Read and Write
Read and Write
DESCRIPTION
- SENSORY
- LOOK
- REALISTIC
- DETAIL
- QUALITY
II. Description
- the pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object, person, or location,
in order to set its appearance
Characteristics of Description
has a clear focus and sense of purpose
uses sensory s and precise words
presents details in a logical order
Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description
o looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively
as possible
o writer stays away from emotional impressions or responses and instead, describes the
scene as it is.
Example
The Acer barbatum is a small medium-sized, deciduous tree usually ranging 15 to 25 m. (50 to
80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light gray and smooth on younger trees. and it becomes
ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite and shallowly deeply palmately lobed, with a
few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those red maple (Acer
ruburn) which are sharply V-shaped. Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less
parallel, while those of red maple are widest at the base, tapering to the tip.
2. Subjective Description
o a sort of description that the author normally uses to "paint a picture" of how' he sees a
character, or how he wants the reader to see a character
o also used in a literary discourse when there is stereotyped in-mage that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an event.
It uses a of:
Facts
Event
Statistics
People
Samples
Quotations
Anecdotes (brief stories)
Other kinds of specific items to make a general statement understandable, more clear, and/or
more convincing.
Writers use exemplification to create interest. clarify ideas or convince.
Types of Examples
Examples that illustrate - use concrete examples to illustrate an idea.
Examples that explain - give an explanation to illustrate a concept.
Examples that tell a story - use a short story to illustrate a point.
Examples that describe – use examples to make help the reader visualize a scene or a thing.
Length of Examples
Essays often combine both brief and extended examples.
Brief. These examples appear rather frequently within the essay, and they usually function as
concrete examples of straightforward ideas.
Extended. These examples contain more detail. Such detail is needed because extended
examples function as concrete illustrations of ideas that are too complex to be made clear by a
brief example.
1. Decide on a topic. Basically, what generalization do you want to exemplify?
2. Determine a purpose. What angle of the generalization do you want to present to the reader?
Having a clear purpose will help you choose examples and write your thesis.
3. Think about your audience. How do you think members of the audience feel about the
generalization that you are discussing?
CLASSIFICATION WRITING
Definition
Classification Writing - writing that breaks a large subject into smaller groups (called categories)
Categories - help writers and readers understand the larger subject
Important Features
Categories should
belong together, but should not overlap
be on the same level—they should match.
Three-four categories per paragraph
Each category is distinguished clearly from the others—the writer explains -
what is unique about each
Important Features
Emphatic order— a method of organization that places ideas in their order of importance
a. Least important
b. Second important
c. Most important
Use these transitions to add information to your classification:
Also
And
Besides
First (second, third)
Furthermore
In addition
Like-wise
Moreover
Too
Examples
Biological taxonomy—grouping plants and animals into species, genus, and family to
understand them
Book/movie genres—grouping books/movies according to content
Signal Words
compare
(similarities)
also, too similar, similarly alike both, in the same way
contrast
(differences)
differ, but however, in contrast different, on the other hand
Practice Question
1. Marcia was a skilled and capable driver. She had driven all the way from new Mexico in her
brand-new car without any problems. Suddenly, because she hit a long patch of frozen ice, she
lost control and the car ended up in a ditch. As she climbed out, she realized that the car was
demolished.
What was the cause of Marcia’s accident?
A. She was very tired from long drive
B. The road was icy
C. The car was new
D. She landed in a ditch
2. The simple sneeze is actually a complex reaction. The impulse to sneeze comes from irritation of
a group of nerves in back of the eyes. When the signals reach the brain, the body takes a quick
breath, then muscles contract violently. Finally, the sound “achoo” comes out.
A. Nerves are irritated
B. The brain is signaled
C. Eyes are irritated
D. Muscles contract violently
3. Carlos Palomino was a champion boxer. Yet he gave up boxing and earned a degree ion
recreation. He chose this field because he wanted to work with kids. Not everyone can become
a paid athlete, he says. That’s why school is so important for all young people. Carlos hopes his
example will help others set high goals in education as well in sports.
4. Why did Carlos get the degree in recreation?
A. He had earned many honors’
B. He wanted to work with kids.
C. Not everyone can become a paid athlete
D. He was an ideal boxer
Outline Format
Title/ Topic
I. Introduction
A. An opening sentence about your topic.
B. Something interesting to pull the reader in.
II. Question 1 opening sentence
A. Detail #1
B. Detail #2
C. Detail #3
III. Question 2 opening sentence
A. Detail #1
B. Detail #2
C. Detail #3
IV. Question 3 opening sentence
A. Detail #1
B. Detail #2
C. Detail #3
V. Conclusion
A. Refer back to your opening sentence. What is your purpose?
B. An interesting sentence to end your report.
A paragraph is a group of sentences. A good paragraph has the following: (1) a single main idea, (2)
topic sentence, and (3) supporting details that further explain or elaborate the main idea.
STRUCTURE OF A TEXT
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
WHAT IS ORGANIZATION?
It is also known as arrangement and is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately
arranged with focus on the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a definite order in a
paragraph, essay, or speech.
A. PHYSICAL FORM
o It is seen in how the text physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet points
or font emphasis.
o Marxist ideology has three main theories. Historical materialism purports that all the
features of society can historically be traced back to economic activity. Social class in
capitalist societies is what produces unjust structures of power that exist today.
Socialism would be the next rational step for the development of human society.
B. SIGNAL WORDS
o These are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. They can "signal" the
transition from one point to another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the
writer's chosen text type.
Chuck Palahniuk's novel Fight Club greatly influenced me as a fictional writer. First. his
use of the unreliable narrator fascinated me, and I have written similar characters in my
works. Second, the theme of patriarchal oppression can also be found in the stories I write.
Third. the novel's stunning twist is something that I have been trying to recreate. Thus, I am
extremely grateful to have encountered Palahniuk's genius early in my writing career.
C. STRUCTURE
The structure provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It consists of the
following:
o Beginning: introduction, thesis statement, hook
o Middle: supporting details
o End: conclusion, summary, final message.
Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an "aura," this appears as a rainbow• of light
around the body that can be seen by individuals with clairvoyant abilities. The colors change depending
on one's mood. health. and thoughts. Some scientists believe that the existence of the aura has
something to do with the electromagnetic fields produced by cells and tissues in the human body. auras
are real or not, the fact remains that there are forces everywhere that are real even though we cannot
see them.
PARAGRAPH ARRANGEMENTS:
1. Chronological Order
first, second, later, before. next. as soon as. after. then. finally. meanwhile. following. last,
during. in. on. until
2. Order of Importance
less, more, primary, next, last, most important. primarily. secondarily
3. Spatial Order
above, below, beside, next to, in front of, behind, inside, outside, opposite. within, nearby
4. Definition Order
is, refers to, can be defined as, means, consists of, involves. is a term that, is called
5. Classification
classified as, comprises, is composed of, several, varieties of, different stages of, different groups
that
6. Process
first, next, then, following, after that. last, finally
7. Cause and Effect
Causes: because. for. since. stems from, one cause is, one reason is, leads to. causes. creates,
yields, due to, breeds, for this reason
Effects: consequently. results in. one result is. therefore. thus. as a
8. Comparison and Contrast
Similarities; both, also. similarly. like. likewise. too. as well as. resembles. correspondingly. in
the same way. to compare. in comparison, share
Differences: unlike. differs from. in contrast. on the other hand. instead. despite. nevertheless.
however, in spit of. whereas. as opposed to
9. Listing
the following, several, for example, for instance, one, another. also, too, in other words, first.
second, numerals (1, 2, 3...), letters (a, b, c...)
10. Clarification
in fact, in other words, clearly
11. Summary
in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, In short, on the
12. Example
for example, for instance, to illustrate
WHAT IS COHESION?
Cohesion refers to the unity of ideas in a paragraph. Every detail in a paragraph should
support the main idea. Cohesion is the connection of ideas in the sentence level. Did it use
pronouns properly? Did it use transitions? Did it do repetition of subject matter?
1. ORGANIZATION
Strong organization constitutes proper paragraphing and logical order of presentation of ideas.
Ostrom (1978) averred that it is a way of making visible to the reader the stages in writer's
thinking.
Paragraphing is dividing a text into paragraphs.
The unity and coherence of ideas among
sentences is what makes the paragraph.
It is essentially a unit of thought not of length.
Coherence
describes the way that the elements in our sentences and paragraphs hang together to produce
meaning. Usually when we write rough drafts, we are concerned mainly with getting our thoughts on
paper, not with making sure that they interconnect well so that a reader can process our reasoning
easily.
Refers to the specific ways in which writers guide readers through a piece of writing
Techniques include choosing certain words and constructing sentences that stick together.
Coherence
A paragraph is coherent when all the sentences are related to one main idea. Each sentence
follows logically to the next.
It the quality of being logical, consistent and able to be understood.
Original Paragraph
People made different sorts of clothing in colonial America. There was also a variety of furniture.
Women planted flax, harvested the crop, and woven the flax into linen. Women also wore woolen cloth
from sheep. They colored the fabrics with dyes made from barks, berries, roots, or walnut h The
colonies often made shoes or leggings from leather made from deerskin or cows.
Revised Paragraph
Making clothing was a normal and necessary process in colonial households, For instance, women
planted flax, harvested the crop, and woven it into linen cloth, They also wove woolen cloth from yarn
spun the fleece of sheep. For the coloring of fabrics, they used dyes made from barks, berries, roots, or
walnut hulls. Colonial men tanned cow hide and deerskin for leather for shoes and leggings,
Transitions
Spatial Order
Use transitional words and phrases like these when describing details according to their position in
space (front to back, near to far, top to bottom, and others).
Language Use
LANGUAGE USE
The Importance of Language
- Language isn't just thinking what you say, it is also important to know how to say
it. To communicate effectively, it is not enough to have well organized ideas expressed in complete
sentences. We must also think what the style, tone, and clarity of his/her writing is.
Language use concrete and not specific not vague and abstract
CONCRETE and SPECIFIC not Vague and Abstract
Note: Read This Passage Below, notice the Words
He is a bad roommate
He is lazy and discourteous
He is untidy and unclean
He doesn't clean up his own messes
He leaves his dirty dishes on the kitchen counter
Language Use
Concise, not Verbose
To have an effective language use, we must express our own words as few words
as possible. Concise means expressing something that is directed to the point of
what the speaker would want to tell.
.
Consider me Following Example Below
(1) It is widely discussed by employees that many of them will be of the be forced to change jobs and
take on new responsibilities when merger takes place between the two companies.
Consider example two above. The phrase “…should be sure to carefully think about, ponder and reflect
on...” contains three ways of saying the same thing. This
Sentence could be improved by using only one of the key phrases: -...to reflect on…”
Language Use
Familiar, not Obscure
It is one of the properties of a well- written text and is characterized as a set of conventions on how to
spell, abbreviate, punctuate and capitalize a composition
Mechanics conventions for writing include rules for grammar, usage, punctuation, spelling, and even
word order.
Text without Mechanics
Pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet in 2006 after the General Assembly of the IAU, as it only me 2 out
of the association's three requirements to quality as a Planet (Library of Congress). The dispute started
when Caltech Astronomy prof Mike Brown discovered an Asteroid bigger than Pluto in 2005 ( Cain,
2012). The science community went wild! Brown's findings sparked a debate on whether this new
planet, which he named eris, should be added to the roster of 9 Planets. The controversy prompted the
International Astronomical Union to meet up delineate what a 'planet' isThey came up with three
requirements to classify a celestial body as aplanet and removed the Planet Status of Pluto based on the
new definition.
We have studied about some formal and informal writing in our previous lesson.
mechanics
punctuation
capitalization
spelling
abbreviation
PUNCTUATION
1. comma
a. Use a comma to separate items in a series. A series is made up of three or more nouns, verbs,
modifiers, or phrases
Example:
Oral Communication, EAPP, and 21st Century Literature are core subjects in the Senior High School.
b. Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives. Coordinate adjectives are two or more
adjectives that equally modify the same noun.
Example:
The asymptomatic, COVID positive patient was rushed to the hospital.
c. Use a comma to separate long clauses joined by conjunctions such as by, and, but, or, for, yet,
and so; although it is omitted if the clauses are short.
Example:
Last week was my sister's wedding, so I prepared to go to the salon for my haircut.
d. Use commas after introductory clauses, phrases, or words that come before the main clause.
Example:
While I was waiting for the rain to subside. suddenly there was a bolt of lightning split the sky.
e. Set off introductory elements (words that introduce a sentence with a comma) Common
introductory phrases are: participial And infinitive phrases, absolute phrases, nonessential
appositive phrases, long prepositional phrases of four or more words
Example:
Being on time. I have received an incentive from my boss (participial phrase)
To travel outside the region, you need to secure necessary documents. (infinitive phrase)
Ms. Rodriguez, wrote many English was of my favorite teachers. (appositive phrase)
f. Use commas to set off dates (except the month and day). geographical names, items in dates
(except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name). and titles in
names.
Examples:
Kadayawan festival is celebrated in Auqust
On March 31.2011. Panabo became a city.
2. semicolon
a. Use a semicolon when you link two independent clauses with no words.
Example:
I am excited to go home;
I wanted to stay there for good.
b. Use a semicolon when joining two independent clauses together with one of the following
conjunctive adverbs
(adverbs that join independent clauses):
however. moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise, nevertheless, thus,
3. colon
a. use a colon for separating chapter from verse in Bible reference. separating volume from page in
bibliography reference, writing a salutatory greeting in professional writing and giving the time.
Example:
My favorite verse is Psalm 23:1.
Majority of the references that I cited were taken from the Academic Journal 11 :23 (volume 11,
page 23)
e. Capitalized academic title and their abbreviations when they follow a personal name
Example: Noemi Pales, M.D
h. Capitalize the days of the week. months of the year, and holidays.
Examples:
The opening of classes is in October.
l always prepare gifts for Christmas.
Spelling
Abbreviation
- shortening of words
a. OnIy abbreviate well-known terms. e.g. TV for television
b. Abbreviations that use capital letters are called initialisms. It is required to put a period after
each letter.
c. ln formal writing, it is recommended not to abbreviate the dates only if needed, especially when
used in tables or charts.
e.g. Mon., Oct. 5
d. Latin abbreviations should not be capitalized.
e.g. - means "for example
i.e - means "that is”,”in other words" and more
Claims of Fact
CLAIM
- a single statement.
- the topic of an argument.
- not a question
- phrased against the status quo.
- The centra argument or thesis statement of the text. It is what the writer tries to prove in the
text by providing details, explanations, and other types of evidence.
Claims is a statement is not considered accepted by all. A claim may be unverified or controversial to
certain degree. It is usually related to one side of an issue.
Claims the main idea or the thesis which attempts to present or defend an issue.
Claims of fact are often qualified by such terms as generally, probably, or as a rule. Define terms that
may be controversial or ambiguous.
Claims of fact rely on upon reliable authorities or they are worthless. Especially in the age of the
Internet, teachers must explain that a sources reliability is often ambiguous and debatable.
Claim
it is your opinion or stand on an issue.
It must be debatable!
Claims have differing reactions on it
(positive or negative feedback).
In Argumentative Text…
Claim is the last sentence of the introduction.
It is the POSITION of the writer or speaker in relation to the topic.
The claim is either an agreement or disagreement to the issue.
Claim of Fact
is a statement of øometm.ng that has existed (past). exist (present) or exist (future)
Examples:
1. The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy
2. The death penalty does not deter crime.
CLAIM OF FACT
A claim of fact makes an assertion about something that can be proved or disproved with factual
evidence. However, keep in mind the basic quality of claims, that they have to be debatable, and offer
an assertion about an issue. So a claim of fact for a logical argument cannot simply consist of a statistic
or proven fact. It needs, instead, to focus on an assertion which uses facts to back it up, but for which
the evidence might still be debatable.
Example:
Decreasing carbon dioxide emissions from car exhaust, manufacturing processes, fertilizers, and
landfills, while slowing deforestation, may help slow the process of global warming.
CLAIM OF VALUE
A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another thing.
Examples:
It's better to apply good nutritional choices at home than teach them at school, because good
nutrition then becomes ingrained in the child's experience.
Although immunotherapy has produced some good results in fighting cancer, overall it is less
effective than chemotherapy.
CLAIM OF POLICY
A claim of policy argues that certain conditions should exist, or that something should or should not be
done, in order to solve a problem.
Example:
Just as smoking ads have been banned in order to decrease the urge to engage in an unhealthy
behavior, soda ads should be banned for the same reason.
Claim of Policy is an argument which asse the implementation of a certain policy. This is driven by the
need to present a solution to problems that have arisen, sometimes it is given as a response to claims of
policy also incorporates judgment coupled with supporting information.
Claims of Policy advocate adoption of policies or courses of action because problems have
arisen that call for solutions.
When you are defending a claim of policy, if necessary, establish that there is a need for
change.
Almost always "should" or "ought to lor "must" are included in the claim.
When you are defending a claim of policy, devote the major part of your research paper to
prove your proposal in an answer to the opposing arguments.
When you are defending a claim of policy, devote the major part of your research paper to
prove your proposal in an answer to the opposing arguments.
3 Types of claims:
claims of fact
claims of value
claims of policy
A. CLAIMS OF FACT
o refer to a condition has existed(past), exists(present), or will exist (future).
o Inferences made are based on data, documents, documents, and scientific observation,
and research.
Examples:
The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy.
Cancer is not contagious.
The climate will get warmer in the next few years because of global warming.
B. Claims of Value
are value judgment made based on morals, standards, and norms.
require the use of standards of evaluation, presentation of advantages moral standards used,
use of example to concretize abstractions, and use of credible experts.
based on likes or dislikes/ good or bad.
Examples:
Death penalty is unjust.
It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all.
Guide questions:
(Claims of Value)
Which claims endorse what is good or bad?
What qualities should be considered good? Why?
Which of these values content with others?
Which ones are more important, and why?
Whose standards are used?
c. Claims of Policy
Are specific and measurable actions that need to be done in order to address issues or concerns
presented in an argument or proposition.
Argue that certain conditions should exist.
Examples:
A dress code should be introduced for all students.
President Duterte recalled order allowing kids aged 10 to 14 outside their homes.
How to defend your Claims of Policy:
Convince your audience that a problem exists.
Make your proposal clear
Establish that there is a need for a change.
Consider the opposing arguments.
Devote the major part of your essay to providing that your proposal is an answer to the
opposing arguments and there are distinct benefits for your readers in adopting your
proposal.
Support your proposal with solid data, but don't neglect the moral considerations and the
common-sense reasons, which may be even more persuasive.
Quiz Time
1. Winning by cheating is worse than losing honesty.
Answer: Claims of Value
2. The recent earthquake in the Philippines, in January 2021, registered 7.0 on the Richter scale.
Answer: Claims of Fact'
3. Teachers are expected to retire on or before their 60th birthday.
Answer: Claims of Policy
4. Earthquake prediction technology is an important aspect of the Philippine National Defense
strategy.
Answer: Claims of Policy
5. Hospitals will prioritize patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms.
Answer: Claims of Policy
6. The increase of population threatens the environment.
Answer: Claims of Fact
7. Excessive consumption of alcohol is fatalistic
Answer: Claims of Fact
8. Watching television is a wasteful activity.
Answer: Claims of Value
9. Globally, about 1 in 3 women will be beaten or raped in her lifetime.
Answer: Claims of Value
10. The transition of Philippine President's mark significant changes in our culture and
society. Despite the fact that History classes provide a comprehensive discussion on
these salient events, very few appreciate the positive influence, the moral changes,
and the contribution of Presidents in the country.
Answer: Claims of Value
Task 4:
Identify whether the following are claims of fact, or policy by writing CF for claim of fact, and CP
Claim of Policy on the blanks before the claim.
1) "There is a God."
2) "Divorce is causing increased juvenile crime."
3) “Video games lead to the increase of violence among teens,"
4) "Climate change is exacerbated by people."
5) Every other girl in her school has a cell phone.
6) The death penalty must retrieved.
7) A national ID system should adopted.
8) Beauty contest should be banned.
9) The government must devote more funds building schools that building rocks.
10) Zoos should be abolished.
Claims of Value
Objectives:
Identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in written text
Discuss the claims of value and its importance
Apply the claims in value in the sentences
A claim of value argues whether something is good or bad. It is based on judgment and evaluation on
philosophical, aesthetic, moral standpoint.
Euthanasia, which is also known mercy killing, is an act to end a person's life to alleviate the
suffering brought about by a terminal or grave illness. While it may be supported by some, euthanasia is
not only an unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level, this practice
takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world consider it as homicide. Aside from being s
crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the one of the tenets of the
Physician's Oath, namely that of "primum noncore" which means "first, do no harm." In the Declaration
of Geneva, doctors have the responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them. In essence, euthanasia is
a violation of life, and it can never be acceptable procedure. Euthanasia, which is also known mercy
killing, is an act to end a person's life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave
illness. While it may be supported by some, euthanasia is not only an unethical medical practice, it is
also a crime. After all, on the most basic level, this practice takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries
in the world consider it as homicide. Aside from being s crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical
context because it violates the one of the tenets of the Physician's Oath, namely that of "primum
noncore" which means "first, do no harm." In the Declaration of Geneva, doctors have the responsibility
of saving lives, not destroying them. In essence, euthanasia is a violation of life, and it can never be
acceptable procedure.
What is a claim?
-A claim is an arguable statement that defines your goal of the essay.
-It is the central statement of a text where the writer tries to prove his points by providing details
explanations and other types of evidence
Examples of claims:
1. Covid— 19 is deadly
2. Covid— 19 and flu spread in similar ways
3. You Will have Covid— 19 if you have low body resistance
4. You should wear face mask and face shield
5. Tawa - tawa is the cure for — 19
Claims of Fact
It asserts that a condition existed. exists. or will exist and are based on facts or data
A claim whether something is true or untrue but there always be potential for controversy.
conflict. or change
Claims of Fact
Questions to answer to check if a claim is a CLAIM OF FACT:
Can we investigate it through research or interviews?
Did it happen?
Examples:
1. Covid— 19 and flu spread in similar ways.
2. Teens engaged in unprotected sex will develop STDs. became pregnant. and contract
Claims of Policy
Statements that argue that something needs to be done May it be making a law or calling for
action
A claim of policy usually has the modals should, must, and ought to
Claims of Policy
Question to answer to check if a claim is a CLAIM OF POLICY:
What should be done?
Examples:
1. Marijuana should not be legalized because individuals will abuse it.
2. Legislation must be passed to stop the sale of
Claims of Policy
A claim that is based on preference such as likes or dislikes. good or bad -
Usually compares 2 ideas against one another
Claims of Policy
Questions to answer to check if a claim is a CLAIM OF VALUE:
Is it good or bad?
Is it valuable or not valuable?
Examples:
1. Animal testing is the worst way to check medical products
2. Abortion is immoral
It is totally unethical for Russia to not share the Covid— 19 vaccine with other countries given that its
technology from which it was based has been proven safe
- Claim of value
Group Tasks:
Write FACT, VALUE OR POLICY
1. It is better to have loved and lost than not to be have loved at all. - VALUE
2. Sweden is a peaceful country. - FACT
3. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to a person's health. - FACT
4. The level of pollution in this city harms children. - FACT
5. Cancer in not contagious. - FACT
6. The Earth is warming rapidly. - FACT
7. This is a very good school. - FACT
8. The death penalty must be revived. - POLICY
9. Beauty contests should be banned. - POLICY
10. It is better to be feared than loved. - VALUE