CHAPTER 6

FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE BIRTH OF NATION

Revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman (1574) also known as TAGALOG REVOLT

-Cause: LAVEZARI’S REVERSAL OF LEGAZPI’S POLICY

- MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI promised SULAYMAN AND LAKANDULA some privileges like they would retain their
authority, be exempted from paying tribute, and be treated fairly in exchange for the Spanish sovereignty.

- MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI died

- GOVERNOR GUIDO DE LAVEZARIS replaced MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LAGZPI’S POSITION and ordered native rulers and their
descendants that they are no longer exempted from paying tribute, the GOVERNOR also ordered to confiscate their
patrimonial land properties or (private lands)

- The revolt occurred the same year with Chinese rebel Limahong, Limahong attack the Manila.

- LAKANDULA AND SULAYMAN use this as an advantage to carry out their revolt in Navotas

- However, The Governor sent men namely JUAN DE SALCEDO and FR. GERONIMO MARIN to convince them to not carry
out their plan.

- they were given an assurance that their grievance would be remedied and those who join or take part will be pardoned

- and instead of Fighting the Spaniards the Governor ask to be their accomplice to drive away or take away limahong
from the country.

-the revolt was peacefully settled thru the diplomatic persuasion of Salcedo and Marin.

FIRST PAMPANGA REVOLT (1585)

Cause: Abusive Encomenderos

-because of the abusive encomenderos, the brave PAMPANGUENOS LEASDERS decide to rise a revolt

-they conspire the people of Manila and Borneans (native people of borneo, malay )

-their plan was to massacre the Spaniards in night time in the city of Manila

-unfortunately, a native lady who is married to a Spanish soldier learned about the plan and reported it to the SPANISH
AUTHORITIES

- the PAMPANGUENOS LEADERS were arrested and executed without a fair trial

THE TONDO CONSPIRACY (1587-1588) also known as CONSPIRACY OF THE

MAHARLIKAS or REVOLT OF THE LAKANS
Cause: Regain Lost Freedom

-According to Mabini, Liberty is the freedom to do right and never wrong, so in other word when you say freedom
there’s always limitation
-One of the largest conspiracies against the Spanish rule next to Katipunan.

-due to injustices against the Filipinos and to regain the Filipinos freedom

-DON AGUSTIN DE LAGAZPI OF TONDO (NEPHEW OF LAKANDULA) WITH HIS COUSIN MARTIN PANGAN
(GOBERNADORCILLO OF TONDO) led a revolt plan to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.

- Together with the other tagalog nobles namely

MAGAT SALAMAT (SON OF LAKANDULA)

JUAN BANAL (TONDO CHIEF)

PITONGGATAN (CHIEF OF TONDO)

ESTEBAN TAES (CHIEF OF BULACAN)

PEDRO BALINGUIT (CHIEF OF PANDACAN)

FELIPE SALONGA (CHIEF OF POLO)

GERONIMO BASI (LAGAZPI’S BOTHER)

-DIONISIO FERNANDEZ serve as the translator to Legazpi and his fellow conspirator and the Japanese SEA Captain JUAN
GAYO

- LEGAZPI ask JUAN GAYO for arms and warriors to fight alongside them in exchange for one-half of the tributes
collected in the Philippines.

-They also requested help to some places such as BORNEO (BRUNEI, MALAY, INDONESIA), LAGUNA AND BATANGAS with
a plan to assault the city of Manila and assassinate the Spaniards

- However, their plan was discovered by the Spaniards when Magat Salamat revealed their plan to fellow rebel Antonio
Surabao, who turned out to be a traitor when he reported the conspiracy to the Spaniards. Consequently, the rebels
associated with the conspiracy were punished, with some being put to death and others being exiled. The plot against
the Spaniards died alongside them.

-Surabao tell this plan to his master namely Pedro Sarmiento (Spanish encomendero of Calamianes)

- Capt. Sarmiento rushed to manila and informed Gov. Gen Santiago De Vera of the existence of the conspiracy against
the Spanish government.

- DIONISIO FERNANDEZ WAS ARRESTED TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER PEOPLE INVOLVE

-LEGAZPI AND HIS COUSIN MARTIN WAS BRUTALLY HANGED, THEIR HEADS WERE CUT OFF AND PLACED IN IRON CAGES
TO REMIND INDIOS WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THEY BETRAY OR RISE A REVOLT AGAINST THE SPANIARDS AND ITS
GOVERNEMNT

-ALL OF THEIR PROPERTIES WERE ACQUIRED BY THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT AS WELL AS THEIR HOMES

DIONISIO FERNANDEZ THE INTERPRETER WAS ALSO HANGED AND TAKEN AWAY HIS PROPERTIES

- MAGAT SALAMAT, GERONIMO BASI, ESTEBAN TAES were executed

- The rest were given lighter punishments such as heavy fines and some years of exile from their town
- PEDRO BALINGUIT, PITONGGATAN, FELIPE SALONGA, CALAO AND AGUSTIN MANUGUIT WERE EXILED TO
MEXICO
MAGALAT’S REVOLT, CAGAYAN (1596)
cause: Tribute

-during the reign of GOVERNOR FRANCISCO TELLO

-2 brothers decided to start a revolt against the colonial government because of a tax or tribute

-one named MAGALAT

- but immediately stop by authorities

-he and his men were kept in MANILA as exiles

-the Dominican missionaries ask the governor to pardon them after knowing the reason of their revolt

-it was granted

-after that MAGALAT went back to Cagayan to continue the revolt

-spaniards and natives were killed by the rebels

-the governor then send CAPTAIN PEDRO DE CHAVEZ to stop Magalat

-however MAGALAT remained undefeated

- so the Spaniards decided to assassinate him to stop his revolt because if it is an open battle, they cannot defeat him

-MAGALAT was murdered in his home

REVOLT OF THE IGOROTS (1601)

Cause : refusal to accept new religion

- was a religious revolt in 1601 against Spanish attempts to Christianize the Igorot people of northern Luzon, in

the Philippines. 

-spaniards want to convert them into Christians

-sent expeditions to convert natives (under Lt. Mateo de Andrada)

-only political and military control was established because the Igorots want their religion as is.

REVOLT OF THE IRRAYAS, NORTHERN ISABELA IN THE CAGAYAN VALLEY (1621)

Cause: oppression of Spanish officials

-The revolt was led by Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay. (FELIPE CATABAY-OTHER BOOK)

-Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas, a Dominican missionary tried stop the rebels from revolt

-they refuse the fathers peace treaty

-they respect father even though it is sided to the Spaniards

-rebels killed abusive Spanish

-after the bloody killing they went up to the rocky hill to build barricade or fortification
-father returned again for another peace treaty

- the revolt ended without a fight when the rebels heed the advice of Fr. Santo Tomas to surrender to the government.

THE REVOLT OF LADIA (1643)

Cause: Spanish Oppression (Unjust Treatment)

-PEDRO LADIA – borneo (DESCENDANT OF RAJAH MATANDA) convince the people of Malolos, Bulacan to rise arms
against the Spanish Government

-he was able to recruit men

-but before he can carry out his plans

-FR. CRISTOBAL ENRIQUEZ said that they should remain loyal to the Spain

-LADIA was arrested and executed in Manila

SUMOROY’S REVOLT, SAMAR (1649-50)

Cause: forced labor

-because of GOVERNOR DIEGO FAJARDO’s order to send men to the Cavite Shipyards people of Palagpag, Samar resent
him and together they rise a revolt led by JUAN SUMUROY

-they began their move on JUNE 1,1649, killing the curate(priest) in town

-the revolt were spread to ALBAY, CAMARINES, CEBU, MASBATE, CAMIGUIN and until to NORTHERN MINDANAO

-SUMUROY WON SEVERAL VICTORIES against the SPANISH-FIL FORCES

-Because of that a SPANISH COMMANDER offered large sum of money in exchange of SUMUROY’S HEAD

-the rebels send him the head of a pig instead

In JULY 1650, in darkness and rainfall, the gov. forces staged an assault on the native’s fort.

-the rebels were caught on surprise

-SUMUROY’S MOTHER died in the battle

-the revolt ended when the rebels individually surrender and the worst part of all

-the rebels, companion of SUMUROY beheaded SUMUROY and give it to the SPANISH COMMANDER.

MANIAGO’S REVOLT, PAMPANGA (1660)

Causes: frequent recruitment of men to cut timber in the mountains and Bandala

- Pampanga’s rice production suffered exceedingly from disruptive effects of POLO

- 1,000 pampangueno had been working for 8 months timber cutting (pagpuputol ng puno)
- This is to show their sentiments(saloobin) against the government
- They workers revolt and burn their campsite
 - The workers chose DON FRANCISCO MANIAGO a chief from Mexico to be their LEADER
- The armed rebels gathered in Lubao under Maniago and another group made preparations in Bacolor
(Pampanga)
- They closed the mouths of the river with a stake (wooden pole pointed at the end)
- They invite other chiefs in PANGASINAN, ILOCOS, CAGAYAN with a letter to join in revolt
- By the time they revolted, the Spanish Government owed the natives more than 200,000 pesos due to unpaid
rice purchases from the bandala system
- The Bandala System was a system implemented by Spanish authorities in the Philippines that required native
Filipino farmers to sell their goods to the government.
- The Spaniards are threatened to the pampanguenos because they are military trained that’s why they want to
end the rebellion
- GOVERNOR MANRIQUE DE LARA began his movement by bringing with him 300 men in MACABEBE,PAMPANGA
- Seeing the well armed Spaniards the pampanguenos showed cordiality---this cause distrust to one another
- Governor Lara called JUAN MACAPAGAL (CHIEF OF ARAYAT) to side with the Government in exchange of
rewards – he agreed to it
- After that he went back to the ARAYAT to organized a force against the rebels
- His defection (traidor) discouraged other chiefs
- Parish priests as well as mercenary soldier were employed to demoralize(ipahiya) the rebels
- The Governor proposed partial payment for the Government’s debt -14,000 (186,000 left)
- MANIAGO AGREED PEACE WITH THE SPANIARDS, which brought peace to Pampanga
- Fearing Pangasinenses might fight back
- The PAMPANGUENOS themselves asked the Spaniards to put Garrison (military base) in the province, one in
LUBAO and one in ARAYAT
- From then on they never revolted against the Spanish Government again

-The maniago revolt was the start of much bigger and even bloodier revolt In Pangasinan

-This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt against the
spaniards

ANDRES MALONG’S REVOLT, PANGASINAN (1660-61)

Causes: Spanish oppression and the desire to replace the Spaniards as Personal Rulers of the people.

- Spurred (naganahan) by the Pampanguenos rebellion

- The natives of PANGASINAN also revolted in LINGAYEN DECEMBER 15, 1660
- Several spaniards were killed including alcalde mayor
- Because of the rebels success and gained followers
- ANDRES MALONG proclaimed himself as king and control the province under his, at the Binalatongan (Now san
carlos city)
- He appointed PEDRO GUMAPOS AS COUNT, FRANCISCO PACADUA AS JUDGE, JASINTO MACASIAG AND
MELCHOR DE VERA AS ARMY GENERALS
- Letters were sent to the people of ILOCOS, ZAMBALES, PAMPANGA AND CAGAYAN inviting them to rise a revolt
against the Spaniards
- the Pampanguenos did not join because they already made a peace with the Spaniards
- to extend his sovereignty (nasasakupan) MALONG sent 6,000 men to Pampanga, 3,000 to Ilocos and Cagayan
- he was left with 2,000 men in Pangasinan
- The Government troops led by DON FELIPE DE UGALDE and DON FRANCISCO ESTEBAN defeated Malong’s
Forces
 - Malong hide in mountains but was caught alive and executed in Binalatongan together with MELCHOR DE VERA,
FRANCISCO PACADUA AND JASINTO MACASIAG IN 1661

THE REVOLT OF GUMAPOS (1661)

Causes: Continue Malong’s Revolt

- PEDRO GUMAPOS previous count of ANDRES MALONG

- he and his army of ZAMBALS (NATIVES OF ZAMBALES AND PANGASINAN) killed many Spaniards in ILOCOS
- the Ilocanos did not join because of their loyalty (was to their property)
- during the Zambal invasion, the ilocanos hid their valuables in Bishop’s house and buried other properties
- the bishop threatened the Zambals If they get anything from the churches or from his house
- but the Zambals did not listen
- revolt of gumapos ended after an encounter with a Spaniards
- 400 rebels were slain, GUMAPOS was taken as prisoner and soon expired by hanging in VIGAN, ILOCOS SUR

THE REVOLT OF ALMAZAN (1660’S)

Cause: Personal Ambitions

- PEDRO ALMAZAN led the rebellion in ILOCOS

- He is a rich chief in San Nicolas, Manila
- Crowned himself as KING OF ILOCOS during the wedding ceremony of HIS SON to the daughter of another chief
- He wore crown of the QUEEN OF THE ANGELS taken from the Church, which the rebels sacked (nalimas)
- They were gaining some headway at the start but the Spaniards suppressed (napigilan) them

DAGOHOY’S REVOLT, BOHOL (1744-1829)

Cause : refusal to give his brother a Christian Burial

-Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco’s Dagohoy’s brother a Christian burial because he died in a duel.

-He argued that this burial was the responsibility of the Jesuit priest because he died carrying the missionary’s
order (to arrest an apostate)

-The priest refused to bury his brother unless church offerings were given.

-The body were left decomposing for 3 days.

-Dagohoy got mad and convince the natives of bohol to revolt.

-He took around 300 men and women to the mountains far away to the Spanish authorities.

-They grew in number as people fled to the hills to avoid being recruited to the government.

-Because of the killing of Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Fr. Guiseppe Lamberti, The Spanish authorities killed
Dagohoy’s future father-in-law and the porter of the church of the slain priest.

-Because of this, more people drove to join Dagohoy’s group.

-Afterwards, Father Morales was killed in cold blood.

 -20 Spanish governors from Gaspar De la Torre (1739-45) to Juan Antonio Martinez (1822-25) tried to stop the
rebellion but failed.

-1740’s and 1750’s the Spanish government was preoccupied with the Muslim raids.

-1829, the rebellion ended when Governor Mariano Ricafort pardoned 19,240 survivors and let them live in the
new villages.

-Nothing heard on how Dagohoy died, his autonomous lasted for 85 years.

SILANG’S REVOLT (1762-63)

Cause: His imprisonment, Abusive Government Officials, Heavy Taxation

-The ilocanos are complaining unjust collection of tribute and the abuses of alcaldes mayores in the exercise of
indulto de comercio (it was meant to prevent them from using the Polo or Taxes from their own personal needs and
control the market)

-Diego Silang appealed to Don Antonio Zabala (governor of ilocos) to consider the demands of natives.

-Zabala imprisoned Silang

-Silang’s followers and friend successfully worked for his released

-Silang led the revolt and made the vigan the capital of his independent government

-It made him lost support from the principales

-Silang ordered that those principals who were opposing him be arrested and brought to him and if resist, they
were to be slain.

-He also imposed a fine of 100 pesos on each priest but lowered it to 80 pesos on their petition, property of the
church were also taken.

-Bishop Bernardo Ustariz of Vigan issued a interdict (pagbabawal) against silang and his followers, and
encourage the ilocanos to withdraw support for the rebels.

-Silang imprisoned all of the latter’s followers.

-Spanish Governor Silmon de Anda sent Silang an ultimatum (pagbabanta)

-Fearing that Anda was planning to march to Ilocos, silang decided to seek protection from the British.

-Silang died with an assassin’s bullet.

-Miguel Vicos (Spanish mestizo) who wished to take revenge on Silang and Pedro Becbec (trusted aide of silang)
conspired (make secret plans) to kill Silang in exchange of large amount of monetary award.

-Vicos shot Silang in the latter’s house.

-Gabriela Silang (Wife of Diego Silang) continued the fight

-Nicolas Carino (Silang’s uncle) temporarily took the command of the forces

-He and Gabriela attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos Sur and won over the government force.

-After the battle, Gabriela went to the forests of Abra and recruited Tingguians

-Another battle was fought at Cabugao but this time the rebels were beaten, Carino died.
 -With her newly reorganized batallion, Gabriela marched towards Vigan, she rode on a fast horse and led the
troops in the combat but the attacked was repulsed (fight back) by the Spanish government.

-She went back again to Abra with her followers.

-Don Manuel De Arza (lieutenant governor of the northern Luzon) and his Cagayan warriors followed her trails
(bakas).

-With the help of Anayacs and Kalingas, they captured her and her surviving followers.

-They are executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

-Because she won many battles, Gabriela Silang was called the ‘’Joan of the Art’’ of the ilocos.

PALARIS’S REVOLT (1762-65)

Cause: Tribute, Spain’s loss of prestige due to the British Occupation of Manila

-Simultaneous (at the same time) with the silang revolt, was an uprising in Pangasinan

-The local people wanted the abolition of the tribute and the removal of Joaquin Gamboa (alcalde mayor) of the
province due to the irregularities in tax collection.

-Juan Dela Cruz Palaris led the revolt

-He urged the people to fight since the Spaniards were very weak because of their defeat at the hands of British
in Manila.

-Don Mariano de Arza together with 3000 loyal focano soldiers put an end to revolt

-Palaris was publicly hanged.

Basi Revolt (1807)

Cause: Wine Monopoly of 1786

- An alcohol monopoly is a government monopoly on manufacturing and/or retailing of some or all alcoholic
beverages, such as beer, wine and spirits. It can be used as an alternative for total prohibition of alcohol.

-Due to the wine monopoly of the government, the Ilocanos were probihited to drink homemade Basi (wine
fermented from sugar cane)

-They were forced to buy wine from government stores

-The ilocanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte rose in arms to fight for their favorite wine, basi.

-The rebellion spread to the neighboring towns, Badoc, and Santo Domingo

-The alcalde mayor together with strong force of regular troops attacked them in San Ildefonso the reason the
revolt was ended.

Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822)

-The insulares (ANG INSULARES AY TUMUTUKOY SA MGA IPINANGANAK SA PILIPINAS NA MAY DUGONG
PURONG KASTILA ANG MGA MAGULANG) in the Philippines, as well as the creoles (mga taong pinaghalong European at
Black descent or ang mga kanunu-nunuan ay mga Negro or itim na tao) in other colonies of Spain resented (bitterness)
the extra privilages given to the peninsulares (TUMUTUKOY SA MGA ESPANYOL NA NAKATIRA SA PILIPINAS NGUNIT
IPINANGANAK SA ESPANYA).

-The feeling of distrust and antagonism between the Peninsulares and the creoles became intense in the early
decades of 19th century

-The three Bayot brothers; Manuel, Jose and Joaquin (Sons of Colonel Francisco Bayot, a prominent creole of
Manila) conspired (secret plans) with other creole officers of the Batalion Real Principe, to overthrow the government,
which was dominated by the peninsulares.

-The plan of Bayot conspiracy was discovered

-Governor Mariano de folgueras alerted the Queens Regiment and surrounded the barracks of suspected rebels
with loyal troops and 15 cannons

-The bayots brothers were imprisoned after a trial.

NOTE: SPANIARDS WERE DIVIDED BETWEEN PENINSULARES BORN IN SPAIN AND INSULARES BORN IN THE PHILIPPINES.

-although both were legally and ethnically Spaniards, PENINSULARES were rank higher than INSULARES, from
being born in Spain

-Peninsulares were called full-blooded Spaniards, while Insulares were called Filipinos.

-The highest officers in the government were given to Peninsulares.

Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule

Cause: Religious Freedom

-Apolinario Dela Cruz (known as Hermano Pule) went to manila to pursue priestly vocation under the Dominican
order

-He was not accepted because he was an Indian (native), at that time all religious orders were closed to indios.

-Hermano Pule returned to Lukban, Tayabas Province (now quezon province) and founded the Cofradia de San
Jose (confraternity of St. Joseph) a nationalist fellowship which encourage the development of the practice of Christian
virtues.

-He sought the recognition of his brotherhood but the authorities banned his fraternity.

-despite of this, he carried on his religious movement at Barrio Isbane of Mt. Banahaw, then later to Camp at
Alitao, at the foot of Mt. Crsitobal

-His brotherhood attracted thousands of followers in Tayabas, Laguna and Batangas

-Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet (veteran Spanish combat commander) launched a massive assult on Alitao, killing
hundreds of defenseless men, women and children.

-Hermano Pule was captured the following evening at Barrio banga and was executed

-The Spanish soldiers paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to nearby kukban, his birthplace.
Muslim Wars (1578-1898)
The Muslim Wars were brought about by the following reasons:

1. The Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu

2. The preservation of Islam and;
3. The love of adventure arising from the spoils of wars

Padjack – Tausug word means lease

Jihad- Holy War

300 years- war between the Muslim Filipinos and the Spaniards (aided by Christian filipinos)

Pearls- tributes given by the Spaniards after the fall of sulu

Moros- What Spaniards called Muslim

Fort Pilar – it is the building of the stone fort in the province, it is named in honor of nuestra senora del pilar, the
patroness of Zamboanga which helped the government forces in their campaign against the natives.

Ilihan- a hill where kudarat retreated

Moro-Moro performance- a stage play about the contending Christians and Muslims with the former emerging as
victors.

The Rise of Filipino Nationalism

1. Spread of Liberism
2. Sentiment Against the principals
3. Racial Prejudice
4. Secularization controversy
5. The cavite Munity 1872
1. Nationalism- love of country with all its inhabitants finding commonality and aspiration towards a goal that
transcends local borders.
- identification of one’s own nation and support to its interest, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the
interest of other nations

Patriotism- is the feeling of love, devotion and sense of attachment to a homeland allegiance with other citizens
who share the same sentiment

- feeling and personal devotion or concern for one’s country

2. Nationalism- bigger dimension referring to general temperament

Patriotism- is a personal sentiment exhibited by individuals

Nationalism
-sense of belonging
-recognition and appreciation of a common historical past and cultural tradition
-not a product of sudden outburst sentiment
-It is brought by political, economic, social and intellectual factors that develop in a certain stage in history
-evolved like a seed nourished by common ideals and aspirations
-freedom from the conquerors (SUBJUGATED LANDS)
-freedom to enjoy inalienable rights of man (CONTEMPORARY TIMES)
 1. Spread of Liberalism
- Send their children to schools giving them exposure to libertarian ideals

Masonry- freethinking, anticlerical, and humanitarian

- The children are aware of the repressive policy of the Spanish, thus making themselves more outspoken on the
excesses of the friars.

2. Sentiment against the principals

- Dissatisfaction against the principals (landowning, propertied citizen)
- Having doubt to the local aristocracy due to their proportion of influence in the society

3. Racial Prejudice
- Inferior race- as what Spaniards regarded the Filipino natives
- Indios – as what Spaniards haughtily called filipinos
- The Spaniards think that filipino has a ‘’Limited intelligence’’ that couldn’t rise as their own
- Jose rizal with the Sucesos de las islas Filipinas of Antonio De morga – proved wrong the allegations of the
Spaniards that filipino wre savages and had no culture prior to the coming of the western colonizers

4. Cultural Changes
- Higher education was implemented
- Young men and Chinese mestizo and native families- can take up law, medicine and pharmacy
- The ilustrados (enlighted ones)- see the repressive colonial policies of spain, enlightened with liberal ideas.

5. Secularization Controversy

- The parishes vacated by the Jesuits were given to the native seculars

6. Cavite Mutiny 1872

- Filipino soldiers and dock workers killed their Spanish officers as an expression of protest.

-They were executed after.

-The execution of GOM-BUR-ZA growth the number of Filipino nationalisms

- Nationhood- coincided the development of the concept of Filipinos

- Esponales insulares, mestizos de sangley, native elite was united

Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan

-Propagandists called for peaceful assimilation, referring to the transition of the Philippines form being the
colony to a province of spain
- They believe that it would be better if the filipinos would become Spanish citizens to enjoy the same rights and
privilages
-Its aderents did not seek independence but reforms
- adherents=propagandist
- reforms;
1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws
2. Restoration of the Philippine representations in the Spanish cortes
 3. Secularization of Philippine parishes (secularization transform into filipinization)
4. the expulsion of the friars
5. Human rights for filipinos , such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom to meet and
petition for redress of grievances
6. abolition of polo and bandala
7. Equal opportunity for filipinos and Spaniard to enter government service
8. creation of a public school system independent friars

Propagandists

-Filipino exiles of 1872, the patriots, and who had been to spain for their studies are the people who joined

- They were 20-30’s filipinos

-Came from the best, brightest and riches families in the Philippines

-College students or professionals

-Men of intelligence, courage and patriotism

Propagandists
1. Jose rizal
- -Physician-novelist
- -Noli me tangere- reflected the defects of the Spanish rules in the Philippines or the abusive of the friars
- -El filibusterismo
- -Founder of La Liga Filipina
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- Lawyer- journalist from Bulacan
- Diariong tagalog- first bilingual newspaper
- Dasalan at Toksohan
- Hail mary, Lord’s prayer, the apostles creed and Ten commandment, The act of Contrition and
Catechism
3. Graciano Lopez
- Fray Botod or Friar Potbelly
- Parodied religious literature
4. Mariano Ponce- Physician Journalist
5. Antonio Luna- Pharmacist and essayist
6. Juan Luna- painter, known for his monumental painting Spolarium
7. Felik Ressurection Hidalgo- Painter, Virgenes Christians Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to
the Rabble)
8. Dr. Pedro A. Paterno- lawyer, poet and historian
9. Jose Ma. Panganiban – linguist and essayist
10. Jose Alejandrino- engineer and writer
11. Fernando Canon- engineer, poet and musician
12. Pedro Serrano Laktaw- teacher and lexicographer
13. Isabelo Delos Reyes- folklorist and newspaperman (historian and journalist)
14. Dominador Gomez- Physician-orator
 La Solidaridad (Solidarity)
- Established in Barcelona
- This took place at a traditional eve banquet
- La solidaridad newspaper founded in Barcelona
- Marcelo Del Pilar Joined

The contributors of La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos Like:

1. M.H Del Pilar (Plaridel)

2. Dr, Jose Rizal (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan)
3. Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulako, Tigbalang)
4. Antonio Luna (Tagalog)
5. Some foreigners like Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt and Dr. Morayta

Freemasonry
- Many filipino propagandist turned masons to get helped from the masons in spain and other countries
for the refoms
- Revolucion- first filipino masonic lodge
- The lodge solaridaridad was organized In Madrid
- It is prospered that the other filipinos joined it including Dr. Jose Rizal, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Baldomaro
Roxas, Galicano Apacible and others

La liga Filipina
Constitution of La Liga Filipina- Jose rizal wrote it while in hongkong with the help of Jose Ma. Basa

Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila

Unus Instar Omnium (One like all)- served as an avowal of their ideals, based on its constitution

- Each member of the league had to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues

- They ought to choose symbolic name
- It alarmed the Spanish authorities

Dapitan, Zamboanga Del norte- deportation place of rizal

The Katipunan
- Their goal was transformed from assimilation to separation and then independence

KKK- kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga anak ng Bayan

Triangle Method- original members would recruit two members who did not know each other but only knew the
original member who took them in.

25 centavos (one real fuerte)- Payment of entrance fee

12 centavos (medio real) - Monthly due

Kataastaasang Sanggunian (supreme council)- the central government of the Katipunan

Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)- in each province

Sangguninang Balangay (Popular Council)- in each town

Sangguninang Hukuman (Judicial Council)- judicial power secret chamber

Katipon (Associate) – black mass

Password: Anak ng bayan (sons of people)

Kawal (Soldier)- green mask

Password: GOM-BUR-ZA

Bayani (Patriot)- red mask

Password: Rizal

Flag of Katipunan- red rectangular piece of cloth with three white K’s arranged horizontally at the center

- Others have their flag arranged three Ks in the form of triangle

- Others had one K at the center of the flag

Kartilya- from the Spanish word Cartilla which meant for primer for grade school students, it composed of 13 teachings.

Katungkulang gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan

1.love of God; love of country and one's fellowmen

2. diligence in work

3. sharing of ones means with the poor

4. punishment of scoundrel’s and traitors

5. and the guarding of the mandates and aims of KKK.

Three Question asked to the Katipunan applicants

1. What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?

2. What is the condition of the country today?
3. What will the Philippines be tomorrow?"

Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog ( What the Filipino Should know)- it is attributed to Bonifacio and that was
published in the newspaper Kalayaan.

Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Cavite- recruited members of the katipunan

Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on Mt. Tipus in the Mountain Ranges of San Mateo, Montalban- where
Bonifacio and his companions entered

VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA FILIPINA- wrote on the cave wall in Spanish

The revolution of 1896

Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak, North of Manila- house of tandang sora, where the katipuneros met

Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin- Long Live The Philippines! Long Live The Katipunan! screamed of the
katipuneros while tore their Cedulas personales (certificates)

Haedene Bato, Mandaluyong – Bonifacio gave his last manifesto

Battle of the Pinaglabanan- Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot).

Balara- Where Bonifacio and his surviving men retreated

Pasong putik, Novaliches (Bilibid Prison)- where melchora jailed because of giving aid to the katipuneros.

Seven Luzon Provinces under martial Law- Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac

48 hours- hours given to those who surrender after the publication of decree would pardoned expect for the leaders

Plaza de Armaz, near the Fort of san felipe in Cavite- death of 13 people called Los Trece Martires (The thirteen martyrs
of Cavite)

Sedition, Rebellion and Illicit Associations- charges to rizal that’s why he executed

Date and place of rizal’s execution- Bagumbayan Field (Luneta) December 30, 1896 at 7:03

8 spanish and 8 filipino soldiers, firing squad- people who executed rizal

Kakarong Republic- 6,000 men and women were members

Two Katipunan Councils in Cavite- The Magdalo Council, The Magdiwang Council

The Magdiwang Council- Noveleta, later in San Francisco de Malabon (now general Trias)

The Magdalo Council- Imus, Cavite

Bonifacio conducted the meeting, among the issued discussed were:

1. Establishment of a revolutionary government under the new elected officials

2. Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command. The magdali faction believed that with the
outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan has ceased to be a secret society and therefore should be replace by new
one.
- The magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government because the
Katipunan was actually a government with a constitution and by laws recognized by everyone

Acta De Tejeros- document signed by Bonifacio and 44 others

The document reiected the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo on the following grounds:

1. The Tejeros assembly lack legality;

2. There was a Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership:
3. The election of official was fraudulent and
4. Actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency

Limbon (barrio of Indang)- where Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio) and loyal
followers fled

Naic- Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken prisoners and brought to

Charges put to Bonifacio- treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, and bribery.

Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit)- the Magdalo troops led by Candido Tria Tirona attacked the enemy garrison.

General Miong- according to Cavitenos, and they also recognized Aguinaldo as man of Distinguished valor

The letter - ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio, included in the letter was a warning that
failure to comply with the order would result to severe punishment.

Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon (according to National Historical Institute)- execution place of Bonifacio and his
brother
The Biak-Na-Bato Republic.
It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation of the Philippines from Spanish monarchy and the
formation of the Philippine Independent State.

On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated and the officials were:

1) Emilio Aguinaldo - President

2) Mariano Trias - Vice President

3) Isabelo Artacho - Secretary of the Interior

4) Antonio Montenegro - Secretary of foreign Affairs

5) Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of the Treasury

6) Emliano Riego de Dios - Secretary of war

Pact of Biak-na-Bato- resulted to the voluntary exiled of Aguinaldo and his men to Hong Kong. This pact consists of
three documents. The first were signed on December 14, and the third on December 15, 1897.

Lingayen Pangasinan- Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went from where a Spanish merchant Steamer was
to take them to Hong Kong

Malolos- General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the revolutionary spirit.
The Spanish American war
Factors that contributed to the US decision to open hostilities against Spain.

1. the Cuban struggle for Independence

2. Efforts of the American to extend influence overseas
3. The sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.
- The Conclusion of the Spanish - American war, which resulted to the victory of the Americans paved the
way to the end of the Spanish Colonial rule and the rise of the United States as global power.

Filipino - American Collaboration

Singapore- where General Emilio Aguinaldo had negotiations with the American consul general, Mr. E. Spencer
Pratt, regarding the American's offer to support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.

The Battle of Manila Bay - May 1, 1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at noon. Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spanish forces
incurred heavy casualties with 160 of his men killed and 210 wounded.

- This battle made Dewey instant hero. The Congress promoted him to rear admiral and later Admiral.
- The Capture of Manila bay was the principal objective of General Aguinaldo. He and his group
commanded by General Gregorio Del Pilar, Pio Del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and Mariano Noriel, among
others, surrounded the city.
- This initial success inspired other people to relive the revolutionary spirit.
- Dewey's Squadron dominated the bay and thus the Spaniards were trapped within the city walls.
- Aguinaldo's men had cut off the supply of foodstuffs and potable water in the city. The populace
suffered terribly during the siege.
- Aguinaldo offered Governor General Agustin terms for an honorable surrendered but the latter rejected
him.
- Dewey demanded the surrendered of Manila on August 7. Consequently, the Spanish governor general
honorably conceded.