Big Picture in Focus: ULOb.

Apply basic knowledge and skills of

Principles on Law Enforcement operations and

demonstrate knowledge of principles of public safety in the

conduct of disaster and relief operation

Metalanguage

For you to better understand ULOb, you will need to have an operational
understanding of the following terms below. Please note that you will also be required to refer
to the previous definitions found in ULOa section.

• BEAT PATROL – The deployment of officers in a given community, area or locality

to prevent and deter criminal activity and to provide day-to-day services to the
community.

• POLICE OPERATIONS - are defined as the job duties, responsibilities, and activities
that law enforcement agents complete in the field. In this lesson, we'll explore different
aspects of police operations, such as communication, patrolling, specialized police
operations, and diversity challenge.

• CRIME SCENE – A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been
committed.

• FIRST RESPONDERS – Are members of the police, military, fire, medical teams, and
other volunteer organizations who are expected to be the first to respond to calls for
assistance in cases of incidents involving explosives.

• BEAT - is the territory and time that a police officer patrols. Beat police typically,
patrol on foot or bicycle which provides more interaction between police and
community members.

• "Disaster" - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society

involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and
impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using
its own resources.

• “Search and Rescue Operation” – is the search for and provision of aid to people
who are in distress or imminent danger.

• “Search and Retrieval Operation” - is the search for the property or human remains
after a natural or manmade disaster occurred in a particular area.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE

For the next 4-5 weeks of this course, topics that are presented from this chapter were
taken from the approved references of the course. Please note that you are not limited to
exclusively refer to the resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research
articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.

1. Principles of Law Enforcement operations

Regardless of the type of function to be performed and/or police operations to be

conducted, all PNP personnel must know by heart and shall comply with and apply the
following principles and procedures.

RULE 1. FUNCTIONS OF A POLICE OFFICER

1.1 To Serve and Protect The responsibility of every police officer is to serve the public and
protect life and property. No police operation shall be conducted in order to serve or protect
the illegal activity of a particular person, group or criminal syndicate.
1.2 To Observe Human Rights and Dignity of Person All PNP personnel shall respect the
human rights and dignity of the suspect/s during police operations.
The Chiefs of Police are designated on the basis of their competence and ability to lead,
supervise and administer the frontline units of the Philippine National Police. The Police
Stations are considered the basic police units that are in direct contact with the populace.
The elements of the Police Stations are necessarily expected to be the better, if not the best,
policemen available. The Police Chiefs are expected to be the best, and the brightest among
the qualified officers in the command.
Police operations - refer to activities conducted by law enforcement officers as they “serve
and protect.” These activities include patrol, traffic, investigation, and general calls for
service. Historically, police officers have been viewed as law enforcement officers who keep
the law from being broken and apprehend those who break it.

2. Patrol Operation

The Philippine National Police is mandated to enforce the law, maintain peace and
order, protect life and property, ensure public safety with the active support of the
community. The patrol elements composed of the foot and mobile patrols are the most
ubiquitous members of the force and are synonymous to police presence.

They are the ones who almost always arrive first at the scene of the crime in response
to calls for police assistance. Being the “First Responders,” it is imperative that patrol
officers are able to identify violations of law, bring criminals to justice, collect, and
preserve pieces of evidence, and assist in the prosecution of offenders.

The concept of patrol has evolved since the time of the night watchmen in the 1700s.
With the advent of technology and the need for fast mobile response time for patrol
officers, the concept of patrol has developed into three basic types (Thomas, 2010).
3. Patrol Related Programs of the PNP

In the Philippines, the PNP is the government agency mandated to enforce

the law, prevent, and control crimes, maintain peace and order, and ensure
public safety and internal security with the active support of the community.

The police operations of the PNP implements patrol-related programs such as

the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) and the Patrulya Ng Pulis (PNP,
PNP Operations: Status of Implementation and Program/Project Evaluation
and Assessment.

Implemented since November 27, 2010, the Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS) is a crime prevention program that focuses on high police visibility
through foot and mobile patrols against street crimes and crimes involving
the use of firearms. It recently intensified its campaign against motorcycle-
riding criminals through a more aggressive foot and mobile patrol force.
Implemented since November 26, 2011, the Patrulya Ng Pulis is another
crime prevention program that intensifies police visibility. It aims to augment
the strength of the uniformed PNP personnel by tapping unformed
administrative personnel to perform limited beat patrol duties.

Patrol is considered as a primary law enforcement function that performs

much more than the act of patrolling Patrol officers may be engaged in a
variety of activities that not only cover practically all police functions but also
include handling situations not directly related to crime prevention or law
enforcement. In fact, patrol work can be described as the most difficult,
dangerous, and complex job in the police department.
Almost every police activity stems from the work done by patrol officers, and
every other division unit within a police department is dependent upon its
patrol force. Patrol units are distinctly marked in the performance of their duty
whether it is in patrol cars, motorcycles, horses, boats, bikes, or helicopters.

As the first responder at the scene, a patrol officer could possibly be the only
person who gets to view the crime scene immediately after the crime took
place. He therefore has the responsibility to maintaining the links that
connect the suspect to the victim and the crime scene. The officer must
immediately determine the reasonable limits of the crime scene.
4. Job, Duties and Tasks of Police Patrol Officer

1) Provide for public safety by maintaining order, responding to emergencies,

protecting people and property, enforcing motor vehicle and criminal laws,
and promoting good community relations.

2) Identify, pursue, and arrest suspects and perpetrators of criminal acts.

 3) Record facts to prepare reports that document incidents and activities.

4) Review facts of incidents to determine if criminal act or statute violations

were involved.

5) Render aid to accident victims and other persons requiring first aid for
physical injuries.

6) Testify in court to present evidence or act as witness in traffic and criminal

cases.

7) Evaluate complaint and emergency-request information to determine

response requirements.

8) Patrol specific area on foot, horseback, or motorized conveyance,

responding promptly to calls for assistance.

9) Monitor, note, report, and investigate suspicious persons and situations,

safety hazards, and unusual or illegal activity in patrol area.

10) Investigate traffic accidents and other accidents to determine causes and
to determine if a crime has been committed.

11) Photograph or draw diagrams of crime or accident scenes and interview

principals and eyewitnesses.

12) Monitor traffic to ensure motorists observe traffic regulations and exhibit
safe driving procedures.

13) Relay complaint and emergency-request information to appropriate

agency dispatchers.

14) Issue citations or warnings to violators of motor vehicle ordinances.

5. Basic Requirements of Police Operation

The general rule in the conduct of police operations entails that police officers
should be:
a) In complete police uniform with ID and name plate
b) Led by a Commissioned Officer
c) On-board or using marked PNP vehicle
▪ The use of warning shot is strictly prohibited as this will pose danger to life and
property especially in crowded areas. They will instead use any peaceful means
including use of whistles and megaphones, or any similar means to influence, warn
the offenders or suspects to stop and/or peacefully surrender to authority.
 ▪ Police officers are prohibited from firing at moving vehicles, excessive use of force
and use of deadly weapons unless the suspect poses imminent danger of causing
death or serious physical injury to other persons or the police officers. Our police
force is trained on the rules of the use of force and/or reasonable force and in
determining imminent danger during operations in accordance with the Police
Operational Procedures and provisions of the Rules of Criminal Procedures.

6. PATROL PLANNING AND DEPLOYMENT

When we read the newspaper or listen to the news on TV, we learn about robberies
and shootouts in malls around Metro Manila. We also learn about the growing threat
of international terrorism, numerous people becoming victims of terrorist attacks in
public places such as buses, trains, and airplanes.

Patrol officers have a critical role in preventing such incidents from happening by
closely monitoring potential target areas. Formulating strategic plans is therefore
very important in making sure that patrol operations are maximizing resources to
prevent crime.

7. Patrol Planning

Patrol organization is the deliberate arrangement of patrol personnel in a manner

which enables the efficient and effective performance of patrol tasks for the purpose
of assignment to areas of responsibility with clear cut channel of communication and
authority.

The emphasis is to accomplish a specific purpose that is goal directed and deliberate
structured in an effective and efficient way.

Planning involves the act of working out a series of steps in a systematic and orderly
manner.

Patrol planning it is the process of formulating workable methods, activities, and

procedures in the police organization for the purpose of attaining a set of goals and
objectives. It involves for the purpose of attaining a set of goals and objectives, it
involves the orderly arrangement of steps that consider particular prevailing
situations at various times and places. It entails a systematic determination of facts
and basis for police formulation, making sure that a rational and strategic design is
employed to develop procedures and techniques.

7.1 Importance of a Patrol Plan

1. Good planning assumes the most effective and economical use of resources by
allocating scarce resources to the most critical gaps and needs.

2. The plan breaks down broad goals into more practical objective and enumerates
doable steps to achieve it.
 3. The plan serves as guide or reference in both training and performance. It
coordinates the efforts and places of responsibility.

4. The planning process gives continued attention to the improvement of the

practices and procedures by thinking about the long-term future of the project and the
sustainability of the activity targets and impacts.

7.2 Operational plan

A plan is considered operational because the people who will implement the
plan need to determine and identify clear objectives, activities to be delivered,
quality standard, desired outcomes, staffing and resource requirements,
implementation timetables, and a process for monitoring progress. An operational
plan answers the questions where we are now, were do we want to be, how do
we get there and how we measure our progress.

In police operations, these plans are used by the patrol, detective, vice, and
juvenile control to accomplish their primary police task. Examples of these are:

• Planning of specific patrol activities

• Distributing personnel according to shifts

• Distributing personnel proportionate to the territory according to the needs of

the service

• Preparing for special details to meet unexpected circumstances Campaign

planning and staff designation.

7.3 Tactical Plan

Tactical plan breaks down strategic goals to particular, short term action plans that
tie the patrol officers daily work with the overall strategic plans of the police
department. They serve as the patrol unit’s guide in coping with specific
situation at known location. A systematic
determination and scheduling of the immediate or shortterm activities required in achieving
the objectives of Strategic Planning. Examples are actionable tasks for dealing with attacks
against the police station.

7.4 Procedural Plan

 A procedural plan includes standard operating procedures on the dayto-day
activities of patrol units such as the deployment of personnel in station level
and number of personnel deployed to beat patrols and deployment of patrol
cars and numbers of automobile and crews. Such as plan aids in the
performance of administrative responsibilities of the patrol unit.

7.4.1. Field procedure

This serves as the patrol unit’s general guide in the field as it includes the
courses of action to be taken in most situations such as receiving complaints,
dispatching, touring beats, raids, arrests, stopping suspicious persons,
investigation of crimes, and reporting. Headquarters procedure- this serves
as a guide on the duties of the duties of the dispatcher, jailer, matron, and
other personnel involved in patrol operations.

Special operation procedure - this serves as the patrol units guide on the course
of action to be taken during special operations such as the search and preservation of
physical evidence of the crime scenes and accidents, control of licenses, dissemination of
information about wanted person, inspections of the PNP headquarters, and the like.

7.5 Extra-Office Plan

It involved the assistance of individual citizens whose interest and active

participation is vital to the success of certain police programs.

These plans are crucial in order to continuously motivate, promote and

maintain an active public concern in its police affairs. It includes courses of
action that will organize the community to assist the accomplishment of
objectives in fields such as traffic control, organized crime, and juvenile
delinquency.

8. Planning the Arrest

• Responsibility of the Chief of Officer acting in his absence. If the arresting party
is composed of two (2) or more members, somebody must be placed in charge
preferably the most experienced. Consider the arresting and covering parties.
• Consider protection of innocent bystanders.
• Prevent escape of the subject.
• Discreet reconnaissance of the area. Determine the weapons and equipment
needed.
• Consider superiority of (a) manpower and (b) firepower.
• Is plan simple enough? Consider the element of SURPRISE (Daybreak has
proven satisfactory as the time for several successful arrests.
 • Consider SPEED in the execution of the plan.
• Consider overall coordination.
• Consider concealment or cover that might be available both in effecting arrest
and in removing the subject from the building.
• Briefing officer should ask participants if they have any questions to ask relative
to the plan.
SELF-HELP. You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson:
https://pnppro1.org/Downloads/First%20Responders%20Manual.pdf

9. Neighborhood Patrol (Neighborhood Watch Patrol)

A neighborhood watch or neighborhood, also called a crime watch or

neighborhood crime watch patrol, is an organized group of civilians devoted
to crime and vandalism prevention within a neighborhood.

The aim of neighborhood watch patrol includes educating residents of a

community on security and safety and achieving safe and secure
neighborhoods. However, when a criminal activity is suspected, members are
encouraged to report to authorities, and not to intervene.
A neighborhood watch program is a group of people living in the same area
who want to make their neighborhood safer by working together and in
conjunction with local law enforcement to reduce crime and improve their
quality of life.
Neighborhood watch groups have regular meetings to plan how they will
accomplish their specific goals and leaders with assigned responsibilities.
Neighborhood watch is homeland security at the most local level. It is an
opportunity to volunteer and work towards increasing the safety and security
of the residents.
Neighborhood watch patrol empowers citizens and communities to become
active in emergency preparedness, as well as the fight against crime and
community disasters.
Neighborhoods watch patrol represent some groups mobilize to patrol
neighborhoods, other distribute crime prevention information, some sectors
assess the effectiveness of the neighborhood patrol. Where disorder
problems are the primary focus of neighborhood patrol members, volunteers
 mobilize and conduct neighborhood clean-ups, or work with faith-based
organizations to assist with the community.
The neighborhood patrol is seemingly related to Barangay Peace Keeping
program.

10. Rule and Function of the PNP in Search and Rescue Operation (Guidelines in
the Management of Disaster and Relief Operations)

▪ The PNP is mandated to enforce the law, prevent, and control crimes,
maintain peace, and order, and ensure public safety and internal security
with the active support of the community.
▪ The PNP provides a range of services and conducts operations to achieve
and maintain peace and order and ensures that communities are safe.
▪ Considering that the PNP is practically present all over the country,
policemen are often, the first to respond during the first few hours of disaster
incidents. Such response is crucial and forms part of the government’s initial
action until the concerned government agencies and local government units
arrive to implement the appropriate disaster management.
▪ The PNP, as a member agency of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC) which is the principal policymaking and
coordinating body, shall conduct disaster risk reduction and management
activities through a three-stage approach, namely, Pro-active Assessment
Stage, Disaster Incident Management and Support to Recovery and
Rehabilitation efforts.
▪ This will be supervised by the PNP Critical Incident Management Committee
headed by The Deputy Chief, PNP for Operations (TDCO) and to be carried-
out by TDPCR as Chairman/Task Coordinator, PNP Sub Committee on
Disaster Management (PNP SCDM).

10.1 PNP Sub-Committee on Disaster Management (PNP SCDM)

▪ The PNP SCDM shall be organized and will be composed of the seventeen
Police Regional Office Disaster Incident Management Task Group (PRO
DIMTG) supported by a PNP National Headquarters Disaster Incident
 Management Task Group (PNP NHQ DIMTG) and be placed under the
command and control of TDPCR as the Chairman/Task Coordinator.
▪ The PNP SCDM shall conduct pre-disaster preparedness activities. They
may be deployed as well in the disaster/calamity area to conduct search and
rescue operation, evacuation and relief operations, emergency medical
services, and security and traffic management operation as the situation
warrants in support and coordination with the
NDRRMC. Police Regional Offices down to the Provincial,
City/Municipal Police Station level, shall exercise primary responsibility in the
conduct of disaster preparedness, risk reduction and disaster management
operations at their respective areas through their respective Disaster Incident
Management Task Group, supported by NSU Regional Offices and in
coordination with the Regional Director of the Civil Defense as Regional
Chairman.
▪ At the Provincial, City and Municipal levels, respective Provincial/City Police
Directors and Municipal Chiefs of Police shall initiate disaster preparedness,
risk reduction and disaster management operations in coordination with the
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (LDRRMC), as
stipulated under RA 10121.

SELF-HELP. You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson:
http://www.pnp.gov.ph/images/manualsandguides/DPCR/PNP-Disaster-
ResponseHandbook.pdf
https://dpcr.pnp.gov.ph/portal/images/downloads/CAD/Implan%20SAKLOLO%20201
4%20(Policing%20during%20Disaster).pdfHandbook complements LOI 35/10
“SAKLOLO REVISED” dated August 20, 2010

11. Methods and Procedure in the Protection of the Crime Scene

11.1 Protecting and Preserving the Crime Scene

a. Respond as soon as possible. Record the time of arrival, weather condition and
situation at the crime scene, and if possible, take photographs of the scene and its
immediate vicinity.
b. Establish the police lines and exclude unauthorized persons from the
scene.
 c. Avoid touching or stepping on anything that may represent evidence.
d. Check and protect adjacent areas from the scene where firearms, footprints,
dropped articles and bloodstains could be found.
e. Look for the presence of bloodstains and other body fluids.
f. Turn over all initial information and pieces of evidence gathered to the responding
investigation unit/elements.

11.2 Specific Functions, Responsibilities and Procedures

The following are the functions and responsibilities of the different players
during the crime scene investigation as well as procedures to be observed:

11.3 CRIME SCENE RESPONSE PROCEDURE

Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) is one of the most critical stages of any
criminal investigation. The initial actions taken at the crime scene by the First
Responders, Investigators and SOCO Team members at the outset of the
investigation are of such vital importance that oftentimes their actions would
determine the outcome of the investigation.

11.4 Specific Functions, Responsibilities and Procedures

The following are the functions and responsibilities of the different players

during the crime scene investigation as well as procedures to be observed: First

Responder:

a. The first Police Officers to arrive at the crime scene are the FRs who were
dispatched by the local police station/unit concerned after receipt of incident/flash/alarm
report,

b. Immediately, the FR shall conduct a preliminary evaluation of the crime

scene. This evaluation should include the scope of the incident, emergency services
required, scene safety concerns, administration of life saving
measures, and establishment of security and control of the scene

c. The FR is mandated to save and preserve life by giving the necessary first
aid measures to the injured and their medical evacuation, as necessary. The FR
shall likewise secure and preserve the crime scene by cordoning the area to prevent
unauthorized entry of persons,
 d. The FR shall take the dying declaration of severely injured person/s, if any.
The FR shall make the initial assessment on whether a crime has actually been
committed and shall conduct the preliminary interview of witnesses to determine
what and how the crime was committed,

e. If and when there is a suspect present in the area, the first responder shall
arrest, detain, and remove the suspect from the area; and

f. The FR, upon the arrival of the IOC, shall turn-over the crime scene to the
duty investigator/IOC after the former has briefed the investigator of the situation.

11.5 Duties of the First Responder

a. Proceed to the crime scene to validate the information received,

b. Record the exact time of arrival and all pertinent data regarding the incident in
his issued pocket notebook and notify the TOC,

c. Cordon off the area and secure the crime scene with a police line or whatever available
material like ropes, straws or human as barricade to preserve its integrity,

d. Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger and call for back up if
necessary,

e. Identify possible witnesses and conduct preliminary interview and ensure their
availability for the incoming investigator-on-case,

f. Arrest the suspect/s if around or in instances wherein the suspect/s is fleeing, make
appropriate notification for dragnet operations; g. Prepare to take the
“Dying Declaration” of severely injured persons with the following requisites:

1. That death is imminent, and the declarant is conscious of that fact.

2. That the declaration refers to the cause and surrounding circumstances of such death.

3. That the declaration relates to facts which the victim is competent to testify to; and

4. That the declaration is offered in a case wherein the declarant’s death is the subject of
the inquiry. (Section 37, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court).

h. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital using emergency services,

i. Account for the killed, wounded, and arrested persons for proper disposition,

j. Conduct initial investigation; and

k. Brief the investigator-on-case upon arrival and turn over the crime scene.

11.6 First Responder:

a. The first Police Officers to arrive at the crime scene are the FRs who were
dispatched by the local police station/unit concerned after receipt of
incident/flash/alarm report;

b. Immediately, the FR shall conduct a preliminary evaluation of the crime scene. This
evaluation should include the scope of the incident, emergency services required, scene
safety concerns, administration of life saving measures, and establishment of
security and control of the scene

c. The FR is mandated to save and preserve life by giving the necessary first aid
measures to the injured and their medical evacuation as necessary. The FR shall
likewise secure and preserve the crime scene by cordoning the area to prevent
unauthorized entry of persons;

d. The FR shall take the dying declaration of severely injured person/s, if any. The
FR shall make the initial assessment on whether a crime has actually been committed
and shall conduct the preliminary interview of witnesses to determine what and how
the crime was committed;

e. If and when there is a suspect present in the area, the first responder shall
arrest, detain, and remove the suspect from the area; and
f. The FR, upon the arrival of the IOC, shall turn-over the crime scene to the duty
investigator/IOC after the former has briefed the investigator of the situation.

12. Role of the Investigator on Case (IOC) /Duty Investigator

a. Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC shall request for a briefing from the FR and
make a quick assessment of the crime;

b. At this stage, the IOC shall assume full responsibility over the crime scene and shall
conduct a thorough assessment of the scene and inquiry into incident. If necessary, the
IOC may conduct crime scene search outside the area where the incident happened
employing any of the various search methods;

c. Based on the assessment, if the IOC determines that a SOCO team is required, he
shall report the matter to his COP and request for a SOCO, otherwise, the IOC shall
proceed with the CSI without the SOCO team and shall utilize CSI Form “4” – SOCO
Report Forms in the conduct of the CSI;

d. The IOC may by himself if the situation so demands, conduct CSI if, there is no
Provincial Crime Laboratory Office/Regional Crime Laboratory Office in the province. The
IOC must, however, ensure that the correct procedures in the collection of evidence are
observed to ensure the admissibility of the evidence;

e. The Police Station Operation Center, upon directive of the COP, shall make the
request for the SOCO team through the Provincial/City Operations Center;

f. It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City Operations Center to facilitate the

request for the SOCO Team;
g. Upon the arrival of the SOCO Team, the IOC shall accomplish the CSI Form “2” -
Request for the Conduct of SOCO and submit the same to the SOCO Team Leader. The
SOCO team shall not enter the crime scene unless the IOC makes the official written
request wherein, he assures the SOCO team of his presence and support; and

h. The IOC shall brief the SOCO Team upon their arrival at the crime scene and shall
jointly conduct the preliminary crime scene survey.

13. Crime Scene Photography

Photography is the primary tool for crime scene documentation. Proper crime
scene photography is a deliberate and systematic process. Its main purpose
is to visually convey all aspects of the scene to someone who was not there.
To accomplish this, all scene photography consists of three basic types of
images.
Crime scenes can be major sources of physical evidence that is used to
associate or link suspects to scenes, victims to scenes, and suspects to
victims. This is Locard's exchange principle. It is the basic principle of why
crime scenes should be investigated.
Anything found at a crime scene can be physical evidence. In scientific crime
scene investigation, the first activities at the crime scene are essential for the
successful preservation of the physical evidence. The first responder and
ultimately the crime scene investigator have the obligation to make the scene
secure and ensure that any further activities
 13.1 Forensic photography, also referred to as crime scene photography is an
activity that records the initial appearance of the crime scene and physical
evidence, in order to provide a permanent record for the courts. Crime scene
photography differs from other variations of photography because crime
scene photographers usually have a very specific purpose for capturing
each image.
Most crime scene photographers use a high-quality digital camera or 35mm
camera. Digital cameras which have ten megapixels, or greater, image
sensors and manual exposure settings (in addition to any automatic or
programmed exposure modes) are usually suitable for crime scene and
evidence photography.
For people who were at the original crime scene, forensic photos will help
refresh their memory as time goes by. People who could not be present at the
original crime scene, it provides them with the opportunity to see the crime
scene and the evidence within the crime scene.
Furthermore, the forensic photos can be utilized by law enforcement
professionals who will become involved with crime and will be utilized later
when the crime case goes to trial. Legal counsel and the witnesses can reuse
and utilize forensic photos for lawful evidence or references. Sometimes,
forensic photos can be the only way to collect lawful evidence; therefore, two
key points are important:

• Documentation of the crime scene and the evidence within the crime scene.
• Collection of evidence. These images can then be later used as examinationquality
photographs by experts/analysts from the forensic laboratory.

All forensic photography must consider three elements at a crime scene: the
subject, the scale, and a reference object. Also, the overall forensic
photographs must be shown a neutral and accurate. Crime scene photographs
should always be in focus, with the subject of the photograph as the main object
of the scene. There should always be a scale or ruler present.
This will allow the investigators the ability to resize the image to accurately
reconstruct the scene. The overall photographs must be a fair and accurate
representation of what is seen.
Preliminary overall photographs should attempt to capture the locations of evidence
and identifying features of the scene, such as addresses, vehicle identification
 numbers and serial numbers, footwear/tire mark impressions, and the conditions
of the scene. While the purpose of the overall photograph is to document the
conditions of the scene and the relationship of objects, the medium range
photograph serves to document the appearance of an object.
In all photographs, a scale must be included, as well as a marker to indicate the
identity of the object in question. Again, objects of medium-range photographs
must be a fair and accurate representation of what is seen.

SELF-HELP. You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_photography#:~:text=Forensic%20photograph
y%2C%20also%20referred%20to,permanent%20record%20for%20the%20courts

13.2 Overall Photographs

Overall photographs, as the name implies, capture the global aspects of the
crime scene. Their purpose is to show exactly where the scene was, to the
exclusion of any other location, and to show all boundaries of the scene.
These photographs are typically taken in an overlapping fashion from the
outside of the perimeter looking in, and from the center of the scene looking
out, covering all areas of the scene.
Items of evidence and their spatial relationships may be visible, but they are
not the main subject of the photograph. Aerial and spherical photographs are
valuable for capturing a complete set of overall images.

13.3 Midrange Photographs

Midrange photographs transition the viewer from an “outsider looking in”

perspective to a more involved perspective.
Items of evidence and their spatial relationships are shown, typically by
depicting a single item in relation to a fixed object in the scene. Done correctly,
this technique will show proper context, perspective, and scale.
It will also show the precise position of each item of evidence.
13.4 Close-up Photographs and Evidence Photography

Close-up photographs are deliberate depictions of individual items of evidence.

They must show all sides of the item and clearly show any markings, defects,
or other identifying features.
Each photograph is usually taken twice: once with a scale, and once without a
scale.
The image sensor of the camera must be oriented parallel to the surface being
photographed, in order to have a good image the forensic photographer is
advised to use a tripod.
The item must fill the frame of the camera. Shadows must be eliminated unless
they are intentional (e.g., present from oblique lighting to show texture).
Because of these requirements, close-up photography may be deferred until it
can be accomplished under controlled conditions.

SELF-HELP. You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson:
https://www.l-tron.com/what-three-types-of-photographs-are-taken-at-crime-scenes

13.5 Procedures on taking photographs

a. Overall photos of the scene are taken to show the approach to the area, street
signs, and streetlight locations in relation to the actual scene, street addresses and
identifying objects at the scene. Pictures should also be taken of every room in
the house, even if their relationship to the crime scene is not readily apparent.
b. Photograph the scene in a clockwise pattern before altering the body's
position or any other evidence within the scene. Photograph the scene from at least
2 opposite corners, but from all four corners is even better. This way, nothing is missed
or hidden from view by intervening objects.
c. Photograph the body and the immediate vicinity around the body. If you have a
camera boom, take pictures from ceiling height down of the victim and any other
evidence. This perspective often shows things missed when viewed from ground or eye
level. d. Keep a photo log.
14. INVESTIGATION BY THE TERRITORIAL UNIT CONCERNED

The Police Unit which has territorial jurisdiction over the area where the armed
confrontation occurred shall immediately undertake the necessary
investigation and processing of the scene of the encounter.
The Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) team shall conduct Crime Scene
Processing upon request.
In cases of armed confrontation wherein a suspect die, the TL of the operating
unit shall submit the incident for inquest before the duty Inquest Prosecutor
prior to the removal of the body from the scene except in areas where there
are no Inquest Prosecutors. In which case, the territorial police unit can
proceed with the investigation.

15. PATROL PROCEDURES

15.1 Duties and Responsibilities of Patrol Officers

a. Attend the Roll Call Formation before his Tour of Duty for briefing and
likewise attend the after Tour of Duty formation for debriefing.

b. Patrol the assigned beats, observe and check suspicious people,

structures/buildings, compounds, and vehicles.
c. Respond to calls, entertain complaints, initiate the investigation and
protection of the scene, and minimize the aftereffects of accidents, and other
catastrophes.
d. Observe and monitor public gatherings, prevent disorders, and disperse
unlawful assemblies.
e. Prevent crimes and arrest sighted law violators, assuring the public that peace is
preserved.
f. Inspect and/or conduct surveillance in various places of business
establishments and other installation and remove hazards to public
safety.
g. Assist personnel of responsible agencies/unit in facilitating the "ow of traffic
at busy intersections/roads within his Area of Responsibility (AOR), assist
and provide pedestrian information such as directions and street locations.
h. Conduct home visitations when circumstances warrants,
ugnayans/dialogues with the residents in their beat.
i. Report occurrences and conditions which relate to crime, public peace,
order, and safety.
j. Enforce city/municipal ordinances on liquor establishments and night clubs,
cabarets and all houses of ill-reputes; and
k. Check suspicious vehicles (private, public, or commercial/ delivery
vehicles) along the highways in the course of their patrol. l. Patrol Officers shall
wear the prescribed patrol uniform.
m. Patrol Officers must have the equipment necessary in the
performance of their duty.

15.2 Duties of Patrol Supervisors

a. In any operation, careful planning is a must in order to avoid waste of time, effort, and
resources. Make a patrol plan with the following details:

1) Area Coverage: safe haven, ambush areas and crime prone areas
2) Organizational Detail of Personnel
3) Duration
4) Stand-by points
5) Route plan
b. Designate and select the members of the patrol team/s.
c. Inspect the members of the patrol on the completeness of the uniforms, availability
of personnel, and operational readiness of personnel and equipment.
d. Conduct briefing, prior to dispatch, on the priority of activities to be undertaken
during the patrol as the situation demands; remind the patrol on the strict observance
of the PNP Operational Procedures.
e. Render hourly report of location and situation through radio/ telephone to Police
Community Precinct (PCP)/Station Headquarters Tactical Operation Center
(TOC).
f. Render after-patrol report duly signed by detailed personnel. PCP Commanders shall
collate and submit significant details to the Station Patrol Supervisor, who in turn,
will submit the same to the Provincial/District Patrol Supervisor.
g. Strictly observe “Buddy System” during the patrol operations.
h. Conduct debriefing after the patrol to assess its conduct and make necessary
corrective measures on defects noted.
 15.3 Patrol Guidelines

a. Observe precautionary measures and personal safety while on patrol.

b. Practice defensive driving and follow traffic rules and regulations.
c. Select routes which provide best visibility.
d. Be observant of people, places, situations, or conditions and develop a suspicious
attitude especially if the subject appears to be slightly out of the ordinary.
e. Use tact and persuasiveness when conducting spot inquiry or questioning individuals
for information.
f. When requiring a suspicious person or any individual for identification, avoid taking
the wallet or bag in which the cards/documents are placed. Let the individual
remove and hand them to you.
g. Be familiar, as much as possible, with known criminals/ex-convicts residing in or
frequenting the patrol beat.
h. Be on the alert for loiters.
i. Keep under close observation actions of juveniles, trouble makers/agitators and the
mentally ill/retarded persons.
j. Observe the practice of “shaking doors” of unguarded business establishments
during night patrol. Check for signs of intrusion.
k. When checking suspicious persons, places, buildings/ establishments and vehicles
especially during nighttime, be prepared to use your service supply. Flashlight should
be held tightly away from the body to avoid making you a possible target.
l. Be familiar with stay-in employees of business establishments in your beat.
m. Establish good rapport with the people in your beat.
n. Keep watch of uninhabited homes.
o. Patrol members should avoid loitering in theaters, restaurants, and other recreational
places.
p. Develop contacts by getting to know as many people as possible who can give
information about crime condition in the patrol beat.
q. Patrol members must be always on the look-out for indications of vices and other illegal
activities in their beat.
r. Patrol members must be knowledgeable of all conditions, events, and details of
places in their beat.
SELF-HELP. You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson:
https://www.pnpdhrdd.ph/jdownloads/DIRECTIVES/patrol101final.pdf

References:

1. Hill, Bryan, and Paynich, Rebecca (2014). Fundamentals of Crime Mapping. Second
Edition. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
2. Florendo, A.M.(2011). Police Planning and Operations: with Master Plans and Procedures.
Quezon City, Philippines, Wiseman’s Book Trading Inc.
3. Hess, K.M.; Orthmann, C.H. & Cho, H.L.(2011). Police Operations: Theory and Practice. Fifth
Edition. Australia: Delmar Cengage Learning
4. Boba, Rachel (2005). Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping. Thousand Oaks: Sage Pub.,
5. Primer on 1987 Phil. Constitution