Table Content.

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Introduction

1. What is embeded system......................................................

1.1 Advantage of embedded systems...............................

1.2 Disadvantage of embeded system...............................

2. How an embedded system work.............................................

3. Characteristic of embedded system.......................................

4.Types of embedded system......................................................

4.1 Embeded system based on their performance...................

5.The application of embedde systems....................................

6.Basic structure of an embedded systems.............................

6.1 Basic operation of an A/D converter................................

 Introduction
In this lesson we explain about an embedded systems,
it is a microprocessor based computer hard ware system
with software that perform a dedicated function, either
as an independent system or as a part of large system
and we will see the characterstic, type, performance,
advantage and disadvantage and structure of an
embedded systems deeply.

Embedded Systems
Embedded system is a microprocessor based computer hard ware system with
software that is designed to perform a dedicated Function either as an
independent system or as a part of a larger system.

Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro- computer, fabricated on a small

chips capable of performing ALU( Arithmetic logical unit) operation and
communication with the other divices connected to it.It consists of data input,
storage, processing and out put divices, under the control of CPU.

An embedded system is a computer system that is part of a larger system or

machine. It is a system with dedicated function with in large electrical or
mechanical system. It consist of a microcontroller with a board memory, a power
supply and communication ports for transmitting date to other devices embedded
software programms tell the micro controller how to responds in real time to data
collected from the environment through peripheral sensors and devices.For
example, a fire alarm is an embedded systems; it will Sense only smoke. It has
hard ware.

Modern embedded system are often based on microcontroller or Microprocessor

with integrated memory and Peripheral interface. but ordinary microprocessor
(using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also
common especially in more complex system.

In either case, the processors used maybe types ranging from general-purpose to
those specialized in a certain class of computation, or even custom designed for
the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processor is the
digital signal processor (DSP).

DSP take real-world signals like voice, audio, video, temperature,

pressure, or position that have been digitalized and the matmatically
manipulated them.

It is used primarily in areas of audeo signal, speech processing, RADAR,

seismology, audeo, voice recognition, and some financial signals.for
example, Digital signal processing phones, as well as speech
transmission for mobile phones.

DSP consist of customized hard ware to efficiently manipulated

sequence of numbers or symbols that comprise a signal used in a wide
variety of applications including digital communications and scientific
instrumentation.

Applications for embedded signal processor are often used in consumer

products such as mobile phones, fax/modems,disk driver, radio,
medical and health care divices.

Advantage of embedded systems

The embedded systems is easy for Mass production

 It is highly reliable
 It has very few interconnection
 It is small in size
 It has less expensive or low cost
 It has fast operation
 It has improved product quality
 It optimizes use of system resources
 It has low power operation

Disadvantage of embedded systems

 The embedded systems are hard for maintenance as it is use and throw
device
 It has no technological improvement
  Less power supply durabilities if it is better operated
 It has hard to take backup of embeded file.

How does an embedded system work?

Embedded systems always function as part of a complete device -- that's what's meant by the term
embedded. They are low-cost, low-power-consuming, small computers that are embedded in other
mechanical or electrical systems. Generally, they comprise a processor, power supply, and memory and
communication ports. Embedded systems use the communication ports to transmit data between the
processor and peripheral devices -- often, other embedded systems -- using a communication protocol.
The processor interprets this data with the help of minimal software stored on the memory. The
software is usually highly specific to the function that the embedded system service.

The basic characterstic of embedded system

1.single functioned

2.tightly constrainted

3.Reactive and real time

4.performance specific task

The basic embedded system type
Mobile embedded systems are small-sized systems that are designed to be portable. Digital cameras
are an example of this.

Networked embedded systems are connected to a network to provide output to other systems.
Examples include home security systems and point of sale (POS) systems.

Standalone embedded systems are not reliant on a host system. Like any embedded system, they
perform a specialized task. However, they do not necessarily belong to a host system, unlike other
embedded systems. A calculator or MP3 player is an example of this.

Real-time embedded systems give the required output in a defined time interval. They are often used
in medical, industrial and military sectors because they are responsible for time-critical tasks. A traffic
control system is an example of this.

Embedded systems based on there performance

Small-scale embedded systems often use no more than an 8-bit microcontroller.

Medium-scale embedded systems use a larger microcontroller (16-32 bit) and often link
microcontrollers together.

Sophisticated-scale embedded systems often use several algorithms that result in software and
hardware complexities and may require more complex software, a configurable processor and/or a
programmable logic array.

There are several common embedded system software architectures, which become
necessary as embedded systems grow and become more complex in scale. These include:

Simple control loops call subroutines, which manage a specific part of the hardware or embedded
programming.

Interrupt controlled systems have two loops: a main one and a secondary one. Interruptions in the
loops trigger tasks.

Cooperative multitasking is essentially a simple control loop located in an application programming

interface
 The application of embedded system
The application of embedded system is very wide following we mention some of its application.

 Home appliances
 Office automation
 Security
 Telecommunication
 Instrumentation
 Entertainment
 Aerospace
 Banking and finance

Basic structure of embedded system

The embedded structure enables us to declare the structure inside the structure. Hence, it requires less
line of codes but it can not be used in multiple data structures structure.

Sensor − It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which can be read by
an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter.

sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its
environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor
is always used with other electronics.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps
which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable applications of which most people are
never aware.

With advances in micromachinery and easy-to-use microcontroller platforms, the uses of sensors have
expanded beyond the traditional fields of temperature, pressure or flow measurement,for example into
MARG sensors.
a device that responds to a physical stimulus (such as heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a
particular motion) and transmits a resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control).

A device that detects the changes in electrical or physical or other quantities and thereby produces an
output as an acknowledgement of change in the quantity is called as a Sensor. Generally, this sensor
output will be in the form of electrical or optical signal.

Types of sensor

The most frequently used different types of sensors are classified based on the quantities such as ፦
Electric current or Potential

Fluid velocity or Flow sensor

Pressure sensors,

#
Typical

applications of different types of sensors such as

- application of Speed sensor for synchronizing the speed of multiple motors,

- Temperature sensor application for industrial temperature control

- appicationtion of the PIR sensor for automatic-door-opening system

# A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity,
speed, etc.) into a signal which can be measured electrically.

Analog/Digital converter) A device that converts continuously varying analog signals from instruments
and sensors that monitor conditions, such as sound, movement and temperature into binary code for
the computer.

The A/D converter may be contained on a single chip or can be one circuit within a chip.

A/D Converters Are Everywhere Every digital desk phone and cellphone has an A/D converter that turns
electronic sound waves into digital PCM code.
The Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is one of the fundamental building blocks of modern data
acquisition systems

The main purpose of the A/D converters within a data acquisition system is to convert conditioned
analog signals into a stream of digital data so that the data acquisition system can process them for
display, storage, and analysis.

ADC converter takes an analog signal and converts it into the digital domain.

Main Types of A/D Converters

successive approximation and

-delta-sigma.

# -Processor and ASICs

Processors process the data to measure the output and store it to the memory .

a processor or processing unit is a digital circuit which performs operations on some external data
source, usually memory or some other data stream.

It typically takes the form of a microprocessor, which can be implemented on a single metal–oxide–
semiconductor integrated circuit chip.

Examples of processor

A central processing unit (CPu)

A graphics processing unit (GPU)

A sound chip is an integrated circuit (chip

The different types of processors are microprocessor, microcontroller, embedded processor, digital
signal processor and the processors can be varied according to the devices.

Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Pronounced "A sik," an ASIC is a chip that is custom designed for
a specific purpose.

An ASIC if often used by the company that created it to provide the electronics for its own products.

is a microchip designed for a special application, such as a kind of transmission protocol or a hand-held
computer.

D-A coverters
Digital/Analog converter) A device that converts digital code into analog signals mostly for audio. D/A
converters (DACs) convert digital audio samples into the analog waveforms sent to audio amplifiers and
speakers.

A D/A converter (DAC), which may be a single chip or a circuit within a chip, is found on every device
that sends analog speech or music to an amplifier, speaker or headphones, including computers,
smartphones, tablets and A/V receivers.

A D/A converter takes a precise number (most commonly a fixed-point binary number) and converts it
into a physical quantity (example: voltage or pressure).

D/A converters are often used to convert finite-precision time series data to a continually jvarying
physical signal.l

Actuator − An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter to the actual (expected) output
stored in it and stores the approved output.11

An actuator is a part of a device or machine that helps it to achieve physical movements by converting
energy, often electrical, air, or hydraulic, into mechanical force. Simply put, it is the component in any
machine that enables movement.

an actuator is a device that converts energy, which may be electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc., to
mechanical in such a way that it can be controlled.

An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling.

References
1.Introduction to Emerging technology module.
2.www.science direct.com

3.www.codray.com

4.www.itpro.co.uk

5.www.tutorialspoint.com