Grade 10 Science – Chemistry Notes 1
The Atomic Model & Atomic Theory
Atomic Structure
It has taken scientists a long time to understand the basic structure of an atom. Many
scientists have carefully worked together to learn the structure of atoms.
Atomic Theory: Review
________________ theory for the structure of the atom stands fundamentally correct
today. His understanding that atoms _______________________________, however,
has been proven incorrect. Atoms can be broken down into ______________________.
A subatomic particle is a part of an atom, much the same as a wheel is part of a car.
The three main subatomic particles are ________________, __________________, and
___________________.
The scientists ___________________, ___________________,
_____________, __________________, and __________________
were largely responsible for developing an understanding of
subatomic particles. Today, scientists know subatomic particles in
turn can be broken down into still smaller particles.
The ______________________ of the atom suggested that electrons travel in a circular
______________________________ in a well-defined path.
Scientists have done experiments to show that this is not the
path electrons actually travel.
Electron location and movement is more complicated than Bohr thought; however, the
___________________________ of the atom is used because
it is easier to understand and is adequate for a beginning
17p
course in chemistry.
18n
The modern atomic theory states that an atom consists of the
following: Chlorine
• Protons are located in the ______________ of the atom. Protons have a
_____________________ and have a mass of ______________________ (___).
An atomic mass unit is defined as ______________________________________
that has ______ protons and ______ neutrons. This means
that _____ is equal to the mass of a proton.
• Neutrons are also located in the _____________ of the atom. Neutrons have
_______________________ and have a mass of
approximately ______.
• Electrons are located __________________________ in less well-defined orbits
than first thought. Electrons have a single _____________________________ but
their mass is considered ________ since it is so small (approximately __________
the mass of a proton). An atom consists of a ____________________ surrounded
by _________________________________.
Nucleus
• A nucleus is made of _____________________________.
— Protons and neutrons both have a mass of ______.
— Protons have a positive charge (_____); neutrons have
______________.
— The total mass of the atom is equal to the _______ of the masses of the protons
and neutrons in the nucleus.
• If an atom were the size of a ____________________, the nucleus would be the
size of a ____________.
• The ____________________ of an atom is equal to the _____________________
in the nucleus.
• The ____________________________ is equal to the ______ of the number of
___________________________. The atomic mass is expressed in
________________________ (___).
Electrons
• Electrons move around the nucleus in specific paths called __________________.
— Energy levels _________ whether there is an electron in them or not.
— Electrons occupy certain energy levels depending on the atom. For example,
hydrogen has a __________________ in the ______________________; sodium
has ______ electrons in the ________ energy level,
________ electrons in the __________ energy level,
and _____ electron in the ________ energy level.
— An atom can have a _______________ of ______
electrons occupying the first energy level, ________
in the second energy level, and ________ in the third energy level. We will not
study the structure of atoms with more than three levels of energy levels. Each
energy level must be _________ before electrons occupy the next one.
— Electrons are so light, they are considered to have
zero mass.
— Electrons have a negative electric charge (_____).
Atoms
All atoms are made of __________, _________, and ___________. A proton in a
__________ atom is the ________ as a proton in an __________ atom. The same is
true for ___________ and ______________. But atoms of different elements have
different _____________ of protons in the nucleus and electrons around the nucleus to
make them __________.
Atomic Number
_____________________ originally developed the concept of atomic numbers. The
atomic number is _________ to the number of __________ in the nucleus. The atomic
number is special because it can be used to ___________ any known element. It is easy
to identify _________ because it has an atomic number of ____. __________ has an
atomic number of _____, _________ has an atomic number of ________, and so on.
Mass Number
All atoms are given a mass number. The mass number is equal to the ______________
_____________________________; for example, carbon has six protons and six
neutrons. The mass number for carbon would be _____________________________.
The atomic mass of an atom is expressed in _______________________ (u). This
means the atomic mass of carbon is expressed as _______.
Mass number can be expressed as a number with _________ (12 for carbon), and
atomic mass is expressed using the ________________ with a unit (12 u for carbon)
called atomic mass units.
Determining the Number of Subatomic Particles
Number of Protons
The number of protons is _________________________.
Number of Electrons
All atoms are electrically ____________; that is, they have _______________________
of protons and electrons. In any atom, the number of electrons is _________ to the
atomic number.
Number of Neutrons
The ____________________ is always equal to the _____________________ plus the
____________________. The number of neutrons would then be equal to the mass
number ___________ the atomic number.
The Periodic Table
The periodic table places each ___________ on a
chart based on its ______________ and
______________ _______________.
Each box of the periodic table lists information
about the atoms that make up an element such as; ____________________,
_______________________, __________________ (the number of protons in the
nucleus), the _________________________, and the _________________________
or valence number.
