Cavite
February 25, 1897 – General Zabala captured the town of Dasmarinas, Cavite
March 3, 1897 – General Flaviano Yengko died at Imus Military Hospital
March 22, 1897, started at 2:00 in the Afternoon – The second convention of the two Katipunan
factions was held
March 23, 1896 – Bonifacio gathered his followers and drafted a document called Acta De
Tejeros
April 9, 1897 – Another secret meeting was held at the friar estate house in Naic, made another
document called Naic Mlitary Pact
May 5, 1896 – Trial in Bonifacio’s case began
May 10, 1897
Bonifacio was executed
Spanish Army Attacked Maragondon
May 12, 1897 – After 2 days of defending the town, Aguinaldo and his men were compelled to
leave
May 17, 1897 – Francisco del Castillo lead an attack t a Spanish garrison in Aklan, he died
June 10, 1897 – Aguinaldo crossed Pasig river and stay at Mount Puray, Montalban
June 12, 1897 – Morong Freedom Fighters under General Geronimo arrived and joined them
April 15, 1897 – General de Polavieja retired as governor general
April 23, 1897 – Fernando Primo de Rivera succeeded his post
June 14, 1897 – Spanish troops led by colonel Dujiols attacked rebel camp at Mount Puray
June 24, 1897 – President Emilio Aguinaldo and his men arrived at Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel
de Mayumo
November 1, 1897 – Revolutionary leaders adopted the Provisional Constitution of the
Philippine Republic
December 14, 1897 – The first two document of the pact was signed
December 15, 1897 – The third document of the pact was signed
December 25, 1897 – Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went to Lingayen Pangasinan,
from where a Spanish merchant steamer was to take them to Hong Kong
January 23, 1898 – The Spanish government announced the end of hostilities
March 7, 1898 – The revolutionaries in Zambales besieged the cable station at Bolinao and
seized the telegraph line connected to Manila
March 25, 1898 – Federico Isabelo Abaya were able to get Cando, Ilocos Sur, from the
Spaniards
April 17, 1898 – General Francisco Makabulos Constitution was adopted
February 19, 1898 – A letter written in Hong Kong state that Aguinaldo signed the pact so
Filipino could rest and regain their lost strength and then return to combat with renewed vigor
February 18, 1898 – U.S battleship “Maine” in Havana was destroyed, 266 officers died
April 19, 1898 – U.S congress demands Spaniards to pull out Spanish forces in Cuba
April 24, 1898 – To save honor, Spain declared war against United States
April 25, 1898
U.S. declared war on Spain
The Spanish-American war broke out
TOPICS
1. The Transition;
2. Decade of Unrest; and
3. Entry of Japanese Imperial Forces.
THE TRANSITION
- The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated on November 15, 1935 at the Legislative
Building.
- The country now had a Self-ruling Government except in matters of treasury and foreign affairs.
- Recognition of the Philippine independence by the U.S. was to come in 1945 after this period of
transition pursuant to the Tydings Mcduffie law. "
- Some U.S officials and dignitaries who attended the ceremonies were Vice Pres. Nancy Gamer, the
Speaker of the U.S. house of Representative, General Douglas Mc Arthur & the U.S. Secretary of war
George Dem.
- Chief Justice Ramon Avancena of the Supreme Court sworn into office as the new State officials which
includes President Manuel Quezon, Vice-President Osmena and members of the National Assembly.
- In this occasion U.S. Secretary Dem proclaimed the existence of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
and the termination of Philippine Government established under the Jones Law.
- Upon assuming to office, President Quezon secured the enactment of laws that would improve the
conditions of the marginalized society. He readily adopted the Policy Of Social Justice, referring to the
Justice of common Tao by improving his condition.
Commonwealth Period
• TOPIC
2. Decade of Unrest
Decade of Unrest
- It was in the 1930's when Hitler troops occupied Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and invaded Norway,
m Denmark, France, Soviet Union and the rest of Europe.
- Japan occupied Manchuria in 1932, and five years later invaded China. In 1940, Japan occupied the
Northern part of French Indo China.
The imperialistic design of japan in Southeast Asia could not be simply ignored.
- The Commonwealth Government feared that the country would be the next target.
- In July 1941, the Philippine reserved and regular forces joined forces with the U.S. Army. This
combined military forces known as United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) was placed
under the command of General McArthur.
- From 1935 to the outbreak of 1941, the recognized leader of the peasantry in Central Luzon was Pedro
Abad Santos, known as Don Perico, a Bar topnotcher and a member of the landed Aristocracy.
- He was elected in 1917 to the Philippine Assembly. In 1929 he founded his Socialist Party. Regarded as
traitor by his Hacendero province-mates, he devoted his remaining years of his life to the cause of the
peasants.
TOPICS
3. Entry of Japanese Imperial Forces.
- Another guerilla unit that confronted the Japanese forces was the A communist- led Hukbo ng Bayan
Laban sa Hapon known as HUKBALAHAP. The organization was founded on March 29, 1942 in a
forest near the boundaries of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac.
- Luis Taruc was chosen chairman of the committee, Casto Alejandrino became second in command.
- The guiding principles of the Huks were found in this documents. The Fundamental spirit. The duties
and privileges of a HUK soldier were discussed in other document, The Iron Discipline.
- Katubusan ng Bayan (Redemption of the People) was the principal Huk Publication.
- There were some Filipinos who choose to cooperate with the Japanese and aided them in apprehending
the guerillas and their supporters.
- These fanatical pro- Japanese included the Ganaps, the Pulahanes, Palaaks, the United Nippon, the
Pampars & the MAKAPILIS.
UNIT 6
Filipino Nationalism and Birth of the Nation
People
Governor Guido de Lavezaris
Change Legazpi’s policy, no longer exempted the native rulers and their descendant from paying
tribute
Ordered to confiscate patrimonial land properties from the native rulers
Ask Filipino natives in driving away Lim-Ah-Hong
Juan Gayo – Japanese sea captain who was asked by Legazpi to get arms with them in fighting
Spaniards
Antonio Surabao – Cuyo native who was pretending to be a supporter, revealed it to his master
Surabao
Pedro Sarmiento – A Spanish Encomendero who informed Governor General de Vera about the
conspiracy
Magalat
Instigated the people of Cagayan to rise in arms because of the latter’s arbitrary levy collection
Was murdered in his own house by native assassins
Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas
Dominican missionary who tried to convince the rebels lead by Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay
to avoid uprising
Returned and exhorted the leaders to lay down promising that they would be pardoned and
remedy the grievances
Tamblot
A Babaylan that reported the appearance of Diwata and promised the people a life of
abundance
Persuaded the natives to abandon the Catholic religion and rise against the Spaniards
Bankaw
The aged chieftain of Limasawa
First local leaders who received Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565
Previously converted to Christianity but led the people of Carigara, Leyte to rise in arms in
defense of their old religion
Fr. Cristobal Enriquez – Already entreated the people of Malolos, Bulacan to remain loyal to
Spain
Dabao
Manobo chieftain in Northern Mindanao
Plans to kill religious and all Spanish soldiers in the fort
Take advantage of the hunt down of a thief, offered himself to catch it, took his men to act as
prisoner, just when the prisoner was executed, he attacked the captain and the prisoner joined
him, all Spaniards in the garrison were killed
Juan Sumuroy
lead the people of Palapag, Samar to rose in arms against the government
Was killed by the rebels themselves and brought his head to the Spanish commander
Don Francisco Maniago
A chief from the village of Mexico
Lead the workers to mutinied and set their camp on fire
Gathered armed rebels in Lubao
Concluded an Agreement with Spaniards which brought out peace in Pampanga
Pedro Gumapos
Appointed as Count
Continued Andres Malong’s Revolt
Killed many Spaniards in Ilocos together with his Zambal army
Was taken as prisoner and later hanged in Vigan
Don Felipe Ugalde and Don Francisco Esteban – Outmaneuvered Malong in Pangasinan and
captured them alive
Pedro Almazan
A rich chief of San Nicolas
Crown himself as the King of Ilocos wearing the crown of Queen of Angels taken from the church
Tapar
A native of Panay who wants to establish areligious cult in Oton
Attracted many followers with his stories about his frequent encounter with a demon
Tapar and his men were killed, their corpses were impaled on stakes
Francisco Dagohoy
Incited the natives of Bohol to revolt
Set up a self-sustaining community far from Spanish authorities
Raided the Jesuit estate of San Javier
Killed Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Father Guiseppe Lambeti
Bishop Miguel Lino de Espeleta
Bishop in Cebu, tried to pacify the rebels through negotiations
Ended the rebellion when Governor Mariano Ricafort pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted
them to live in the new village
Diego Silang
Appealed to Don Antonio Zabala about the anomalous collection of tributes
Led the revolt of the Ilocanos and made Vigan the capital of independent government
Ordered that those principals who were opposing him be arrested and brought to him
Imposed fine of 100 pesos on priest but lowered to 80 on their petition
Accepted the British offer of friendship to fight against the Spaniards
Silang’s leadership ended with an assassin’s bullet
Bishop Bernardo Ustariz – Exhorted the Ilocanos to withdraw support for the rebel’s cause
Governor Simon de Anda – Sent Silang ultimatum
Miguel Vicos
A Spanish Mestizo wished to take revenge on Silang, conspired to kill the rebel leader for a large
amount of money
Vicos shot Silang in the Latter’s house
Pedro Becbec
A trusted aide of Silang, conspired to kill the rebel leader for large amount of money
Gabriela Silang
Wife of Diego Silang
Attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos Sur and won over government forces
Went to the forest of Abra and recruited the Tingguians (Itnegs)
Was executed together with her companion in Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Nicolas Carino
Silang’s Uncle
Temporary took the command of the forces
Attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos together with Gabriela Silang and won over government
forces
Perished in Action at the battle fought at Cabugao
Joaquin Gamboa – An Alcalde Mayor in Pangasinan who has irregularities in tax collection
Juan de la Cruz Palaris
Lead the rebellion at the town of Binalotongan
Urged people to fight since Spaniards were weak because of defeat in the hands of British
Rebellion was suppressed and he was publicly hanged
Don Mariano de Arza - Suppressed the Revolt of Polaris together with 3,000 loyal Ilocano
soldiers
Ventura de los Reyes – A Filipino, one of the signatories of the Cadiz Constitution
King Ferdinand VII – A despotic ruler who abolished the Spanish Constitution of 1812 (Cadiz
Constitution)
Manuel, Jose, and Joaquin Bayot - Conspired with creole officers of the Battalion Real
Principe to overthrow the government
Colonel Francisco Bayot – a prominent creole of Manila, father of the three conspirators
Governor Mariano de Folgueras - alerted the queen’s regiment, captured the 3 Bayot brothers
Apolinario de la Cruz
Went to /manila to pursue priestly, rejected
Known as Hermano Pule
Founded the Cofradia de San Jose or Confraternity of St. Joseph
Sought recognition but rejected, still continued his religious movement
Was captured and executed, paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to Lucban, his birthplace
Sergeant Irineo Samaniego -Tayabas regiment with him leading, they secretly planned to rise in
arms
Governor Francisco de Sande - sent forces to Jolo after his victorious battle in Borneo for the
Spanish Crown
Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa – Command the forces that attacked Jolo
Sultan Pangiran Budiman (Muhammad ul-Halim) – resisted the attack, however, Sulu fell
into Spanish hands
Sirungan and Salikala – Prepared a stronger force of 70 vessels and 4,00 warriors
Don Juan Garcia de Sierra
An Alcalde Mayor in Visayas
Commanded 1,00 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish arquebusiers
Repulsed the raid but died in battle
Father Melchor de Vera – Began the building of the stone fort along with 1,00 Visayans
Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat – held power in regions from the gulf of Davao all the
way to Dapitan in year 16000 – 1665
Governor Corcuera – Captured Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat ‘s capital in Cotabato, defeats Sultan
Kudarat
Sultan Alimud Din I
Deposed by his brother Bantilan because of his friendship with Spaniards
Was baptized to Christianity, later named Don Fernando Alimud Din I
First Christian sultan of Jolo
His sone Israel and daughter Fatima was converted to Christianity and given education to manila
Was rescued by British troops in Pasig and later restored him his throned in Jolo
Governor General Francisco de Obando – wanted Alimud Din I to regain his throne in Jolo
Governor General Pedro de Arandia – Obando’s successor, released Alimud Din I
Governor General Narcisco Claveria – using new steamships, attacked the Samals at
Balanguingui
Governor General Antonio de Urbiz - tondo left Manila for Zamboanga to subjugate the
Muslims of Sulu
Admiral Jose Malcampo – Became the Spanish Governor General, prepare a mighty armada for
the invasion of Jolo
Datu Alo Jimbangan – Defeated Weyler in Cotabato together with fierce krismen
Governor General Ramon Blanco
Invaded Lanao lake region, attacked Marawi
Won the battle but failed to conquer
Issued a decree declaring a state of war in Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac
Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre - Benevolent governor who inspired Filipinos to
sustain their campaign for reforms in country
Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo – Replaced de la Torre and discarded all liberal measures
and reforms made by de la Torre
Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
Accused of alleged conspiracy, sentenced to death by Garrote
Hastened the growth of Filipino nationalism
Jose Rizal
Born in Calamba, Laguna
Went to Spain and studied medicine at Universidad Central de Madrid
Wrote Noli me Tangere
Pen name (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan)
Honorary President of the Katipunan
Pedro Paterno
Lawyer
Sent by Governor General Rivera to Biak-na-Bato for peaceful negotiations
Pedro Laktaw – sent by del Pilar to establish the first Masonic Lodge in Philippines
Rosario Villaruel – First woman to be admitted as mason
Domingo Franco – Led Los Compromisionarios or Cuerpo de Comprimarios who support
propaganda movement in Spain
Apolinario Mabini – Wrote the original statues of the Katipunan’s Kartilla
Emilio Jacinto
Translated Katipunan’s Kartilla into Tagalog
Supervised two patriotic printers on printing Kalayaan, the organ of the Katipunan
Faustino Duque and Ulpiano Fernandez – Patriotic printers who printed the Kalayaan
Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio’s wife
Josefa Rizal – elected as president of the La Semilla
Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de Jesus – made the first official flag of the Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio
Elected as president in Katipunan on 3 rd election up to 5th
Also known as “Supremo”
Wrote Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Duties to be Observed by the Sons of the
Country)
Led the attack to the Polverin in San Juan, known as Battle of Pinaglaban
Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban – Came back from Australia, and donated their 1,000
php to bought and old hand press for Katipunan
Macario Sakay
One of the leaders of Katipunan that led fights against Spaniards
distributor of the copies of Kalayaan
Teodoro Patino – Member of Katipunan that betrayed the secrecy and revealed it to Agustinian
Curate
Father Mariano Gil – An Agustinian parish curate who discovered Katipunan
Melchora Aquino – Also known as Tandang Sora, allowing the Katipunan to use her house for
their meeting located Balintawak
The 13 Martyrs 0f Cavite
Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado, Victoriano Luciano, Hugo Perez, jose Lallana, Antonio
San Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco
Osorio
Governor Camilo Polavieja
Approved the verdict of Rizal execution
Launched an all-0out offensive in Cavite
Candido Tria Tirona – Led the Magdalo troops on attacked on enemy garrison at Cavite el
Viejo, died in Battle of Binakayan
General Eusebio Aguirre
Also known as Maestrong Sebio and Dimabungo
Commanded Aguinaldo and his men on attacked to the Spanish troops stationed at Imus
Led the kakarong republic
Francisco del Castillo – Led the attacked in a Spanish Garrison in Aklan, failed and died
Baldomero Aguinaldo – Aguinaldo’s cousin, head of Magdalo Council
Mariano Alvarez – Uncle of Gregoria de Jesus, head of Magdiwang Council
Ciriaco and Procopio – Brother of Bonifacio
Josephine Bracken – Dr. Jose Rizal’s widow
Placido Martinez – Defense attorney for Bonifacio, Teodoro Gonzales – Defense Attorney for
Procopio
Severino de las Alas - He made the false charges against Bonifacio
The following are the charges
The friars bribed Bonifacio to establish the Katipunan and made the Filipinos into fighting war
for which they were poorly armed
Bonifacio ordered the burning of the convent and church of Indang and that bis soldiers are
stealing from people
Bonifacio and his men were planning to surrender to the Spaniards
Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Giron – Told the council that Bonifacio gave him 10 pesos to kill
Aguinaldo
General Licerio Geronimo – Leader of the Morong freedom fighters
Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera
Replaced General Camilo de Polavieja
Issued a decree granting pardon to rebels
Sent Pedro Paterno to Biak-na-Bato for peaceful negotations with the revolutionaries
General Isidro Torres - Established his camp in Malolos to continue the revolutionary spirit
Jose Marti – Led the Cubans revolted in 1895
Mr. E. Spencer Pratt – American Consul General who had negotations with Aguinaldo
George Dewey
Commander of the Asiatic Squadron
Incurred heavy damage to Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay
Admiral Von Diedrichs – Led 8 warships to protect the interest of Germany to Philippines
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – Advised Aguinaldo to revoke the authority of Biak-na-Bato and
establish a new government
Governor General Basilio Augustin - Instituted a Consultative Assembly and want to settle the
war with the projected reforms