LECTURE 11: Practical Dipole/Monopole Geometries.

Matching
Techniques for Dipole/Monopole Feeds
(The folded dipole antenna. Conical skirt monopoles. Sleeve antennas.
Turnstile antenna. Impedance matching techniques. Dipoles with traps.)
Equation Section 11

1. Folded Dipoles

l
s

The folded dipole is a popular antenna for reception of TV broadcast

signals. It has essentially the same radiation pattern as the dipole of the same
length l but it provides four times greater input impedance when l   / 2 . The
input resistance of the conventional half-wavelength dipole is Rin  73 Ω while
that of the half-wavelength folded dipole is about 292 Ω. Wire antennas do not
fit well with coaxial feed lines because of the different field mode; thus,
balanced-to-unbalanced transition is required. However, they are ideally suited
for twin-lead (two-wire) feed lines. These lines (two parallel thin wires
separated by a distance of about 8 to 10 mm) have characteristic impedance
Z0  300 Ω. Therefore, an input antenna impedance of (4  73)  matches
well the 2-wire feed lines. The separation distance between the two wires of the
folded dipole s should not exceed 0.05 .
The folded dipole can be analyzed by decomposing its current into two
modes: the transmission-line (TL) mode (or odd mode) and the antenna mode
(or even mode). This analysis, although approximate1, illustrates the four-fold
impedance transformation.
In the TL mode (see Figure (a) below), the source terminals 1 − 2 and 2 − 1
are at the same potential and can be connected by a short without changing the
mode of operation. Each of the two 2-wire transmission lines is fed by a voltage
source V / 2 and is terminated by a short.
1
G.A. Thiele, E.P. Ekelman, Jr., L.W. Henderson, “On the accuracy of the transmission line model for the folded dipole,” IEEE
Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-28, No. 5, pp. 700-703, Sep. 1980.

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 s
2a

I TLI t IItTL IIAa IIaA

22 22
1 1
+ V+ − V V+ 3 3 +V
V l = +
− 2− 2 2 + 2 2− 4 4 − 2

Folded dipole (a) Transmission- (b) Antenna mode

line mode

The input impedance of each shorted transmission line of length l / 2 is

  Z + jZ 0 tan(  l / 2)  
Z TL =  Z 0  L  , (11.1)
  0 Z + jZ L tan(  l / 2)  ZL =0
 l 
 Z TL = jZ 0 tan   . (11.2)
 2 
Here, Z 0 is the characteristic impedance of the 2-wire transmission line formed
by the two segments of the folded wire. It can be calculated as

  s   s/2+ ( s / 2 )2 − a 2 
Z 0 = arccosh   = ln  . (11.3)
  2a    a 
 

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 Usually, the folded dipole has a length of l   / 2 . Then,
Z TL(l = /2) = jZ 0 tan( / 2) →  . (11.4)
If l   / 2 , the more general expression (11.2) should be used. On each dipole
side, the current in the TL mode is
V
I TL = . (11.5)
2Z TL
We now consider the antenna mode. The generators’ terminals 3 − 3 (and
4 − 4 ) are with identical potentials. Therefore, they can be connected
electrically without changing the conditions of operation. The following
assumption is made: an equivalent dipole of effective radius
ae = as (11.6)
is radiating excited by V / 2 voltage. Since usually a  and s  , the input
impedance of the equivalent dipole Z ed is assumed equal to the input
impedance of an infinitesimally thin dipole of the respective length l . If
l =  / 2 , then Z ed = 73  . The current in the antenna mode is
V
IA = . (11.7)
2Z ed
The current on each arm of the equivalent dipole is
IA V
= . (11.8)
2 4Z ed
The total current of a folded dipole is obtained by superimposing both
modes. At the input (left arms)
IA  1 1 
I in = I TL + =V  + , (11.9)
2  2Z TL 4Z A 
V 4Z TL Z A
 Zin = = . (11.10)
I in 2Z A + Z TL
When l =  / 2 (half-wavelength folded dipole), then Z TL →  , and
Zin = 4Z A l =  /2  292  . (11.11)

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Thus, the half-wavelength folded dipole is well suited for direct connection to a
twin-lead line of Z0  300  . It is often made in a simple way: a suitable
portion (the end part of the twin-lead cable of length l =  / 2 ) is cut into two
single wire leads, which are bent to form the folded dipole.

2. Conical (Skirt) Monopoles and Discones

These monopoles have much broader impedance frequency band (a couple

of octaves) than the ordinary quarter-wavelength monopoles. Just like other
monopoles, they are conveniently fed through coaxial cables. They are a
combination of the two basic antennas: the monopole/dipole antenna and the
biconical antenna. The discone and conical skirt monopoles find wide
application in the VHF (30 to 300 MHz) and the UHF (300 MHz to 3 GHz)
spectrum for FM broadcast, television and mobile communications.
There are numerous variations of the dipole/monopole/cone geometries,
which aim at broader bandwidth rather than shaping the radiation pattern. All
these antennas provide omnidirectional radiation.
The discone (disk-cone) is the most broadband among these types of
antennas. This antenna was first designed by Kandoian2 in 1945. The
2
A.G. Kandoian, “Three new antenna types and their application,” Proc. IRE, vol. 34, pp. 70W-75W, Feb. 1946.

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performance of the discone in frequency is similar to that of a high-pass filter.
Below certain effective cutoff frequency, it has a considerable reactance and
produces severe standing waves in the feed line. This happens approximately at
wavelength such that the slant height of the cone H is   / 4 .

Typical dimensions of a discone antenna at the central frequency are:

D  0.4 , B1  0.6 , H = 0.7 , 45  2 h  75 and   . The typical input
impedance is designed to be 50  , for which optimum design formulas are
given by Nail3: B2  u / 75 at the highest operating frequency,
  (0.3  0.5)B2 , and D  0.7 B1.

3
J.J. Nail, “Designing discone antennas,” Electronics, vol. 26, pp. 167-169, Aug. 1953.

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Measured patterns for a discone: H = 21.3 cm, B = 19.3 cm,  h = 25 :

Similar to a short
dipole

Similar to an infinite
conical monopole
[Balanis]

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3. Sleeve (Coaxial) Dipoles and Monopoles
The impedance of dipole/monopole antennas is very frequency sensitive.
The addition of a sleeve to a dipole or a monopole can increase the bandwidth
up to more than an octave and fine-tune the input impedance.

lm

This type of antenna closely resembles two asymmetrically fed dipoles and
can be analyzed using the approximation in (d). The outer shield of the coaxial
line is connected to the ground plane, but it also extends above it a distance h
[see (a)] in order to provide mechanical strength, impedance tuning and
impedance broadband characteristics. The equivalent in (d) consists of two
dipoles, which are asymmetrically driven at z = + h or z = −h (offset feed).
When analyzing the field of the two asymmetrically driven dipoles, we can
ignore the change in diameter occurring at the feed point.
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 The input impedance Z as of an asymmetric dipole can be related to the
impedance Z s of a center-fed (symmetric) dipole of the same length l using the
assumption for sinusoidal current distribution [see Lecture 9],
 I 0 sin   ( 0.5l − z ' )  , 0  z '  l / 2
I ( z ') =  (11.12)
 I 0 sin   ( 0.5l + z ' )  , − l / 2  z '  0.
The impedances Zas and Zs relate to the radiated power Π through their
respective current magnitudes, I ( z = h) and I ( z = 0) . Imposing the condition
that for a given current distribution the power delivered by the transmitter must
be equal to the radiated (active) and stored (reactive) power of the antenna,
leads to
Z s I s2 = Z as I as
2 . (11.13)
Thus,
2
 I ( z  = 0)  sin 2 (  l / 2)
Z as (h) = Z s   = Zs . (11.14)
 I ( z  = h )    l  
sin 2    − h  
 2 
For a half-wavelength dipole,  l / 2 =  / 2 and sin(0.5 −  h) = cos(  h) .
Thus, the relation (11.14) reduces to
Zs 
Z as (h) = , for l = . (11.15)
cos 2 (  h) 2
The relation between the input impedances of the symmetric and
asymmetric dipole feeds is illustrated in the figure below.

I
h I as
z
z = 0 Z
as

I
Is
z
Zs
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 The relation between Z as and the impedance Z m associated with the current
maximum I m (remember from Lecture 9 that the radiation resistance of the
dipole is Rr = Re Z m ) can be found through Z s bearing in mind that
Z s = Z m ( I m / I s )2 . (11.16)
Since I m = I s for l   / 2 and I m sin(  l / 2) = I s for l   / 2 , it follows that
Zs = Zm , if l   / 2
Zm (11.17)
Zs = , if l   / 2.
sin 2 (  l / 2)
Now (11.14) can be written in terms of Zm as
 sin 2 (  l / 2) 
 Zm , if l 
  l   2
 sin 2    − h  
  2 
Z as ( h ) =  (11.18)
 Zm 1 
, if l 
   l   2
 sin    2 − h  
2

   
It is now obvious that we can tune the input impedance of a dipole by moving
the feed point off-center. In the case of a sleeve monopole, this is achieved by
changing h, i.e., shortening or extending the sleeve along the stub.
Let us examine the equivalent antenna structure in Figure (d). It consists of
two asymmetrically driven dipoles in parallel. The total input current is
I in = I as ( z  = + h) + I as ( z  = −h) . (11.19)
The input admittance is
I in I as ( z  = + h ) + I as ( z  = − h ) I as ( z  = h )  I as ( z  = − h ) 
Yin = = = 1 + I ( z  = + h )  (11.20)
Vin Vin Vin  as 
 I ( z  = − h) 
 Yin = Yas 1 + as . (11.21)
 I as ( z  = + h ) 
Since the two dipoles in (d) are geometrically identical and their currents are
equal according to image theory, I as ( z  = − h ) = I as ( z  = + h ) , it follows from
(11.21) that
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 Yin  2Yas . (11.22)
Thus, the impedance of the sleeve antenna in (a) is twice smaller than the
impedance of the respective asymmetrically driven dipole [one of the dipoles in
(d)]. This conclusion is in agreement with the general relation between the
impedance of a monopole above a ground plane and its respective dipole (of
doubled length) radiating in open space (see Lecture 10).
The first sleeve-dipole resonance occurs at a length lm   / 4 . The other
important design variable is the monopole-to-sleeve ratio  = (lm − h) / h . It has
been experimentally established that  = 2.25 yields optimum (nearly constant
with frequency) radiation patterns over a 4:1 band. The value of  has little
effect on the radiation pattern if lm   / 2 , since the current on the outside of
the sleeve has approximately the same phase as that on the top portion of the
monopole. However, for longer lengths, the ratio  has notable effect on the
pattern since the current on the outside of the sleeve is not necessarily in phase
with that on the top portion of the monopole. Some practical sleeve dipoles and
monopoles are shown below.

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 m 
l
h 4

m
2.25
h
coax
(d) another sleeve
monopole

So far, we have assumed that the cross-section of the wire is circular of

radius a . An electrically equivalent radius can be obtained for some uniform
wires of non-circular cross-sections. This is helpful when calculating the
impedance of dipoles made of non-circular wires. The equivalent radii for
certain wires are given below.

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 [Balanis]

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4. Turnstile Antenna
The turnstile antenna is a combination of two orthogonal dipoles fed in
phase-quadrature. This antenna is capable of producing circularly polarized
field in the direction, which is normal to the dipoles’ plane. It produces an
isotropic pattern in the dipoles’ plane (the  -plane) of linearly (along θ̂ )
polarized wave. In all other directions, the wave is elliptically polarized.

z

dipole #1

y
y
dipole #2

In the  = 90 ,270 plane (the yz plane in which the dipoles lie), the field is a
superposition of the separate dipole fields the patterns of which as a function of
time are
E(1) (t ) = sin  cos t , (11.23)
Ey(2) (t ) = siny  cos( t   / 2) =  sin( / 2 −  )  sin  t =  cos   sin  t. (11.24)
In the yz plane, the y -component of a vector is actually a  -component.
Equations (11.23) and (11.24) define the total field as
E (t , ) = sin  cos t  cos  sin t , (11.25)
which reduces to
E (t , ) = sin (  t ) . (11.26)
The rms pattern is circular, although the instantaneous pattern rotates.

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 rms pattern


instantaneous
pattern

3-D Turnstile Total Field Magnitude Pattern:

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3D Gain Patterns of Trunstile (Vz = 1, V y = 1e j /2 )

(a) LH-CP gain pattern (b) RH-CP gain pattern

5. Inverted-L and Inverted-F Antennas

The L-antenna (or inverted-L antenna) can be viewed as a bent monopole.
The bending of the monopole results in a reduced size and low profile. In fact
the first designs were made for missile applications (R. King et al.,
“Transmission-line missile antennas,” IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Jan.
1960, pp. 88-90). The reduction of the monopole’s height results in reduced
radiation resistance and bandwidth. Besides, the main angle of radiation is
depressed as there is substantial radiation not only from the monopole h but
also from the arm l. A popular amateur-radio antenna is the  / 4 inverted-L
where h = l =  / 8 .

ground

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 l

ground

The inverted-F antenna uses a shifted feed point (a “tap”) along the bent arm
l, to obtain better impedance match (offset feed).
Both the inverted-L and the inverted-F antennas can be analyzed using
equivalent transmission line models. Their patterns in both principal planes are
not much different from those of a monopole.
A popular antenna for mobile handsets is the planar inverted-F (PIFA) or its
variations:

Figure from M.A. Jensen et al., “EM interaction of handset antennas and a
human in personal communications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 83 , No. 1,
Jan. 1995, pp. 7-17. (Note: BIFA stands for bent inverted F antenna)

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6. Matching Techniques for Wire Antennas
There are two major issues when constructing the feed circuit: impedance
matching and balanced-unbalanced matching.
6.1. Impedance matching
1+ |  |
VSWR = . (11.27)
1− |  |
The reflected-to-incident power ratio is given by |  |2 where Γ is the reflection
coefficient). In terms of the VSWR, this is
2
 VSWR − 1 
|  |2 =   . (11.28)
 VSWR +1 
The transmitted-to-incident power ratio is given by
| T |2 = 1− |  |2 . (11.29)
Impedance mismatch is undesirable not only because of the inefficient power
transfer. In high-power transmitting systems, high VSWR leads to maxima of
the standing wave which can cause arcing. Sometimes, the frequency of the
transmitter can be affected by severe impedance mismatch (“frequency
pulling”). Excessive reflections can damage the amplifying stages in the
transmitter.

TABLE: VSWR AND TRANSMITTED POWER

VSWR |  |2 100% | T |2 100%
1.0 0.0 100.0
1.1 0.2 99.8
1.2 0.8 99.2
1.5 4.0 96.0
2.0 11.1 88.9
3.0 25.0 75.0
4.0 36.0 64.0
5.0 44.4 55.6
5.83 50.0 50.0
10.0 66.9 33.1

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 A common way to find the proper feed location along a dipole or monopole
is to feed off-center, which provides increase of the input impedance with
respect to the center-feed impedance according to (11.14) and (11.15). For
example, the input resistance of a center-fed half-wavelength dipole is
approximately 73 Ω, which is well suited for a 75-Ω coaxial line if proper care
is taken of the balanced-to-unbalanced transition. However, it is not well
matched to a 300-Ω antenna cable where we do not have to worry about a
balanced-to-unbalanced transition since both the antenna and the cable are
balanced. Greater values of the dipole input impedance (close to 300 Ω) are
easily achieved by moving the feed off center. Similarly, the quarter-
wavelength monopole has an input resistance of approximately 37  and
usually the sleeve-type of feed is used to achieve greater values of the antenna
input impedance such as 50 Ω to achieve better impedance match to a 50-Ω
coaxial cable.
As a word of caution, the off-center feed is not symmetrical and can lead to
undesirable phase reversal in the antenna if l   / 2 . This may profoundly
change the radiation pattern.

l =  l =

l=
 2
l=
4

To avoid current phase reversal, symmetrical feeds for increased impedance

are used. A few forms of shunt matching (or shunt feed) are shown below:

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 C

(a) Delta match (b) Tee match (c) Gamma match

We explain the principles of operation of the T-match only, which is the

simplest of all to design and which gives the basic idea for all shunt feeds.
Similarly to the folded-dipole analysis, the T-match interconnection together
with the antenna can be viewed as two shorted transmission lines (in TL mode
of operation) and a dipole (in an antenna mode of operation), which is longer
than the two shorted TLs. The shorted TLs are less than quarter-wavelength
long, and, therefore, they have an inductive reactance. This reactance is usually
greater than the capacitive reactance of the dipole and an additional tuning
lumped capacitor might be necessary to achieve better match. As the distance D
increases, the input impedance increases (current magnitude drops). It has a
maximum at about D = l / 2 (half the dipole’s length). Then, it starts decreasing
again, and when D = l , it equals the folded-dipole input impedance. In practice,
sliding contacts are made between the shunt arms and the dipole for impedance
adjustments and tuning. Note that shunt matches radiate and may alter the
patterns and the directivity.
The Gamma-match is essentially the same as the T-match, only that it is
designed for unbalanced-balanced connection.
Additional matching devices are sometimes used such as quarter-
wavelength impedance transformers, reactive stubs for compensating antenna
reactance, etc. These devices are well studied and described in Microwave
Engineering courses.

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6.2. Balanced-to-unbalanced feed
Sometimes, when high-frequency devices are connected, their impedances
may be well matched and still we may observe significant reflections. This is
sometimes referred to as “field mismatch.”
A typical example in antennas is the interconnect between a coaxial line of
Z c = 75  and a half-wavelength dipole of Zin = 73  . The reflections are
much more severe than one would predict using equation (11.28). This is
because the field and the current distributions in the coaxial line and at the input
of the wire dipole are very different [see figure below]. The unequal currents on
the dipole’s arms unbalance the antenna and the coaxial feed and induce
currents on the outside of the coax shield which are the reason for parasitic
radiation. To balance the currents, various devices are used, called baluns
(balanced-to-unbalanced transformer).

I 2 − I 3  I1 I1

I1 current on dipole
I3 is unbalanced
I2
unwanted current
leakage on outside | I1 |=| I 2 |
of shield unbalances current in coax
current on dipole is balanced

Zc

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 A. Sleeve (bazooka) balun 1:1
The sleeve and the outer conductor of the coaxial feed form another coaxial
line, which has a characteristic impedance of Z c . This line is shorted quarter-
wavelength away from the antenna input terminals. Thus, its input impedance is
very large and results in: (i) suppression of the currents on the outer shield (I3),
and (ii) no interference with the antenna input impedance, which is in parallel
with respect to the coaxial feed. This is a narrowband balun, which does not
transform the impedance (1:1 balun). It is not very easy to construct.
I2 I1

I1

I3 = 0
I2

Z c 4

Zc

B. Folded balun 1:1 (split-coax balun,  / 4 -coax balun)

This 1:1 balun is easier to make. It is also narrowband.

I 2 − I3 I1 I1 − I 4
wire #1 a b wire #2

I3 I4 
I1 
4
I2
| I3 |=| I 4 | 0

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The outer shields of the feeding coaxial line and the additional coax-line section
form a twin-lead transmission line, shorted a distance   / 4 away from the
antenna input. This line’s input is in parallel with the antenna’s terminals but
does not affect the overall impedance because it has infinite impedance. The
additional piece of coaxial line re-directs a portion of the I1 current, which
induces the twin-lead current I 4 . The currents I3 and I 4 are well balanced
( I 3 = I 4 ) because the current of wire #1 ( I 2 − I 3 ) would induce as much current
at the outer coaxial shield I3 , as the current of wire #2 ( I1 − I 4 ) would induce
in the outer shield of the auxiliary coaxial piece I 4 . This is due to the structural
similarity of the two interconnects; see nodes (a) and (b) in the Figure. Thus,
I3 I4
= .
I 2 − I 3 I1 − I 4
Since I1 = I 2 in the feeding coaxial line, it is also true that I 3 = I 4 . Thus, the
current at the outer coaxial shield is effectively canceled from a certain point on
(   / 4 ).

C. Half-wavelength coaxial balun 1:4

Z2 (balanced) I1 1 I 2 = 0.5 I1
1 2
I2 0.5V
0.5V R1

/2

4  V R2
R2 = 4 R1

I2 0.5V
Z
Z1 = 2 (unbalanced) 2 I2
4

Typically, a coaxial feed of Z c = 75  would be connected with such a

balun to a folded dipole of Z A  292  [see equation (11.11)]. The principle
of operation is explained by the equivalent circuit on the right. The auxiliary
piece of coaxial line (λ/2 long) transforms the input voltage at terminal 1 to a
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voltage of the same magnitude but opposite polarity at terminal 2. It also splits
the input current into two equal parts (why?). Thus, the load “sees” twice larger
voltage and twice smaller current compared to the case without balun. Hence
the 4-fold increase in impedance.

D. Broadband baluns
All baluns described above are narrowband because of the dependence on
the wavelength of the auxiliary transmission-line sections. Broadband baluns
for high-frequency applications can be constructed by tapering a balanced
transmission line to an unbalanced one gradually over a distance of several
wavelengths (microstrip-to-twin-lead, coax-to-twin-lead).
At lower frequencies (below UHF), tapered baluns are impractical, and
transformers are used for impedance adjustment and balancing the feed. Often,
ferrite-core bifilar wound-wire baluns are preferred for their small dimensions
and broadband characteristics (bandwidths of 10:1 are achievable). A ferrite-
core transformer 1:1, which is equivalent to the folded balun 1:1, but is much
more broadband, is shown below.

I 2 − I3 I1 I1 − I 4
wire #1 wire #2

I3 I4 

4
I2

The transmission line formed by the outer shields of the two coaxial cables is
now a very high-impedance line because of the high relative permeability of the
ferrite core. Thus, it does not disturb significantly the antenna input impedance,
which is in parallel with it. At the same time, its electrical length is not critical.
The ferrite core is also fairly lossy, effectively attenuating all currents excited
on the outer shields of the coaxial (active and dummy) cables.

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7. Dipoles with Traps
In many wideband applications, it is not necessary to have frequency-
independent antennas (which are often expensive) but rather antennas that can
operate at two (or more) different narrow bands. Typical example is the type of
multi-band antennas in cellular communication systems. A dual-band antenna
can be constructed from a single center-fed dipole (or its respective monopole)
by means of tuned traps [see figure (a) below]. The same principle applies to
monopoles as well. Each trap is a tuned parallel LC circuit (although it does
have parasitic resistance as well, typically associated with the coil). At
frequency f1 , for which the whole dipole is   / 2 long, the trap behaves like
an inductor because the coil’s susceptance is larger than that of the capacitor,
BL = 1 / (1L)  BC = 1C . This reduces slightly the resonant length of the
dipole or monopole [see figure (a) below] and has to be taken into account. At
another frequency f 2  f1 , the traps become resonant ( BL + BC = 0 ) and
effectively cut off the outer portions of the dipole, making the dipole shorter
and resonant at this higher frequency. If the traps, for example, are in the
middle of the dipole arms, then f 2 = 2 f1 is the resonant frequency for half the
dipole and the antenna can operate equally well at two frequencies separated by
an octave.

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 [Figures from Kraus, Antennas, 2nd ed., p. 744]

It should be noted that the isolation of the outer portion of the dipole depends
not only on the high impedance of the traps but also on the impedance of this
outer portion. When the outer arm portions are about  / 4 long, they have very
low impedance compared to the trap’s impedance and are effectively
mismatched, i.e., their currents are negligible. This is not the case if the outer
portions are  / 2 long, when they represent very high impedance themselves
and become impedance matched to the inner portion of the dipole “terminated”
by the traps. They are then no longer isolated and support significant current. In
fact, resonant traps cause current phase reversal and can thus be used to
construct electrically long dipoles (longer than a wavelength) that support in-
phase current along the whole dipole [see figure (b) above].
A coil alone can form a trap at certain (very high) frequency because of its
own distributed capacitance. It can also act as a 180 phase shifter (the coil may
be viewed as a coiled-up  / 2 wire element). The use of this property is
illustrated in figure (b) which shows how one can construct an array of 4 in-
phase  / 2 -elements with a single feed and achieve a gain of 6.4 dBi. Figure
(c) shows the 3 / 4 monopole, which is obtained from the dipole in (b) by
cutting the dipole at point A, and mounting it above a ground plane. This is a
common antenna for cordless phone handsets. Its gain can be as high as 8.3 dBi
and it has an input resistance of  150  .

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