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Lecture - 1.pdf Version 1

This document provides an overview of open channel flow. Some key points: 1) Open channel flow occurs in rivers, canals, sewers and involves a free surface between the liquid and air. It is driven by gravity and atmospheric pressure. 2) Open channels can be prismatic or non-prismatic, rigid or mobile boundaries, and small or large slope. 3) Important geometric elements of a channel section include depth, flow area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, and hydraulic depth. 4) Flow can be steady or unsteady, uniform or varied, gradually varied or rapidly varied. 5) Reynolds number characterizes laminar vs turbulent flow and Froude number

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77 views23 pages

Lecture - 1.pdf Version 1

This document provides an overview of open channel flow. Some key points: 1) Open channel flow occurs in rivers, canals, sewers and involves a free surface between the liquid and air. It is driven by gravity and atmospheric pressure. 2) Open channels can be prismatic or non-prismatic, rigid or mobile boundaries, and small or large slope. 3) Important geometric elements of a channel section include depth, flow area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, and hydraulic depth. 4) Flow can be steady or unsteady, uniform or varied, gradually varied or rapidly varied. 5) Reynolds number characterizes laminar vs turbulent flow and Froude number

Uploaded by

kaafi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Open Channel Flow

Lacture – 1

Engr. Shamim Ahmed Khan, Lecturer


Mogadishu University
Open Channel Flow

• Liquid (water) flow with a free surface


(interface between water and air)
• Open Channel Flow is also known as free
surface flow.
• OCF occur under the action of gravity and
atmospheric pressure.
• Example: Flow in river, canal, under
ground sewer, culvert ect.
Type of Open Channel
Type of Open Channel

➢ Prismatic & Non- prismatic Channel


Having an unvarying cross-section and constant bottom
slop
➢Rigid & Mobile Boundary Channel
With a immovable bed and sides
➢ Small & Large Slope Channel
Having a bottom slope grater than 1 in 10
Open channel flows: Natural
stream
Open channel flows: Eroded
stream
Open channel flows: Bio swale
Open channel flow: road side
gutters
Channel Section
Geometric Element of a
Channel Section
❖Depth of Flow (h) & Depth of Flow Section (d)

The depth of flow is the vertical distance from the lowest point of
the channel section to the water surface.
The depth of flow section is the depth of flow normal to the
direction of flow.
The relation btwn h & d is;
d=h cosᶿ
Where ᶿ is the angle made by the channel bottom with the
horizontal.
Geometric Element of a Channel Section
❖ Stage: is the elevation of the water surface relative to horizontal datum
and may be positive or negative.
❖ Flow Area (A): is the cross- sectional area of the flow normal to the
direction of flow.
❖ Wetted perimeter (P): is the length of interface betwn water and
channel boundary.
❖ Top width (B): Top width is the width of channel at the water surface.
❖ Hydraulic Radius (R): is the ratio of the flow area to the wetted
perimeter. R= A / P
❖ Hydraulic Depth (D): is the ratio of the flow area to the top width.
D= A / B
❖ Wide Channel: when the width of the rectangular channel is very large
compare to the depth, i.e b>>h (generally b>= 10h).
R= A/P=(bh) / (b+2h) ≈ (bh)/ b ≈ h
Geometric Element of a Channel Section
Types of Flow
➢Steady & Unsteady Flow

Flow in an open channel is said to be steady if the


depth, mean velocity and discharge at a channel
section do not change with time.
If this quantities at a channel section change with
time is called unsteady flow.
Types of Flow
➢ Uniform and Varied Flow
Flow in an open channel is said to be uniform if the
depth, mean velocity and discharge at a channel
section do not change along with the length of
channel at a given instant time.
If this quantities at a channel section change along
with the length of channel at a given instant time is
called varied flow.
Types of Flow
➢ Gradually varied Flow:
If the depth of flow and mean velocity change
gradually along the length of the channel is called
gradually varied flow.
➢ Rapidly varied Flow:
If the depth of flow and mean velocity change over
a comparatively short distance.
GVF vs RVF
Summary
Pipe flow vs Open surface flow
State of Flow
➢Laminar flow vs Turbulent flow (Based on
Reynolds number Re)

➢Subcritical, Supercritical and Critical flow (


Based on Froude number Fr)

➢Celerity ‘c’
State of Flow
➢ Reynolds Number: The effect of viscous force relative
to initial force on open channel is expressed by Reynolds Number.
Re=VL/v
V= mean velocity of flow, L= length of the channel, v= kinematics
viscosity. For water at 20 c, v=10^-6 m^2/s
State of Flow
➢ Froude Number: The effect of gravity force relative to initial
force on open channel is expressed by Froude Number.
Fe=V/√gL
V= mean velocity of flow, L= length of the channel, g= acceleration due to
gravity (g=9.8 m/ s^2)
Example

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