ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.

Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales

SY 2020-2021

Why can you predict the behaviour of tides?

The rise and fall of tides can have great impact on the
communities and ecosystems that depend upon them.
One type of tide is a semidiurnal tide. This means that
bodies of water, like the Atlantic Ocean, have two high
tides and two low tides a day. Because tides are
periodic, they behave the same way each day.

The diagram below illustrates the water level as a function of time for a body
of water with semidiurnal tides.

In each cycle of high and low tides, the pattern repeats itself. Recall that a
function whose graph repeats a basic pattern is called a periodic function.

Let’s explore first the graphs of sine and cosine functions.

The graphs of sine and cosine functions are related to the graphs of the
functions
y = sin x and y = cos x, which are shown below.

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 1

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2020-2021

Characteristics of y = sin x and y = cos x

 The domain of each function is all real numbers.
 The range of each function is −1 ≤ y ≤ 1. So, the minimum value of each function
is −1 and the maximum value is 1.
 The amplitude of the graph of each function is one-half of the difference of the
maximum value and the minimum value, or [ ( )] .
 Each function is periodic, which means that its graph has a repeating pattern.
The shortest repeating portion of the graph is called a cycle. The horizontal
length of each cycle is called the period. Each graph shown above has a period
of 2π.
 The x-intercepts for occur when , , , ,…
 The x-intercepts for occur when , , , ,…

You were introduced how the graphs of sine and cosine functions would look
like. Now let us see the graphs of the other circular functions and their domain
and range.

3.1 DOMAIN AND RANGE OF THE SIX CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

There are no restrictions on the domain of sine and cosine functions;

therefore, their domain is such that x ∈ R. Notice, however, that the range for both y

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 2

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2020-2021

= sin(x) and y = cos(x) is between -1 and 1. Therefore, transformations of these

functions in the form of shifts and stretches will affect the range but not the domain.

The domain of the function y = tan(x) = and y = cot (x) = is all real
numbers except the values where cos (x) and sin (x) is equal to 0, that is, the
values and for all integers n respectively. The range of the function is all
real numbers.

The domain of the function y = ( )= and y = ( )= is all real

numbers except the values where sin(x) and cos(x) is equal to 0, that is, the values
and for all integers n respectively. The range of the function is y ≤ −1 or y
≥ 1.

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 3

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2020-2021

Here’s a summary of the domain and range of the six circular functions.

Circular Function Domain Range

( ) [ ]

( ) [ ]

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ] [ )

( ) ( ] [ )

3.2 GRAPHING SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS

Steps in Graphing ( ) and ( )

1. Determine the amplitude. The amplitude is given by | | which indicates the height
of the graph.
2. Determine the period m of the function. The period is given by m = | | is equal to
the length of one complete cycle.
3. Divide the period into four equal parts.
4. Construct the table of values.
5. Plot the points then connect to sketch the graph.

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 4

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2020-2021

Example 3.2.1 Graphing sine functions

Sketch the graph of .

SOLUTION:
,
Amplitude = | | = |2| = 2
Period: m = | | = m = | | =
Divide the period into four equal parts:
( )
= = =

Table of values:

x 0
y 0 2 0 -2 0

Graph of .

Domain: x ∈ R
Range: [-2, 2]
Zeros of the function: where n is an integer
Maximum value is 2 and minimum value is –2
The graph is a smooth curve which extends indefinitely in both directions of the x-
axis.

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 5

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2020-2021

The basic curve may shift horizontally. The amount of shifting

either to the left or to the right is known as the phase shift. The phase shift of
the sine function is given by . If then move the curve of to the
left by units. If then move the curve of to the right by units.

Example 3.2.2 Graphing sine functions

Sketch the graph of ( ).

SOLUTION:
, ,
Amplitude = | | = |2| = 2

Period: m = | | = m = | | =

Divide the period into four equal parts:

( )
= = =

The phase shift is . Since we move the basic curve units to the left.
Thus,
=
Table of values:

x 0
y 2 0 -2 0 2

Graph of and ( ).

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 6

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2020-2021

Example 3.2.2 Graphing cosine function

Sketch the graph of ( ) and ( ).

SOLUTION:

For ( ):
,
Amplitude = | | = |1| = 1

Period: m = | | = m = | | =

Divide the period into four equal parts:

( )
= = =

Table of values:

x 0
y 1 0 -1 0 1

Graph of ( ).

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 7

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2020-2021

Domain: x ∈ R
Range: [-1, 1]
Zeros of the function: where n is an odd integer
Maximum value is 1 and minimum value is –1
The graph is a smooth curve which extends indefinitely in both directions of the x-
axis.

For ( ):

, ,

Amplitude = | | = | |=

Period: m = | | = m = | | =

Divide the period into four equal parts:

( )
= = =

The phase shift is . Since we move the basic curve units to the

right. Thus,
=

Table of values:

y √

Graph of ( ) and ( )

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 8

 ST. JAMES SCHOOL OF SUBIC, INC.
Asinan Poblacion, Subic, Zambales
SY 2020-2021

Observe that the graph of ( ) is shifted units to the right of

( ) graph with respect to the x-axis and its height decreases to .

In general, the graph of sine and cosine function will be affected by the
values of the and . When | | , the graph of the sine and cosine
functions will vertically stretch while | | it will be compressed closer to the
x-axis. Similarly, when | | , the graph will have a shorter period and have
a longer period for | | . Also, you can observe that the graphs of the sine
and cosine functions have a pattern of hills and valleys that repeat. If a
function has a repeating pattern like sine or cosine, it is called a periodic
function. The period is the length of the smallest interval that contains exactly
one copy of the repeating pattern. Any part of the graph that shows this
pattern over one period is called a cycle.

Pre-Calculus Q2 M2 Lesson 3: Graphs of Circular Functions Page 9