Name:

ASSIGNMENT: DEFINITION OF TERMS

Provide the correct definition/meaning of the following terms:

1. Meaning of Research

-Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific

problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method.  Research is
defined as the generation of new concepts, methodologies, and
understandings through the development of new knowledge and the
creative application of existing knowledge. This is a systematic
investigation and analysis of materials and sources in order to establish
facts and draw new findings. This is best accomplished by turning the
issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the
question.

2. Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical- Research is based on direct experience or observation by

the researcher. It is based on observations and experimentation on
theories.

2. Logical- Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical- Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a

problem and ends with a problem.

4. Analytical- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering

the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental and case study.
There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their
interpretation

5. Critical.- Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

 6. Methodical- Research is conducted in a methodical manner without
bias using systematic method and procedures.

7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or

repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

3. Qualities of Good Researcher

Qualities of Good Researcher

1.      Research-oriented

2.      Efficient

3.      Scientific

4.      Effective

5.      Active

6.      Resourceful

7.      Creative

8.      Honest

9.      Economical

10.  Religious

Characteristics of the Researcher

1.Intellectual Curiosity- A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry

of the things, and situations around him.

2.Prudence- The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the

right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically.

3.Healthy Criticism- The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of

the results.

4.Intellectual Honesty- An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather

data or facts in order to arrive at honest results.

5.Intellectual Creativity– A productive and resourceful investigator always

creates new researches.

3. Characteristics of Research

-The characteristics of research are it is empirical, systematic,

controlled, employs hypothesis, analytical and objective.

4. Types of Research

1.Basic Research- This is also called as “fundamental research”

or “pure research”. It seeks to discover basic truths or principles.

Examples:

 Boyle’s Law

 Charles’ Law

 Archimedes’ Principle

 Hooke’s Law
  Newton’s Law

2. Applied Research- This type of research involves seeking

new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem,
such as a development of a new system or procedure, new device, or
new method in order to solve the problem.

3. Developmental Research. This is a decision-oriented

research involving the application of the steps of the scientific method
in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.

5. Classification of research

1.Library Research- This is done in the library where answers to specific

questions or problems of the study are available.

2.Field Research- research is conducted in a natural setting.

3.Laboratory Research- The research is conducted in artificial or controlled

conditions by isolating the study in a thoroughly specified and equipped area.
The purposes are: (1) to test hypotheses derived from theory, (2) to control
variance under research conditions, and (3) to discover the relations between
the dependent and the independent.

6. Types of Variable

 Meaning of Variable

 A variable is defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or

change in value or magnitude under different conditions.

 Types of Variable
   Independent Variable. This is the stimulus variable which is
chosen by the researcher to determine the relationship to an
observed phenomenon.

 Dependent Variable. This is the response variable which is

observed and measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable.

 Moderator Variable. This is a secondary or special type of

independent variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it
changes or modifies the relationship between the independent
and dependent variables.

 Control Variable. This is the variable that is controlled by the

investigator in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating
or removing the variable.

 Intervening Variable. This is a variable which interferes with the

independent and dependent variables, but its effects can either
strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variables.

7. Characteristics of a Research Problem

 Specific. The problem should be specifically tested.

 Measurable. It is easy to measure by using research instruments,

apparatus or equipment.

 Achievable. The data are achievable using correct statistical tools

to arrive at precise results.

 Realistic. Real results are attained because they are gathered

scientifically and not manipulated or maneuvered.
  Time-bound. Time frame is required in every activity because the
shorter completion of the activity, the better.

 The problem can be stated clearly and concisely.

 A research problem does not have a simple yes or no response.

 It should convey that the genuine circumstance or observation

requires explanations and reasons.

 A research problem denotes a link between the study's factors.

 The issue should be stated in a straightforward and unambiguous

manner.

 A researchable problem must necessitate data interpretation and

analysis.

 The problem generates research questions.

  It is grounded in theory.

  It relates to one or more academic fields of study.

 It has a base in the research literature.

 It has potential significance/importance.

 It is do-able within the time frame, budget.

 Sufficient data are available or can be obtained.

 The researcher’s methodological strengths can be applied to the

problem.

8. Criteria of a Good Research Problem

 1) Interesting. An interesting research problem attracts the attention of
the researcher and other people to conduct the research project even
without incentive or research grant at all.

2) Innovative. Through replicability in conducting research is allowed, it

is advisable that a research problem is something novel, original, and
unique to attract the attention of the people and contribute to the
economic development of the country.

3) Cost-effective. A good research problem should be economical and

effective in solving the needs and problems of the society; it should
also augment socioeconomic and health conditions of the people and
many others.

4) Relevant to the needs and problems of the people. Researchers must

keep in mind that they conduct research not for the personal
aggrandizement but to solve the needs and problems of the people.

5) Relevant to government’s thrusts. A research problem must respond

to the government’s thrusts.

6) Measurable and time-bound.

9. Definition of Hypothesis

Hypothesis – is defined as a wise guess that is formulated and

temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the
study.

10. Types of Hypothesis

Types of Hypothesis
  Null Hypothesis – is a denial of an existence of a trait,
characteristic, quality, value, correlation or difference
of the result.

 Alternative Hypothesis – is an affirmation of the

existence of the observed phenomenon.

11. Theoretical framework

Shapes the justification of the research problem/research

objectives in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters.

12. Conceptual Framework

Presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called

constructs.

13. Significance of the Study

Is presented comprehensively to convince the screening

committee the importance of the study.

14. Definition of terms

a) Conceptual Definition – The definition are based on concepts or

hypothetic ones which are usually taken from a dictionary,
encyclopedia and published journals.

b) Operational Definition – The definition of terms are based on

observable characteristics and how it is used in the study.

15. Operational definition

 The definition of terms are based on observable characteristics
and how it is used in the study. a description of something in terms of
the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be
observed and measured. 

17. Research Design

 Historical- Historical research is a strategy that is used to gather

information in a qualitative manner. Historical study looks at the
meaning of previous events in order to analyze the facts and
explain what happened and how it influenced current events.

 Descriptive- only concerned with explaining the circumstance or

subject under investigation. It's a theory-based design process
that involves collecting, interpreting, and presenting data. This
enables a researcher to explain why and how research is
conducted. Descriptive design aids others in comprehending the
research's requirement. You can perform exploratory research if
the problem statement is unclear.

 Experimental- Design of experimental study: Experimental

research establishes a link between a situation's cause and effect.
It is a causal design in which the impact of the independent
variable on the dependent variable is observed.

 Case study- A case study is a comprehensive examination of a

single person, group, location, event, organization, or phenomena.

18. Types of Descriptive Research

 Descriptive-survey – This type is suitable wherever the subjects

vary among themselves and one is interested to know the extent
 to which different conditions and situations are obtained among
these subjects.
 Descriptive-normative survey – The term “normative” is
sometimes used because surveys are frequently made to
ascertain the normal or typical condition for practice, or to
compare local test results with a state or national norm.
 Descriptive-status – This approach to problem-solving seeks to
answer questions to real facts elating to existing conditions.
 Descriptive-analysis – This method determines or describes the
nature of an object by separating it into its parts.
 Descriptive-classification – This method is employed in natural
sciences subjects.
 Descriptive-evaluative – This design is to appraise carefully the
worthiness of the current study.
 Descriptive-comparative – This is a design where the researcher
considers two variables and establishes a formal procedure to
compare and conclude that one is better than the other.
 Correlational survey – This is designed to determine the
relationship of two variables (X and Y).
 Longitudinal survey – This involves much time allotted for
investigation of the same subjects of two or more points in time.

19. Validity

The quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or

cogency.Research validity in surveys relates to the extent at which the
survey measures right elements that need to be measured. In simple
terms, validity refers to how well an instrument as measures what it is
intended to measure. Reliability alone is not enough, measures need to
be reliable, as well as, valid.
20. Sampling

Is a process used in statistical analysis in which a

predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger
population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population
depends on the type of analysis being performed, but it may include
simple random sampling or systematic sampling.

21. Sampling Designs

Sampling design is a mathematical function that gives you the

probability of any given sample being drawn.Since sampling is the
foundation of nearly every research project, the study of sampling
design is a crucial part of statistics. It involves not only learning how to
derive the probability functions which describe a given sampling
method but also understanding how to design a best-fit sampling
method for a real life situation.

22. Review of Related Literature

A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous

research on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles,
books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research. The
review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate
and clarify this previous research.

23. Qualitative Research

Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-

numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It
can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new
ideas for research. Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative
research, which involves collecting and analyzing numerical data for
statistical analysis.
24. Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing

numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make
predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider
populations.