UNIT 6

Filipino Nationalism and Birth of the Nation

People
Governor Guido de Lavezaris

 Change Legazpi’s policy, no longer exempted the native rulers and their descendant from paying
tribute
 Ordered to confiscate patrimonial land properties from the native rulers
 Ask Filipino natives in driving away Lim-Ah-Hong

Lim-Ah-Hong - Attack Manila in 1574

Lakandula and Sulayman - Native rulers, decided to rise in arms because of the change in policy

Juan de Salcedo and Fr. Geronimo Marin - Sent by Lavaeiz to persuade them not to carry their plan

Tondo Conspiracy (Planned to overthrow the Spanish rulers in the country)

Agustin de Legazpi - Nephew of Lakandula, captured and brutally hanged

Martin Pangan – Gobernadorcillo of Tondo, captured and brutally hanged

Magat Salamat and Esteban Taes – Son of Lakandula, captured and executed

Geronimo Basi – Brother of Agustin de Legazpi, capture and executed

Juan Banal, Pitonggatan – Tondo Chiefs, exiled to Mexico

Pedro Balinguit – Chief of Pandacan, exiled to Mexico

Felipe Salonga – Chief of Polo, exiled to Mexico

Calao and Agustin Manuguit – One of the leading members of conspiracy, exiled to Mexico

Dionisio Fernandez

 A Japanese Christian who helped Agustin de Legazpi to contact a Japanese Captain

 Captured and hanged, his property was confiscated

Juan Gayo – Japanese sea captain who was asked by Legazpi to get arms with them in fighting Spaniards

Antonio Surabao – Cuyo native who was pretending to be a supporter, revealed it to his master Surabao

Pedro Sarmiento – A Spanish Encomendero who informed Governor General de Vera about the
conspiracy
Governor Francisco Tello

 Governor in Cagayan on 1596

 Sent Captain Pedro de Chavez to quell the revolt

Magalat

 Instigated the people of Cagayan to rise in arms because of the latter’s arbitrary levy collection
 Was murdered in his own house by native assassins

Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas

 Dominican missionary who tried to convince the rebels lead by Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay
to avoid uprising
 Returned and exhorted the leaders to lay down promising that they would be pardoned and
remedy the grievances

Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay

 Led the Irrayas to rebellion, killing oppressive encomenderos and burning their houses

Tamblot

 A Babaylan that reported the appearance of Diwata and promised the people a life of
abundance
 Persuaded the natives to abandon the Catholic religion and rise against the Spaniards

Don Juan de Alcarazo

 Alcalde Mayor sent expedition of 50 Spaniards and 1,00 natives from Cebu and Pampanga to
stop the revolt of Tamblot
 Sent 40 fleet vessels manned by hundreds of Cebuanos and some Spanish arquebusiers to Leyte

Bankaw

 The aged chieftain of Limasawa

 First local leaders who received Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565
 Previously converted to Christianity but led the people of Carigara, Leyte to rise in arms in
defense of their old religion

Pagali – A native priest in Leyte

Fr. Melchor de Vera - A Jesuit who went to Cebu to warned Alcarazo about the uprising in Leyte

Pedro Ladia

 A native of Borneo, who claimed to be a descendant of Rajah Matanda

 Instigated the people of Malolos, Bulacan to rise in arms against the Spanish government

Fr. Cristobal Enriquez – Already entreated the people of Malolos, Bulacan to remain loyal to Spain
Dabao

 Manobo chieftain in Northern Mindanao

 Plans to kill religious and all Spanish soldiers in the fort
 Take advantage of the hunt down of a thief, offered himself to catch it, took his men to act as
prisoner, just when the prisoner was executed, he attacked the captain and the prisoner joined
him, all Spaniards in the garrison were killed

Governor Diego Fajardo

 Offered amnesty to the rebels to end the northern Mindanao rebellion

 Order to send men to Cavite shipyards

Juan Sumuroy

 lead the people of Palapag, Samar to rose in arms against the government
 Was killed by the rebels themselves and brought his head to the Spanish commander

Don Francisco Maniago

 A chief from the village of Mexico

 Lead the workers to mutinied and set their camp on fire
 Gathered armed rebels in Lubao
 Concluded an Agreement with Spaniards which brought out peace in Pampanga

Governor Manrique de Lara

 Tried to stop the Maniago’s revolt with a show of force, bringing with him 300 men in Macabebe
 Called Juan Macapagal and promised to be treated well if he sides on the Spanish government

Juan Macapagal – Chief of Arayat

Andres Malongs’ Revolt

Andres Malong

 Proclaimed himself as a king

 Sent 6,000 men to Pampanga, 3,000 men to Ilocos and Cagayan, leaving 2,000 men in
Pangasinan
 Placed the province of Binalotongan under rebel control
 Executed in 1661 In Binalotongan, together with others

Francisco Pacadua – Appointed as Judge, Executed in 1661 In Binalotongan, together with others

Jacinto Macasiag – Army General, Executed in 1661 In Binalotongan, together with other

Melchor de Verra – Army General, Executed in 1661 In Binalotongan, together with others
Pedro Gumapos

 Appointed as Count
 Continued Andres Malong’s Revolt
 Killed many Spaniards in Ilocos together with his Zambal army
 Was taken as prisoner and later hanged in Vigan

Don Felipe Ugalde and Don Francisco Esteban – Outmaneuvered Malong in Pangasinan and captured
them alive

Pedro Almazan

 A rich chief of San Nicolas

 Crown himself as the King of Ilocos wearing the crown of Queen of Angels taken from the church

Tapar

 A native of Panay who wants to establish areligious cult in Oton

 Attracted many followers with his stories about his frequent encounter with a demon
 Tapar and his men were killed, their corpses were impaled on stakes

Father Gaspar Morales

 Denied Francisco Dagohoy’s brother a Christian burial because the latter died in a duel
 Father Morales was killed in cold blood

Francisco Dagohoy

 Incited the natives of Bohol to revolt

 Set up a self-sustaining community far from Spanish authorities
 Raided the Jesuit estate of San Javier
 Killed Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Father Guiseppe Lambeti
 Bishop Miguel Lino de Espeleta
 Bishop in Cebu, tried to pacify the rebels through negotiations
 Ended the rebellion when Governor Mariano Ricafort pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted
them to live in the new village

Diego Silang

 Appealed to Don Antonio Zabala about the anomalous collection of tributes

 Led the revolt of the Ilocanos and made Vigan the capital of independent government
 Ordered that those principals who were opposing him be arrested and brought to him
 Imposed fine of 100 pesos on priest but lowered to 80 on their petition
 Accepted the British offer of friendship to fight against the Spaniards
 Silang’s leadership ended with an assassin’s bullet

Bishop Bernardo Ustariz – Exhorted the Ilocanos to withdraw support for the rebel’s cause

Governor Simon de Anda – Sent Silang ultimatum

Miguel Vicos

 A Spanish Mestizo wished to take revenge on Silang, conspired to kill the rebel leader for a large
amount of money
 Vicos shot Silang in the Latter’s house

Pedro Becbec

 A trusted aide of Silang, conspired to kill the rebel leader for large amount of money

Gabriela Silang

 Wife of Diego Silang

 Attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos Sur and won over government forces
 Went to the forest of Abra and recruited the Tingguians (Itnegs)
 Was executed together with her companion in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Nicolas Carino

 Silang’s Uncle
 Temporary took the command of the forces
 Attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos together with Gabriela Silang and won over government
forces
 Perished in Action at the battle fought at Cabugao

Joaquin Gamboa – An Alcalde Mayor in Pangasinan who has irregularities in tax collection

Juan de la Cruz Palaris

 Lead the rebellion at the town of Binalotongan

 Urged people to fight since Spaniards were weak because of defeat in the hands of British
 Rebellion was suppressed and he was publicly hanged

Don Mariano de Arza - Suppressed the Revolt of Polaris together with 3,000 loyal Ilocano soldiers

Ventura de los Reyes – A Filipino, one of the signatories of the Cadiz Constitution

King Ferdinand VII – A despotic ruler who abolished the Spanish Constitution of 1812 (Cadiz
Constitution)

Manuel, Jose, and Joaquin Bayot - Conspired with creole officers of the Battalion Real Principe to
overthrow the government

Colonel Francisco Bayot – a prominent creole of Manila, father of the three conspirators

Governor Mariano de Folgueras - alerted the queen’s regiment, captured the 3 Bayot brothers
Apolinario de la Cruz

 Went to /manila to pursue priestly, rejected

 Known as Hermano Pule
 Founded the Cofradia de San Jose or Confraternity of St. Joseph
 Sought recognition but rejected, still continued his religious movement
 Was captured and executed, paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to Lucban, his birthplace

Sergeant Irineo Samaniego -Tayabas regiment with him leading, they secretly planned to rise in arms

Governor Francisco de Sande - sent forces to Jolo after his victorious battle in Borneo for the Spanish
Crown

Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa – Command the forces that attacked Jolo

Sultan Pangiran Budiman (Muhammad ul-Halim) – resisted the attack, however, Sulu fell into Spanish
hands

Sirungan and Salikala – Prepared a stronger force of 70 vessels and 4,00 warriors

Don Juan Garcia de Sierra

 An Alcalde Mayor in Visayas

 Commanded 1,00 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish arquebusiers
 Repulsed the raid but died in battle

Father Melchor de Vera – Began the building of the stone fort along with 1,00 Visayans

Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat – held power in regions from the gulf of Davao all the way to
Dapitan in year 16000 – 1665

Governor Corcuera – Captured Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat ‘s capital in Cotabato, defeats Sultan Kudarat

Sultan Alimud Din I

 Deposed by his brother Bantilan because of his friendship with Spaniards

 Was baptized to Christianity, later named Don Fernando Alimud Din I
 First Christian sultan of Jolo
 His sone Israel and daughter Fatima was converted to Christianity and given education to manila
 Was rescued by British troops in Pasig and later restored him his throned in Jolo

Governor General Francisco de Obando – wanted Alimud Din I to regain his throne in Jolo

Governor General Pedro de Arandia – Obando’s successor, released Alimud Din I

Governor General Narcisco Claveria – using new steamships, attacked the Samals at Balanguingui

Governor General Antonio de Urbiz - tondo left Manila for Zamboanga to subjugate the Muslims of Sulu

Admiral Jose Malcampo – Became the Spanish Governor General, prepare a mighty armada for the
invasion of Jolo
Sultan Jamalul A’lam

 Worked with peace with the Spaniards

 Transfer his capital to Maumbung
 Lease Sabah (northern Borneo) to a British company

Mr. Alfred Dent – an Englishman

Baron Gustavus Von Overbeck – An Austrian of British North Borneo company

Governor General Emilio Terrero - led the invasion to Cotabato to subdue the Moro Maguindanao’s

Datu Utto – Defended The territory and give heavy blow to Governor Terrero’s force, forcing them to
return to Manila

Governor General Valeriano Weyler

 Known as the “Butcher” for his ruthless suppression of early revolts in Cuba
 He won the first Battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake
 Failed to Conquer Lanao and Cotabato

Datu Amai Pakpak

 Defender of Marawi, was able to escape

 Recruited more warriors to fight against Spanish invaders
 Died in the second battle of Marawi

Datu Alo Jimbangan – Defeated Weyler in Cotabato together with fierce krismen

Governor General Ramon Blanco

 Invaded Lanao lake region, attacked Marawi

 Won the battle but failed to conquer
 Issued a decree declaring a state of war in Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac

Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre - Benevolent governor who inspired Filipinos to sustain their
campaign for reforms in country

Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo – Replaced de la Torre and discarded all liberal measures and
reforms made by de la Torre

Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora

 Accused of alleged conspiracy, sentenced to death by Garrote

 Hastened the growth of Filipino nationalism
Marccelo H. Del Pilar

 A Lawyer and a Journalist from Bulacan

 Helped to establish the Diariong Tagalog, he became the editor of the Tagalog section
 Released Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Mockeries)
 Became the last editor of La solaridad, pen name (Plaridel)
 Organized Lodge Solaridad with the help of Julio Llerente

Graciano Lopez Jaena

 Wrote “Fray Botod” or “Friar Potbelly”

 Founded a forthrightly newspaper, L asolaridad
 Founded the first Filipino Masonic Lodge Revolucion in Barcelona

Jose Rizal

 Born in Calamba, Laguna

 Went to Spain and studied medicine at Universidad Central de Madrid
 Wrote Noli me Tangere
 Pen name (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan)
 Honorary President of the Katipunan

Pedro Paterno

 Lawyer
 Sent by Governor General Rivera to Biak-na-Bato for peaceful negotiations

Antonio Luna – Pharmacist and essayist, pen name (Taga-Ilog)

Pedro Serrano Laktaw – teacher/tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon

Isabelo de los Reyes – Folklorist and newspaperman

Juan Luna – Painting, Spolarium

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo – Virgenes Cristianas Expestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Rabble)

Juan Atayde – Spaniard born in Manila, founded Circulo Hispano-Filipino

Miguel Morayta

 Rizal’s professor at Central Universidad of Madrid

 Founded Circulo Hispano-Filipino

Pedro Laktaw – sent by del Pilar to establish the first Masonic Lodge in Philippines

Rosario Villaruel – First woman to be admitted as mason

Domingo Franco – Led Los Compromisionarios or Cuerpo de Comprimarios who support propaganda
movement in Spain

Apolinario Mabini – Wrote the original statues of the Katipunan’s Kartilla

Emilio Jacinto

 Translated Katipunan’s Kartilla into Tagalog

 Supervised two patriotic printers on printing Kalayaan, the organ of the Katipunan

Faustino Duque and Ulpiano Fernandez – Patriotic printers who printed the Kalayaan

Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio’s wife

Josefa Rizal – elected as president of the La Semilla

Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de Jesus – made the first official flag of the Katipunan

Andres Bonifacio

 Elected as president in Katipunan on 3 rd election up to 5th

 Also known as “Supremo”
 Wrote Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Duties to be Observed by the Sons of the
Country)
 Led the attack to the Polverin in San Juan, known as Battle of Pinaglaban

Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban – Came back from Australia, and donated their 1,000 php to
bought and old hand press for Katipunan

Macario Sakay

 One of the leaders of Katipunan that led fights against Spaniards

 distributor of the copies of Kalayaan

Pio del Pillar

 Distributor of the copies of Kalayaan

 Testified in Bonifacio’s case saying that he had been forcing officers to join him

Aurelio Tolentino – wrote “Viva La Independencia Filipina!” in Spanish on Pamitinan cave

Dr. Pio Valenzuela – Went to dapitan under Bonifacio’s command to get Dr. Rizal’s support for the
armed revolution

Raymundo Mata – Blind man who was brought by Dr. Valenzuela to Rizal to cover his real mission

Manuel Sityar

 Spanish Lieutenant who stationed at the Pasig that reports questionable activities of
Filipinos
 Later became the Director of the Military Academy of Malolos

Teodoro Patino – Member of Katipunan that betrayed the secrecy and revealed it to Agustinian Curate

Father Mariano Gil – An Agustinian parish curate who discovered Katipunan

Melchora Aquino – Also known as Tandang Sora, allowing the Katipunan to use her house for their
meeting located Balintawak
The 13 Martyrs 0f Cavite

Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado, Victoriano Luciano, Hugo Perez, jose Lallana, Antonio San Agustin,
Agapito Conchu, Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco Osorio

Governor Camilo Polavieja

 Approved the verdict of Rizal execution

 Launched an all-0out offensive in Cavite

General Lachambre – Captured the town of Silang

General Antonio Zabala – Captured the town of Dasmarinas, Cavite. Died in Battle of Salitran by
Yengko’s troops

General Flaviano Yengko

 Youngest general of the Philippine revolution being younger than General Gregorio del pilar by
one year, two months and seven days
 defended the Salitran in Dasmarinas, Cavite

Candido Tria Tirona – Led the Magdalo troops on attacked on enemy garrison at Cavite el Viejo, died in
Battle of Binakayan

General Eusebio Aguirre

 Also known as Maestrong Sebio and Dimabungo

 Commanded Aguinaldo and his men on attacked to the Spanish troops stationed at Imus
 Led the kakarong republic

General Ollaguerfueliu – Launched a massive assault to kakarong republic, won

Emilio Aguinaldo

 Entitled Heneral Miong and no longer Capitan Miong

 Gained popularity when he beaten a sergeant of Guardia Civil in a single combat
 Liberated the town of Talisay, Batangas from Spaniards

General Edilberto Evangelista

 An Engineer trained in Belgium who build the trenches for Katipunan

 Tried to Reconcile the Magdalo and Magdiwang Council by drafting a constitution

Francisco del Castillo – Led the attacked in a Spanish Garrison in Aklan, failed and died

Baldomero Aguinaldo – Aguinaldo’s cousin, head of Magdalo Council

Mariano Alvarez – Uncle of Gregoria de Jesus, head of Magdiwang Council

Ciriaco and Procopio – Brother of Bonifacio

Josephine Bracken – Dr. Jose Rizal’s widow

Major Lazaro Makapagal

 informed Aguinaldo about Bonifacio’s plan

 Executed Bonifacio and his brother Pocarpio

Placido Martinez – Defense attorney for Bonifacio, Teodoro Gonzales – Defense Attorney for Procopio

Severino de las Alas - He made the false charges against Bonifacio

The following are the charges

 The friars bribed Bonifacio to establish the Katipunan and made the Filipinos into fighting war
for which they were poorly armed
 Bonifacio ordered the burning of the convent and church of Indang and that bis soldiers are
stealing from people
 Bonifacio and his men were planning to surrender to the Spaniards

Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Giron – Told the council that Bonifacio gave him 10 pesos to kill Aguinaldo

General Licerio Geronimo – Leader of the Morong freedom fighters

Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera

 Replaced General Camilo de Polavieja

 Issued a decree granting pardon to rebels
 Sent Pedro Paterno to Biak-na-Bato for peaceful negotations with the revolutionaries


Colonel Dujiols – Attacked rebel camp at Mount Puray, defeated

Department of Central Luzon under the Jurisdiction of the Revolutionary Army

President - Father Pedro Dandan, canonist of the Manila Cathedral

Vice President – Dr. Anastacio Francisco

Secretary of the Treasury – Paciano Rizal

Secretary of War – Cipriano Pacheco

Secretary of the Interior – Teodoro Gonzales

Secretary of Welfare – Feliciano Jocson, incited patriots in Manila to continue the fight against Spaniards
after the Biak-na-Bato Pact

General Mariano Llanera – Troops in Nueva Ecija who assaults Spaniards in Central Luzon Provinces

Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer – Wrote the provisional constitution which was based on Cuban
Constitution known as Jimaguayu Constitution
Officials of Biak-na-Bato Republic

President – Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice President – Mariano Trias

Secretary of the Interior – Isabelo Artacho

Secretary of Foreign Affair – Antonio Montenegro

Secretary of the Treasury - Baldomero Aguinaldo

Secretary of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios

General Artemio Ricarte – Stayed behind at Biak-na-Bato to supervise the surrender of arms by the
Revolutionaries

Pantaleon Villegas – Known as Leon Kilat, incited a revolt in Cebu known as Tres de Abril

General Francisco Makabulos

 From Tarlac
 Established a provincial revolutionary government in Central Luzon until a general government
for the republic was established
 Wrote his own Constitution, The Makabulos Constitution

General Isidro Torres - Established his camp in Malolos to continue the revolutionary spirit

Jose Marti – Led the Cubans revolted in 1895

Mr. E. Spencer Pratt – American Consul General who had negotations with Aguinaldo

George Dewey

 Commander of the Asiatic Squadron

 Incurred heavy damage to Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay

Admiral Von Diedrichs – Led 8 warships to protect the interest of Germany to Philippines

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – Advised Aguinaldo to revoke the authority of Biak-na-Bato and establish
a new government

Governor General Basilio Augustin - Instituted a Consultative Assembly and want to settle the war with
the projected reforms