Ap - Breed Chicken

Republic of the Philippines
Province of Ilocos Sur

ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEMOFARM
Km 429 Manila North Road
San Juan, Ilocos Sur
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ANIMAL
PRODUCTION
(POULTRY-CHICKEN)
NCII
BREED CHICKEN
(SUBJECT)
Prepared by:
WYNNIE U. RONDON
Trainer, ISCC Demofarm
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 1|

Breed Chicken [email protected]
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INTRODUCTION
Poultry is the collective term for all domesticated birds rendering economic service to man. The term is
applied to the living bird as well as to its dressed carcass. Chicken meat is a universal food eaten by people of all
nationality; by healthy as well as sick individual; are within the reach of well-do-so and poor people alike. Poultry
manure is recognized as one of the best organic fertilizer. A ton of chicken contains about:
Nitrogen – 20 pounds
Phosphoric acid – 16 pounds
Potash – 8 pounds
Feathers as articles of commerce:

a.) for stuffing pillows
b.) for adorning ladies and man’s hats
c.) for making costly fans
Birds as source of sport as cock fighting.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1.) Know the origin of chicken

2.) Determine the poultry species, its egg average egg weight and incubation period
3.) Determine the poultry classes, breeds and types
4.) Determine the classification of chicken according to its purpose and etc.
THE ORIGIN OF CHICKEN
The exact ancestry of the present-day chicken is not known. It is believed that the present breeds and
varieties of chickens descended from a common origin: The Red Jungle Fowl (Sc. Name: Gallus gallus), native of
Southeast Asia. Some investigators contend that there are three other species of jungle fowls that contributed to
the kinds of chicken we have today. These are Gallus sonnerati (Gray Jungle Fowl), Gallus lafayetti (Ceylonese
Jungle Fowl), and Gallus varius (Javan Jungle Fowl) (Green) and Gallus bankiwa (red)
LESSON 1. SPECIES OF POULTRY
Common Name Scientific Name Egg weight(g) Incubation Period

(Days)
1. Chicken Gallus gallus Linn 58 21
2. Ducks
- Mallard Pekin Anas platyrrhyncus (itik) 80-83 28
- Muscovy Cairina moschata 70 28
3. Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 85 28
4. Quail (Japanese Quail) Coturnic coturnix japonica 12 16-18

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5. Pigeon Columba livia 17 18
6. Geese Cygnopsis cygnoides 200 30-31
7. Swan Olor columbianus 285 35
8. Ostrich Struthio australis 1400 42
9. Peafowl Pavo cristatus 95 28
10. Pheasant Phasianus colchicus 32 23-24
11. Guinea fowl Numida meleagris 40 28
Development of Modern and Varieties

The hen of the wild jungle fowl is hardly 0.9 kg in weight and lays only a few eggs as compared to the
modern hen which lays as much as 320 eggs and weighs as much as 1.5 kg to 2.0 kg at 6 weeks of age.
What brought the change?

1. Genetic Mutation – some changes in the genetic make-up certain individuals due to factors that are within as
well as factors that surround the subject. The change may have been transmitted from generation with the
possibility of being modified from time to time as more factors and more individuals interact with each other.
2. Selection –
a.) Natural Selection (Survival of the fittest)
1. Climatic differences
2. Differences in nutrition
b.) Artificial Selection – the interference of man in achieving certain goals and personal ideals
(e.g.)
1. for meat
2. for eggs
3. for fighting cocks
4. for fancy feathers
The CHICKEN: CLASSES, BREEDS AND VARIETIES
The chicken is the most exploited species of poultry is utilized for food production in the whole world.
Scientific researches have been on this species in the past centuries and it still the focus of the present and future
experimentations. In the Philippines, chicken rank first, while ducks rank second, in economic as source as meat
and eggs.
SYSTEMS OF POULTRY RAISING

Based on the purpose and the extent to which birds are kept, poultry raising may be divided into 3
systems:
1. Backyard Poultry Raising – the keeping of poultry in small lots back of city and town residences. Kitchen and
table scraps, which are wasted if thrown into the garbage can, are fed to the birds and converted to eggs and meat.
This type of raising poultry helps reduce the family food expense but does not add much to the family income

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2. Farm Poultry Raising – the keeping of poultry by people living in barrios and villages as a sideline to general
farming. In this kind of poultry raising, the birds subsist mainly on stray grains, grasses and insects. The sale of
eggs and poultry adds to the family income.
3. Poultry Farming – the raising of poultry on a farm or lot devoted exclusively to the industry and where it is
the principal source of income.
Specialized lines in poultry farming

1. egg farm
2. broiler farm
3. breeding farm
4. hatchery farm
CLASSIFICATION OF BREEDS AND VARIETIES OF CHICKEN
1. Breed – a group of chicken (fowls) possessing certain conformation or shape of body that distinguishes them
from other chickens.
2. Variety – a group of chicken within a breed which possesses the same plumage color and type of comb.
- subdivision of a breed used to distinguish fowls having the standard shape and other.
Example:
BREED VARIETY
Leghorn White, Single Comb

Brown, Rose Comb
Plymouth Rock White, Barred
3. Class – a group of breeds having certain characteristics in common and which were developed in the same
place of origin.
4. Strain – a group of chicken within a variety of a breed has been under constant specific selection for certain
traits by a specified breeder for periods of about 5-8 years.
- a family of any variety of poultry that possesses and reproduces with marked regularity common
individual characteristics which distinguish this other families of the same variety.
Varieties or individuals under the same breed may have an entirely different ancestry.

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Classification of Chicken Breeds:
1. Utility Classification – based on the purpose for which their type appears most efficient and for which they are
supposedly bred
2. Standard Classification – based on the country from which the breed originated.
Classification According to Utility:

1.) EGG CLASS – the breed belong to this class is characterized by their comparatively small size. They lay large
white-shelled eggs, very active and nervous in temperament. They are non-sitters. The earlier selection of
geneticist for this class showed record of early maturity that may not necessarily be true with the modern breeds
under this class.
Examples: Babcock, Dekalb, H & N, Hi-sex White, Kimber, Starcross, Lohman/Leghorn, Minorca, Mikawa
EGG STRAINS SOURCES OF STOCKS
1. Arbor Acres San Miguel Corporation

P.O. Box 271, Manila
2. Babcock Sarmiento Agriculture Development

Corporation
Sarmiento Bldg. II, Pasong Tamo Ext.
3. Kimber Lorenzo Poultry Farms
4. Starcross Universal Robina Farms

CFC Bldg., Bo. Ugong Paig, M.M.
5. Hy-line Winmar Poultry Farms, Inc.

Sta. Mesa Manila
6. H & N RFM Corporation

Pioneer St., Mandaluyong, M.M.
7. Dekalb General Milling Corp.

8. Hisex White Console Farms Corp.

2 Samat St., SMH, Quezon City

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2.) MEAT CLASS – To this class belong the breeds that are large, slow in movement, quiet, and gentle in
disposition. Geneticist of the past described them as relatively slow maturing which may not hold true anymore
with the present meat breeds. They are generally poorer egg layers and generally lay-brown shelled eggs.
Examples: Anak, Pilch-de-kalb, Starbro, Arbor Acre, Avian Peterson, Cobb/ Brahma, Cochin, Langshan, Cornish
Meat Strains Sources of Stock
1. Arbor Acres San Miguel Corporation

P.O.Box 271, Manila
2. Cobb Color-Sex Broiler Chicks Sarmiento Agriculture Development

Corporation
Sarmiento Bldg. II, Pasong Tamo Ext.
3. Goto White Rock Broiler Chicks Dalisay Farms, Inc.

Dasmarinas, Cavite
4. Hubbard Broiler Chicks Golden Poultry Farms
5. Indian River Broiler Chicks Winmar Poultry Farms Inc.

Sta. Mesa Manila
6. Lohman Console Farms

Batuhan, San Miguel, Bulacan or 2 Samat St.
Quezon City
7. Peterson RFM Corporation

8. Pitch-Dekalb Broiler Chicks General Milling Corporation

9. Starbro 15 Universal Robina Farms

CFC Bldg., Bo. Ugong Paig, M.M.
3. GENERAL PURPOSE CLASS. Breeds of chickens in this class are medium-sized, good layers and the young
fast growers. They are not so nervous as the egg class but much more active than the meat class.
Example: New Hampshire, Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock, Lancaster, Nagoya, Cantonese. Australorp

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The general purpose of this breeds had its popularity period when the idea of the poultry breeder was to
hit both products of egg and meat in one kind of breed. Later, developments proved that specialization of breed
purpose is the better goal for more efficient production. The general purpose class at present has been modified
and developed by breeders in the production of broiler chicks.
4. FANCY CLASS. The breeds under this class may be characterized as possessing decided beauty of plumage or
form of having a rare unusual appearance. Most of them are raised chiefly as ornamentals or pets by hobbyist,
regardless of their value as a source of food.
Example Frizzle, Bantams, Long Tailed.
5. FIGHTING CLASS. Since this sport is now legalized in the Philippines, it should revolutionize our original
vision that fighting cock breeds has no place for our study. There are groups of these kinds of chicken now
developed by national and international aficionados in this game. Since there are no studies conducted on the
breeding or raising of these game fowls, the IAS could not profess any knowledge of what kind and what process
of raising will assure a cock to win the fight.
The popular ones are Ruble, Hulsay, Claret, Oasis.
UNDER STANDARD CLASSIFICATION
1. AMERICAN CLASS. Breeds and varieties that were developed in American continent. The most popular are
Plymouth Rock (White, Barred, Speckled, Brown), Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds, New Hampshire, Lancaster.
2. ASIATIC CLASS – These breeds were developed in Asia. They are large-bodied with heart bones feathered
shanks and poor layers. Example: Brahma, Cochin, Langshan, Cantonese, Nagoya.
3. MEDITERRANEAN CLASS – all the breeds that were developed in the Mediterranean regions. It is related to
its utility grouping since most of the Mediterranean origin are on the egg type breeds. They produce large-white
shelled eggs.
Example: Leghorn, Minorcas, Anconas
4. ENGLISH CLASS – specifically the breeds that were developed in England and its colonial territories like
Dorkings, Australorps, Cornish, Orpington.
5. Other Classes by Origin of development are Polish, Hamburg, French, and oriental classes.
TYPES OF BREEDS
A number of improved breeds of chicken are still available in the Philippines. They can be grouped
according to the specific product they excel in. They are described briefly in the following:
1. EGG BREEDS
a. Leghorn

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The leghorn is a small stylish bird, active and alert. They are excellent layers of large white-shelled eggs,
but the meat is considered inferior to that of most breeds of chickens. They are non-sitters. The skin, beak and
shank are yellow and the earlobes are white and creamy white. The most common variety of this breed now
available in the Philippines is the Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL)
b. Minorca
Is one of the heaviest of the eggs breeds. The bird has a full, closely feathered body and a large comb and
wattles. The Minorca are layers of very big white-shelled eggs. The skin is white, the shank and toes of the bird
that belongs to the black varieties are black or slate but white in the white and buff varieties. The Black Minorca
has been tried in the Philippines and has been observed to be extremely difficult to raise.
c. Mikawa
Is a breed of fowl developed in Japan. The birds are belonging to the breed with have fairly large bodies
similar in forms to those of the Leghorns. The color is buff; the beak, skin, shank and toes are yellow; the earlobes
are white. The hen is good layer of large, pinkish white-shelled eggs, and the carcass is excellent for the table.
The birds mature fairly early and the hens do not become broody.
2. GENERAL PURPOSE BREEDS
a. Rhode Island Red

The bird belonging to the breed with a rather long, broad and deep rectangular body. The hens are fairly
good layers of big brown-shelled eggs and make excellent table fowls. The beak, skin and shank are yellow; the
face, comb, wattles and earlobes are right red.
b. Plymouth Rock
This breed is fairly big, deep-bodied bird. The chickens are fast growers and because of their yellow skin
they make excellent table fowls. The comb, wattle, faces and earlobes are red; the beak, skin, and the shanks are
yellow. The lay big brown-shelled eggs.
c. New Hampshire
The New Hampshire is another of those introduced breeds of fowls in the Philippines. The fowl closely
resembles the Rhode Island Red, it has a shorter back, higher tail and a more rounded general appearance. New
Hampshire lay-brown shelled egg. They are good layers and do not become broody. They are rapid feathering.
d. Australorp
This breed was developed in Australia, and was introduced in the Philippines shortly after the Second
World War. Although a dual purpose breed, Australorp are good layers of large brown-shelled eggs. The birds are
rather loosely covered with beautiful shiny black feathers with a greenish ting. The shanks are slate colored.
e. Wyandotte

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The birds belonging to this breed are a little smaller than the Plymouth Rocks. The body is more or less
rounded, and the skin and legs are yellow. They are good layers of brown-shelled eggs and make excellent table
fowls.
f. Cantonese
This breed is medium sized bird which lays a good number of medium-sized light brown-shelled eggs.
Cantonese are early maturing, some of them being able to lay at 5 ½ months of age. The skin, shanks and toes are
yellow and the earlobes are red.
g. Nagoya
The Nagoya Chickens are good sized. They are strong, hardy, fairly well adapted to local conditions and
mature early. The females are good layers of large brown-shelled eggs. The color of the plumage is dark uff
except for some feathers in the tail which are black.
3. MEAT BREEDS
a. Brahma
This is heavy meaty fowl with rather broad and deep body. The skin and shank are yellow. The shanks
and the outer and middle toes are feathered. The hens lay large brown-shelled eggs.
b. Cochin
This breed has a rounded body covered with heavy loose feathers which extend to the shanks and toes and
in most cases hide the feet entirely. The skin and shanks are yellow. The hens are moderately layers of brown-
shelled eggs.
c. Langshan
The Langshan is leggy and although the body is fairly long and wide, it is not so massive as that either
Cochin or the Brahma. The comb is single. The closely feathered skin is white and the shanks are black to state
blue.
d. Cornish
The Cornish is a massive meaty fowl with close, stiff and lustrous feathers. The breast is very deep and
the shoulders are broad. The shanks are heavy. The hens are poor layers of brown-shelled eggs. The skin is yellow
and the legs and toes are free from feathers.
C. VARIETIES
Of all the breeds of chicken, the Leghorn is the most developed with12 known varieties: Single Comb
White, Rose Comb White, Single Comb Light Brown, Single Comb Dark Brown, Single Comb Buff, Single
Comb Black, Rose Comb Light Brown, Rose Comb Dark Brown, Single Comb Silver, Single Comb Red, Single
Comb Black-Tailed Red and Single Comb Columbian.

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Among these varieties, the Single Comb White Leghorn is the most popular egg type variety and by just
number raised, it is often mistaken as breed.
D. STRAINS
In the Philippines, the names of chick you often meet in the market are confusing since there are so many
of them. Actually the names that are available in the market are strains or lines that a certain company or
distributor would be carrying. So the number of names corresponds to the number of companies franchised or
licensed to sell these chicks.
SELF – ASSESSMENT/ACTIVITY NO.1 !!
Name:___________________________________________ Course:__________________________
Answer the following questions:
1. Differentiate variety from breed.

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2. Discuss the classification of chicken breeds.

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3. Discuss the types of breeds.

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 10 |

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LESSON 2. SELECTION AND SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
This learning objective assumes that the prospective raiser can avail of the different established
breeds/varieties/strains of chicken. He can do the breeding work and can apply the following notes on systems of
breeding and selection.
Now that you have known the different breeds and of chicken available around us, you should also
understand and possibly apply later, the on how these breeds were made for specific purpose and contribute to the
answer for man’s need, food. As population increases, this need become more critical, hence, animal breeding has
more important of the inherent characteristics of poultry towards satisfying the need for more nutritious and
quality animal products which are more efficiently produced.
Even the best feeding and management cannot improve the performance beyond the genetic limit of an
inferior animal. Improving the genetic merit of livestock populations is important at all levels of management, but
it appears to be particularly important that, in periods of improving management and nutrition, animals can be
bred which have the genetic capability to better utilize additional feed and better management. A sound breeding
program is necessary part of the total animal production system whether the husbandman breeds his own
replacements or purchases them from another breeder.
Selective breeding can change the productive capacity and physical appearance of animal productions
greatly. Poultry breeders have developed some lines in which hens lay an egg everyday of their adult lives, and
other lines which do not lay many eggs but increase in weight rapidly with efficient conversion of feed into meat.
These changes in the form and function of animals have largely been achieved not by the creation of new genes
but by locating the existing genes, increasing their frequency and recombining genes in progeny so that many
favorable genes are present in the same animal.
1.) Know the systems of breeding, its advantages and disadvantages

2.) Know the method of selection
LO2.1 SYSTEM OF BREEDING
The aim of breeders, as stated in the beginning is to evolve outstanding and improved the types of animals
which can render better service to men. Selection and systems of breeding constitute the only tools available to
the breeder for the improvement of the animals. Since the new genes cannot be created, though they can be
recombined into more desirable groupings.
There are broad systems of breeding:

- Inbreeding
- Outbreeding

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INBREEDING
This system involves the mating of more closely related individuals than the average of the population.
We usually consider the relationship within 4-6 generations under this system. Under this system, we can divide
into two groups: close and line breeding.
CLOSE BREEDING. This means the mating of full sister to full brother or sire to his daughter or dam to
his son. These types should be used only when both parents are outstanding individuals, and then only at
increased risk of bringing undesirable recessive genes into homozygous for in the progeny.
Advantages:
◘ Undesirable recessive genes may be discovered and eliminated by further testing in this line.
◘ The progenies are more uniform than outbred progeny.
Disadvantages:
◘ The undesirable characteristics are intensified in the progeny if unfavorable gene segregation occurs.
◘ It has been observed that the progeny becomes more susceptible to diseases.
◘ Breeding problems and reproductive failure usually increase.
◘ It is difficult to find out the stage of breeding at which it should be discounted in order to avoid the bad
effect of the system.
LINEBREEDING. This means the mating of animal wider degree of relationship than those selected for
closebreeding; half-brother and a half-sister mating or mating of animals more distantly related, e.g. cousin
mating.
It promotes uniformity in the character. Homozygosity is not reached so quickly in close-breeding.

Neither desirable nor harmful characters are developed so quickly. It is a slowed method for the fixation of
hereditary outstanding characters. The chief danger in linebreeding is that the breeder will select the animal for
pedigree giving no consideration to real individual merit. This may in some cases result in a few generations
which receive no benefits from selection.
Consequences of Inbreeding in General.
1. The outward effects of inbreeding may include the following:
a.) Moderate decrease in growth rate and mature weight has been noted.
b.) In almost all the cases a reduction in the reproductive efficiency has been noted. It may delay
testicular development and puberty, reduce gametogenesis or increase the embryonic death rate.
c.) It has been noted that the death rates among the inbred groups of animals are higher than those in
outbred ones. They are also adversely affected by environmental conditions. They have higher percentage of
runts.
d.) Productive traits usually show moderate decrease with increased inbreeding.
e.) Hereditary abnormalities or lethal factors are likely to appear more often in inbred animals than in
outbred ones.
OUTBREEDING

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This is the breeding of unrelated animals and involves the following types:
a.) outcrossing b.) crossbreeding c.) grading-up.
OUTCROSSING
This is the practice of mating unrelated purebred animals within the same breed, say leghorns, and the
offspring is called an outcross. This method is highly effective for characters that are largely under the control of
genes with additive effects, e.g. egg production. It is an effective system for genetic improvement if carefully
combined with selection.
CROSSBREEDING
It is the mating of animals of different breeds. It is generally used where the crossed progeny is directly
marketed and not used as breeders as in hybrid chickens. It is generally used for the production of new breeds.
METHODS OF CROSSBREEDING
CRISS-CROSSING – where two breeds, A and B are crossed alternately to utilize heterosis in both dams
and progeny. The crossbred females are mated back to sire of A and then to B and so on.
Example: Plymouth Rock (PR) x Nagoya (N)

50% PR – 50% N cross female x PR male
75% PR – 25% N female x N male, etc.
TRIPLE-CROSSING. In this system three breeds are crossed in a rotational manner, also called rotational
crossing. The crossbred females are mated in rotation to the sire of the three breeds.
Example: Brahma (B) x Cochin (C)

BC cross female x Nagoya (N)
BCN cross female x Brahma Male (B)
Cross female x Cochin male (C)
BACKCROSSING. Mating of a crossbred animal back to one of the pure parent which were used to
produce it.
Example: Cantonese (C) x Nagoya (N)

C:N cross x C or N
Advantages of Crossbreeding:
◘ It is valuable as a means of introducing desirable characters into a breed in which they have not existed
formerly.
◘ It serves as a good purpose in evolving a new breed as it will be followed by selection and inbreeding to
fix the new gene combinations
◘ It is an extremely handy tool to study the behavior of characteristics in hereditary transmission.

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◘ The crossbred animals usually exhibit an accelerated growth and vigor or heterosis, which means the
blending of desirable dominant genes from two breeds in the first generation. The productive traits, e.g. egg
production, usually show the greatest improvement from crossbreeding.
Disadvantages of Crossbreeding:
◘ The breeding merit of crossbred animals may be slightly reduced because of the heterozygous nature of
their genetic composition and the fact that all animals transmit only sample half of their own genetic material to
their offspring
◘ Crossbreeding requires maintenance of two or more purebred in order to continuously produce the
crossbred which in the long run is expensive.
GRADING-UP
This is the practice of breeding sires of a given breed to nondescript or native females and their offspring
for generation nearly resemble to a point where the resulting offspring nearly resemble the purebred in terms of
appearance, actions and practical value. For a grading up program to succeed it is advisable to use a breed that has
thrived well under local conditions, otherwise grades may not adapt themselves to local conditions.
Advantages:
◘ Purebreds can be obtained after 7-8 generations of grading-up
◘ The start can be made with little money compared to buying a herd of purebred
◘ It helps to prove the potentialities of the sire and adds to its market value.
◘ It is good start for new breeders who can slowly change over to a purebred system.
LO2.2 SELECTION
The selection of highly productive and efficient breeding stock is vital to the success in poultry
production. The foundation males and females and their replacements should be able to produce healthy young
with the ability to use feed efficiently and products of such quality that will bring the highest market price at
minimum production cost. For this reason, a raiser should give due emphasis on removal of undesirable animals
from the breeding flock.
The ultimate goal of a raiser is profit. To attain thus objective, one has to propagate animals with genetic
potentials for maximum efficiency of production. However, it is important to apply correctly the proper method of
selection and be able to select outstanding young from elite parents. It is not the animals that you see before which
are very important; it is their progeny.
Methods of Selection
When selecting replacements to improve the performance of the flock, any of the following methods may
be followed:
1. Pedigree Method.
In this method, selection is done on the basis of the individual’s record of inheritance. A pedigree to be a
value should include the performance record of the immediate parents of the individual being considered for

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selection. Unless the immediate ancestors including the grandparents of the individual are outstanding, pedigree
selection is meaningless and it can even ruin the whole world.
2. Independent Culling-Level Method.

This method establishes the standards at which animals will be culled or retained for each trait. The
performance of one trait is considered entirely independent of the performance of other traits, or the performance
in one trait does not affect the performance in another. The culling level to be established for each trait. Its
economic importance, and the percentage of the animals which are to be culled. For an animal to be selected, it
must be able to pass the entire standard for each trait.
3. Tandem Method.
This method is best used when the different traits under consideration are entirely independent of each
other or when the desirability of one is considered with the desirability of another. Where the desirability of one
trait is closely associated with the undesirability of another, one could go on using the tandem method indefinitely
with little or no improvement in the herd.
4. Selection Index Method

The total score or selection index method establishes some kind of single figure to measure the individual
net merit of potential breeders based on the combined score of two or more traits. Using an index selection allows
one to add up the merit for each trait such that slight deficiency in one trait can be compensated by the excellence
of other traits. Those with the lower index values will be culled.
The use of an index in the selection for several traits at a time is considered efficient from the following reasons:
‘1.) Not all the traits considered in selection are of equal economic importance. Some differential weighing
according to the net economic return expected from a unit of improvement of each trait is needed.
2.) Not all traits have the same heritability and the same intensity of selection is expected to give the same
proportionate for each trait.
3.) There may be phenotypic and genetic correlations of the traits to be considered. Emphasis on one trait will
affect change in another trait.
The weighing of the traits selected takes into consideration the level of heritability and economic
importance of each trait. Some of these traits are independent of each other, so that selection for one will not
influence the other. This is sometimes good because one can select for either or both traits without fear of
influencing the other adversely.
Other are positively correlated. This means that as one trait increases or decreases through selection, the
other also increases or decreases, so that improving one of them brings with it a little improvement in the other.
Other traits are negatively correlated with each other. This means that as one trait is increased through selection
the other decreases or vice versa. As a result, it makes it difficult to select for both of them once that it would be if
they were independent.
The desirable situation is where two traits are beneficially correlated, whether the relationship is positive
or negative because the selection for one trait influences the other in the desirable direction.

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Some traits are much more important than others. This fact must be considered when deciding between
the excellence of one trait and deficiency in another and when deciding whether to keep or cull the animal.
The great advantage of this system is that it balances on trait against another, and select the best animal
on average. The system, of course, can be modified by giving higher arithmetic value to one particularly
importance characteristics in the selection.
LO2.3 SELECTING MALES FOR BREEDING
If one considers the fact that one male can fertilize several females in one day, the rooster can be
said to have a greater influence over the progeny than any individual hen in the flock. For this reason,
extreme care should be exercised in selecting the males for breeding pen. The factors to be considered in
the selection are:
1. Vigor – as shown by their muscular development, activity, attitude, sex interest and appetite.
2. Breed or variety characteristics – should conform to the description in the standard.
3. Pedigree – if records are available, selected males should come from the outstanding families.

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SELF – ASSESSMENT/ACTIVITY NO.1 !!
Name:___________________________________________ Course:__________________________
Answer the following questions:
1. Why is it important to know the method of selection when selecting stock in your farm?
2. Among the 4 method of selection which is the best for you? Support your answer.
3. Differentiate the systems of breeding and give their advantages and disadvantages.

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LESSON 3. CARRY OUT BREEDING TO LAY-IN ACTIVITIES
1.) Know the systems of mating

2.)
LO3.1 MATING THE FLOCK
Flocks are mated when hatching eggs are desired otherwise placing cockerel in the laying pen is
not necessary. Table eggs keep better when they are infertile.
As source of hatching eggs, pullets that have reached their full body development could be mated
and their eggs used for incubation. However, selected hens that have passed their first laying year, are
more ideal breeders since they had been rigidly selected for egg production and for ability to live long.
These important characters are inherited and therefore can be transmitted to the offspring.
Irrespective of the age of the birds, any of the following methods of mating can be used
depending on the purpose one has in mind.
1. FLOCK MATING – a number of males and are allowed to run with the entire flock of hens. The
proportion of females per rooster are:
Light breeds – 1 male: 15 – 20 females
Medium breeds – 1 male: 10 – 15 females
Heavy breeds – 1 male: 8 – 12 females
Under this system, the percentage of the chicks hatched is unknown. This method is used in the
commercial production of hatching eggs.
2. PEN MATING – a pen of hens is mated to single male. The same proportion of females to males as in
flock mating is used. Under this system, the size of the chicks is known, and if the hens are trapnested,
even the dam is known. However, preferential mating often contributes to low fertility. This system is
followed in pedigree breeding.
3. STUD MATING – In this method of mating, the females are mated individually with a male kept by
himself in a coop or pen. Each female is mated only once a week, thus enabling the mating of more

____________________________________________________________________________________
female per male than in pen mating. This system is very laborious and is practical to use only when hens
are kept in individual cages.
4. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION – In this method of mating, semen is drawn from the cock and is
introduced with a syringe into the cloaca of the female. This method is not practical to use in ordinary
poultry breeding work.
ONSET OF FERTILITY
It is possible to secure fertile eggs about 24 hours after males have been placed in the pen.
However, a maximum percentage of fertility is not reached until about 7-days after the birds have been
mated.
It is possible to secure fertile eggs as long as 21 days after the males have been removed from the
flock, but reasonably good fertility may be expected only for about a week after removal of the males. In
case a male bird dies or is replaced by another male in a breeding pen, one should wait for about 3
weeks before saving eggs for hatching in order to be sure that none of the eggs were fertilized y the
sperm of the preceding male.


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Republic of the Philippines

Province of Ilocos Sur

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 1|

Feathers as articles of commerce:

Birds as source of sport as cock fighting.

1.) Know the origin of chicken

THE ORIGIN OF CHICKEN

LESSON 1. SPECIES OF POULTRY

Common Name Scientific Name Egg weight(g) Incubation Period

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 2|

Development of Modern and Varieties

What brought the change?

SYSTEMS OF POULTRY RAISING

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 3|

Specialized lines in poultry farming

CLASSIFICATION OF BREEDS AND VARIETIES OF CHICKEN

Leghorn White, Single Comb

Plymouth Rock White, Barred

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 4|

Classification According to Utility:

EGG STRAINS SOURCES OF STOCKS

1. Arbor Acres San Miguel Corporation

2. Babcock Sarmiento Agriculture Development

3. Kimber Lorenzo Poultry Farms

4. Starcross Universal Robina Farms

5. Hy-line Winmar Poultry Farms, Inc.

6. H & N RFM Corporation

7. Dekalb General Milling Corp.

8. Hisex White Console Farms Corp.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 5|

Meat Strains Sources of Stock

1. Arbor Acres San Miguel Corporation

2. Cobb Color-Sex Broiler Chicks Sarmiento Agriculture Development

3. Goto White Rock Broiler Chicks Dalisay Farms, Inc.

4. Hubbard Broiler Chicks Golden Poultry Farms

5. Indian River Broiler Chicks Winmar Poultry Farms Inc.

6. Lohman Console Farms

7. Peterson RFM Corporation

8. Pitch-Dekalb Broiler Chicks General Milling Corporation

9. Starbro 15 Universal Robina Farms

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 6|

Example Frizzle, Bantams, Long Tailed.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 7|

2. GENERAL PURPOSE BREEDS

a. Rhode Island Red

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 8|

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 9|

SELF – ASSESSMENT/ACTIVITY NO.1 !!

Answer the following questions:

1. Differentiate variety from breed.

2. Discuss the classification of chicken breeds.

3. Discuss the types of breeds.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 10 |

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 11 |

LESSON 2. SELECTION AND SYSTEMS OF BREEDING

1.) Know the systems of breeding, its advantages and disadvantages

LO2.1 SYSTEM OF BREEDING

There are broad systems of breeding:

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY-CHICKEN) NCII 12 |