Correlation Course

Mathematics

Whole /Natural Numbers – are the number system that consist of the endless set of integers.
Ex. 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Integers – any of the whole numbers or natural numbers, including zero and negative of these
numbers.

Terminating decimal – is one with an endless sequence of zeros at the right of a certain decimal
place; these zeros usually are omitted in writing the number.

Infinite Decimal – is one which does not terminate.

3
Ex: 1. = 0.75, 𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙
4
1
2. = .333, 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙
3
3. 𝜋 = 3.14159 … , 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙
Real Numbers – the real number system consists of the positive numbers, the negative
numbers and zero.

Irrational numbers – numbers whose decimal representations neither terminate nor repeat.

Ex. √2 = 1.41421356…… and 𝜋 = 3.14159 …

Properties of Real Numbers:

1. Closure Property of Real Numbers:
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑎
𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 0)
𝑏
2. Commutative Properties of Addition and Multiplication:
𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎 𝑎𝑥𝑏=𝑏𝑥𝑎
3. Associative Properties of Addition and Multiplication:
(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑏)𝑐 = 𝑎(𝑏𝑐)
4. Left Distributive Property
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
5. Right Distributive Property
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑐 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐
6. The identity Elements
𝑎+0= 0+𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑎 .1 = 1 .𝑎 = 𝑎
 7. Inverse Elements
𝑎 + (−𝑎) = −𝑎 + 𝑎 = 0
1 1
.𝑎 = 𝑎 . = 1
𝑎 𝑎
Equality of Real Numbers
For all real numbers a, b, and c:
1. Reflexive Property: a = a.
2. Symmetric Property: if a = b, then b = a.
3. Transitive Property: if a = b and b = c, then a = c
4. Addition Property: if a = b, then a + c = b + c and c + a = c + b
5. Multiplication Property: if a = b, then ac = bc and ca

Laws of Exponents:
Base – is the number x in the exponential expression xn.
n – is called the exponent or the power to which the base is raised.
xn – is called a power of x.
1. 𝑥 𝑚 . 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 ex: 42 . 43 = 42+3 = 45 = 1, 024
2. (𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛 )𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 ex: (35 )2 = 35.2 = 310 = 59, 049
3. 𝑥 𝑚 . 𝑦 𝑚 = (𝑥𝑦)𝑚 ex: (3.4)2 = 32 . 42 = 144
2 2
𝑥𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 5𝑥 2 𝑦 52 (𝑥 2 ) 𝑦 2 25𝑥 4 𝑦 2
4. =[ ] ex: ( ) = =
𝑦𝑚 𝑦 𝑧3 (𝑧 3 )2 𝑧6
1 1
5. 𝑥 −𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑚 ex: 𝑥 −2 = 𝑥 2
𝑥𝑚 𝑥6
6. = 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 ex: 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 4
𝑥𝑛
0
7. 𝑥 = 1 (𝑥 ≠ 0)
1 1
𝑛 3
8. √𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 ex: √𝑥 = 𝑥 3
𝑚 6
𝑛 4
9. √𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑛 ex: √𝑥 6 = 𝑥 4
𝑛 1 3 1
𝑚 𝑚𝑛 4 12
10. √ √𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 = √𝑥 ex: √ √𝑥 = 𝑥 3.4 = √𝑥

Laws of Radicals
1 5 1 5 5
𝑛 4
1. 𝑥 𝑛 = √𝑥 ex: 34 = (34 ) = ( √3)
𝑚 1
𝑛 𝑛 3
2. 𝑥 𝑛 = √𝑥 𝑚 = ( √𝑥)𝑚 ex: (−8)3 = √−8 = −2
𝑛
3. 𝑛√𝑥𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑛√𝑦 ex: √49𝑥 4 = √49√𝑥 4 = 7𝑥 2
𝑚 𝑛 𝑛 3 3
4. √ √𝑥 = √ 𝑚√𝑥 = 𝑚𝑛
√𝑥 ex: √√8 = √ √8 = √2
Arithmetic of Polynomials
Monomial – is either a number, or the product of a number and one or more variables with
whole-number exponents.
Degree of a monomial – is the sum of the exponents of its variables.
Polynomial – a single monomial or a finite sum of monomials.
Binomial – a polynomial with two terms.
Trinomial - a polynomial with three terms.

Special Products/Factoring:
1. a(x + y) = ax + ay
2. (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
3. (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
4. (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 2 + (𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑
5. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
6. (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
7. (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
8. (𝑥 − 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3
9. (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
Ex:
1. Expand (𝑥 + 3)2
(𝑥 + 3)((𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥. 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3(3) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9
2. Factor the binomial 49𝑥 2 − 4
49𝑥 2 − 4 = (7𝑥)2 − (2)2 = (7𝑥 + 2)(7𝑥 − 2)
3. Factor the binomial 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 9
= 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 − 𝑦 2
= (𝑥 + 3)2 − 𝑦 2
= (𝑥 + 3 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 3 − 𝑦)

Multiplication by Grouping:
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤)2 = [(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑧 + 𝑤)]2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑧 + 𝑤) + (𝑧 + 𝑤)2
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑤 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑤 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑤 + 2𝑧𝑤

Property of Fractions:
𝒂 𝒄
1. = 𝒅 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐
𝒃
𝑎 𝑎
2. 𝑎 . 1 = 1, 1 = 𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =1
𝑎
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎. 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎 𝑑 𝑎𝑑
3. .𝑑 = 𝑏. = 𝑏𝑑 ; ÷𝑐=
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑏𝑐
 𝑎 𝑎𝑥
4. = 𝑏𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ≠ 0
𝑏
𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎 −𝑎
5. = −𝑏 = − −𝑏 = − ; − 𝑏 = −𝑏 = = − −𝑏
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
6. +𝑏 = ; −𝑏 =
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

Ex: Simplify fraction:

5 3 5 .3 1
1. . 10 = 3 .3 .2 .5 = 6
9

𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3)
2. = =𝑥+3
𝑥−3 𝑥−3

3 7 6+7 13
3. + = =
5 10 10 10

𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)(𝑥+3)

4. . = (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) . =𝑥+3
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥−2 (𝑥−2)

1 1 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
+ ( + )𝑥𝑦 𝑦+𝑥
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
5. 𝑥 = 𝑥 =
( )𝑥𝑦 𝑥2
𝑦 𝑦

Complex Number – is any number that can be expressed in the form a+bi, where a and b are
real numbers and 𝑖 = √−1. The number a is called its real part and the number b is called its
imaginary part. The complex number 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 are called conjugate.

Equality of Complex Numbers

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑
Addition of Complex Numbers
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑖
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑖
Where: 𝑖 2 = −1
Ex:
1. (3 + 4𝑖) + (2 + 7𝑖) = 3 + 4𝑖 + 2 + 7𝑖
3 + 2 + 4𝑖 + 7𝑖
5 + 11𝑖
2. (3 + 4𝑖)(2 + 7𝑖) = 6 + 21𝑖 + 8𝑖 + 28𝑖 2
Ratio is the comparison of two numbers by their indicated quotient.
𝑎 𝑥+1
𝑏 9
Proportion is a statement indicating that two ratios are equal.
𝑎 𝑐
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 or 𝑏
=𝑑
Where:
b and c are means
a and d are extremes
Variation
a. Direct Variation (𝒚 ∝ 𝒙)
1. y is directly proportional to x 2. y is proportional to x
3. y varies directly as x 4. y varies as x
In equation: y = kx

𝟏
b. Inverse Variation (𝒚 ∝ )
𝒙
1. y is inversely proportional to x
2. y varies inversely as x
𝟏 𝒌
In eqn: 𝒚 = 𝒌 (𝒙) = 𝒙

𝒙
c. Joint Variation (𝒛 ∝ 𝒙𝒚𝒐𝒓 𝒛 ∝ )
𝒚
1. Z varies jointly as x and y
In eqn: 𝒛 = 𝒌𝒙𝒚

2. z varies directly as x and inversely as y.

𝒙 𝒌𝒙
In eqn: 𝒛 = 𝒌 ( ) =
𝒚 𝒚

Partial Fraction is used to transform a proper polynomial fraction of two polynomials into a sum of
simpler expressions, a procedure known as resolution.

1. Linear factors, not repeated

7𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 10 7𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 10 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= = + +
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3) (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) (3𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 2)

𝐴 = 2; 𝐵 = −1; 𝐶 = 4

2. Repeated Linear Factors

4𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + +
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2)2

𝐴 = 2; 𝐵 = 3; 𝐶 = 5; 𝐷 = 1

3. Quadratic Factors, not repeated

3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= + 2
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3)

𝐴 = 1; 𝐵 = 2; 𝐶 = −3; 𝐷 = 0; 𝐸 = −1
Examples:

1. If w is directly proportional to v + 5, and w = 6 when v = -3, find w when v = 3.

Solution:
𝑤
𝑤 ∝𝑣+5 𝑤 = 𝑘(𝑣 + 5) 𝑘 = 𝑣+5
𝑤1 𝑤2
𝑣1 +5
= 𝑣 +5
2
6 𝑤2
(−3+5)
= (3+5)
𝑤2 = 24
2. If y is inversely as the square root of x, and y = 4 when x =9, find y when x = 4.
Solution:
1 1
𝑦∝ 𝑦=𝑘 𝑘 = 𝑦√𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥
𝑦1 √𝑥1 = 𝑦2 √𝑥2
(4)(√9) = (𝑦2 )(√4)
𝑦2 = 6
3. Suppose y varies jointly as r and s2 and inversely as t, and y = 20 when r = 5, s = 3, and t = 2. Find
r when y =80, s =1, and t = 6.
Solution:
𝑟𝑠2 𝑟𝑠2 𝑦𝑡
𝑦∝ 𝑡
𝑦=𝑘 𝑡
𝑘 = 𝑟𝑠2
𝑦1 𝑡1 𝑦 𝑡
𝑟1 𝑠12
= 𝑟2𝑠22
2 2
(20)(2) (80)(6)
(5)(3)2
= 𝑟 (1)2
2
𝑟2 = 540
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
4. Solve for B in the equivalent partial fraction of 𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 +1
Solution:
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
= +
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1) 𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

Taking TCD: x (x2 + 1)

2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥)
= 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
= 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐴
= (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐴
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠:
2=𝐴+𝐵
1=𝐶
1=𝐴

Solving for B:
2=1+𝐵
𝐵=1
Complex Number – is any number that can be expressed in the form a+bi, where a and b are
real numbers and 𝑖 = √−1. The number a is called its real part and the number b is called its
imaginary part. The complex number 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 are called conjugate.

Equality of Complex Numbers

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑
Addition of Complex Numbers
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑖
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑖
Where: 𝑖 2 = −1
Ex:
1. (3 + 4𝑖) + (2 + 7𝑖) = 3 + 4𝑖 + 2 + 7𝑖
= 3 + 2 + 4𝑖 + 7𝑖
= 5 + 11𝑖
2. (3 + 4𝑖)(2 + 7𝑖) = 6 + 21𝑖 + 8𝑖 + 28𝑖 2
= 6 + 21𝑖 + 8𝐼 − 28
= −22 + 29𝑖
Common Factor. A common factor of two or more counting numbers is a counting number which is a
factor of each of the given number. The set of common factors of the two numbers is the intersection of
these two sets.
Ex. Find the common factors of 12 and 20.
Factors of 12, 𝐹12 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
Factor of 20, 𝐹20 = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20}
Ans: 𝐹12 ∩ 𝐹20 = {1, 2, 4}
Greatest Common Factor. The Greatest Common Factor or GCF of two or more counting numbers is the
largest counting number which is a factor of each of the given number. The GCF is the product of the
smallest factor common to both.
Ex. Find the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of 108 and 60.
Prime factors by Canonical form

108 60
54 2 30 2
27 2
15 2
9 3
5 3
3 3

Ans: 𝐺𝐶𝐹 = 22 𝑥3 = 12
Multiple of a Number is the product that the number gives when multiplied by a counting or natural
number.
Ex. Find the common multiples of 2 and 3 which are less than 20.
Multiples of 2, 𝑀2 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
Multiples of 3, 𝑀3 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
Ans: 𝑀2 ∩ 𝑀3 = {6, 12, 18}
Least Common Multiple. The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more counting numbers is the
smallest counting number which is a multiple of each of the given numbers. The LCM is the product of
the prime factors with the highest power in the factorization.
Ex. Find the LCM of 4 and 10.
Prime Factors by Canonical Form
4 = 22 10 = 2 𝑥 5
2
Ans: 2 𝑥 5 = 20
Roman Numerals
I–1 C – 100
V–5 D – 500
X – 10 M – 1000
L – 50
Equations. An equation is a mathematical statement of equality such as 6 = 2 + 4. Algebraic equations
are written in terms of variables. In the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4, the value of the variable y depends on the
value of variable x. Therefore, y is the dependent variable, and x is the independent variable. The
dependency of y on x is clearer when the equation is written in functional form: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
1. Linear Equation (1st degree equation)
2. Quadratic Equation (2nd degree equation)
3. Cubic Equation (3rd degree equation)
4. Quadric Equation (Fourth degree equation)
5. Equations solvable only by trial and error

1. Solutions of Linear Equations

1. Substitution method
2. Elimination method
3. Determinants or cramer’s rule
Ex.
7𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 41
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
By substitution method: By Elimination method:
7𝑥 + 4(2𝑥 − 1) = 41 𝑥+𝑦 =8
7𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 4 = 41 𝑥−𝑦 =4
15𝑥 = 45 2𝑥 + 0 = 12
𝑥 = 3; 𝑦 = 5 𝑥 = 6; 𝑦 = 2
2. Solutions for Quadratic Equations (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0)
1. Quadratic formula
2. Completing the square
3. Factoring
Quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎
where: 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is known as discriminant
Nature of roots:
b2 = 4ac – the roots are equal, there is only one real solution
b2 > 4ac – the roots are real and unequal
b2 < 4ac – the roots are imaginary
Properties of roots:
−𝑏 𝑐
Sum of roots: 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 𝑎
Products of roots: 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝑎
One root is a negative of the other:
If x2 = -x1, then b = 0
Ex:
Solve for x: 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 = 0

By Factoring:
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 = 0
(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −5; 𝑥 = 1

By Completing the square:

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 = 0
Rewrite the equation in the form
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 5
Add 4 to both sides
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 5 + 4
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 9
(𝑥 + 2)2 = 9
𝑥 + 2 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = −3
𝑥 = 1; 𝑥 = −5
By quadratic equation:
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −(4)±√(4)2 −4(1)(−5)
𝑥= 2𝑎
= 2(1)
x= 1; 𝑥 = −5

3. Cubic Equation (3rd degree equation)

Solution:
1. Synthetic division
2. Factoring
 3. Trial and Error

1. Synthetic Division

Find the quotient and the remainder if 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 13 is divided by x-2 using synthetic
division.
X3 x2 x c
3 3 -4 -13 x=2
6 18 28
3 9 14 15

The quotient is; 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 4, the remainder is 15

2. By trial and error

Solve for “m”
0.095 𝑚
0.0984 = (1 + ) −1
𝑚
Try: m = 4
0.095 4
0.0984 = (1 + 4
) −1
0.0984 = 0.0984

Binomial Theorem:

(a) Pascal’s Triangle

(x+y)0 1
(x+y)1 1 1
(x+y)2 1 2 1
(x+y)3 1 3 3 1
(x+y)4 1 4 6 4 1
(x+y)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
(x+y)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
(x+y)7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1

Example:
(𝑥 + 𝑦)6 = 𝑥 6 + 6𝑥 5 𝑦 + 15𝑥 4 𝑦 2 + 20𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 15𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 6𝑥𝑦 5 + 𝑦 6

Binomial Formula
𝐴𝐵
𝐷 = 𝐶+1
Where:
A – is the coefficient of previous term D – is the coefficient of next term
B – is the exponent of x of previous term
C – is the exponent of y of previous term
Term involving 𝑦 𝑟 𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 :
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…(𝑛−𝑟+1)𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑦 𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑟!
Alternate formula:
𝑦 𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
Where:
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = (𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟!

Example: term with xn

1 12
Find the term involving x6 in (𝑥 2 + )
𝑥
Solution:
n = 12 & r = 6
yr term = nCr xn-r yr
12!
term with 𝑥 6 = (6!)(6!) 𝑥 6 = 924 𝑥 6

term with 𝑥 6 = 924𝑥 6

rth term in (x+y)n:

𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…(𝑛−𝑟+2) 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑟−1

𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (𝑟−1)!
𝑥 𝑦

Alternate Formula:
𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1
𝑛
For middle term: 𝑟 = 2 + 1
1 16
Find the 6th term of the expansion of (2𝑎 − 3)
Solution:
n = 16; r = 6
𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1
66339
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = − 128𝑎11

Sum of Exponents:
𝑆 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)