Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg.

Physics formulas fromMechanics,Waves,Optics,Heat andPhysics. Motion in a straight line with constant a:

Thermodynamics,Electricity and MagnetismandModern
Also includes the value ofPhysical Constants. Helps in quick
revision forCBSE,NEET,JEE Mains, andAdvanced.
v = u + at, s = ut + 12at2, v2 − u2 = 2as
0.1: Physical Constants
8
Speed
Planckof light
constant ch 3 × 10
6.63 m/sJ s
10−34
hc 1242
× eV-nm Relative Velocity: ˙vA/B = ˙vA − ˙vB
Gravitation constant G 6.67×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2
u y

u sin θ
x
Projectile Motion: H
Boltzmann constant
Molar gas constant kR 1.38
8.314 10−23 J/K O
× J/(mol K) θu cos θ
Avogadro’s number NA 6.023 × 1023 mol−1 R

Charge of electron e 1.602 × 10 −19

C 1 2
x = ut cos θ, y =gut sin 2θ − 2 gt
Permeability of vac- y = x tan θ x
µ0 4π × 10−7 N/A2 − 2 2
uum 2u cos θ
Permitivity of vacuum s0 8.85 × 10−12 F/m 2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ
Coulomb constant 1 T = , R= , H=
4π 0 9 × 109 N m2/C2 g
s g 2g
Faraday constant F 96485 C/mol
Mass
Mass of
of electron
proton m
mep 1.67269.110×−2710kg Mass
−31
kg
of neutron mn 1.6749
−27 10
−27
kg
× Atomic 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction
mass unit u 1.66 10 kg Atomic mass
unit u 931.49 MeV/c2 × Linear momentum: p˙ = m˙v
×
Newton’s first law: inertial frame.
Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
σ 5.67×10−8 W/(m2 K4) Newton’s second law: F˙ = dp˙ , d F˙ = m˙a
Rydberg constant R∞ 1.097 × 107 m−1 Newton’s third law: F˙ AB = −F t ˙
BA
Bohr magneton µB 9.27 10−24 J/T
Bohr radius a0 0.529×10−10 m
× Frictional force: fstatic, max = µsN, fkinetic = µkN
Standard atmosphere
displacement b atm 1.013252.9 1010−3
×Pa m
Wien
5
K
constant × Banking angle: v2 = tan θ, v2 = µ+tan θ
rg rg 1−µ tan θ
mv
Centripetal force: F = , 2 a=v 2
c r c r

1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: F˙pseudo

= −m˙a0 , Fcentrifugal = −mv2r
Minimum speed to complete vertical circle:

˙a = ax ˆı + ay ˆ+ az kˆ
1.1: Vectors
Notation:
Magnitude: a = |˙a| = .a2 + a2 + a2
vmin, bottom = √5gl, vmin, top = √gl
θ
l
l cos θ θT
Conical pendulum: T = 2π .
x y z
Dot product: ˙a · ˙b = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos θ ˆı
g
mg
˙a × ˙b ˙b
Cross product:
θ kˆ ˆ
˙a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
˙a ×˙b = (ay bz − az by )ˆı + (aˆ z bx − ax bz )ˆ+ (ax by ∫
− ay bx )k
Work: W = F˙ · S˙ = F S cos θ, W = F˙ · dS˙
|˙a × ˙b| = ab sin θ
Kinetic energy: K = 1 mv22 = p2 2
m
Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative forces.
1.2: Kinematics
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 12kx2

˙vav = ∆˙r/∆t, ˙vinst = d˙r/dt Work done

and by conservative
depends only on forces
initialis and
path indepen- dent
final points:
F˙conservative · d˙r = 0.
H

˙aav = ∆˙v/∆t ˙ainst = d˙v/dt Work-energy theorem: W = ∆K

Mechanical energy:
conservative E = U + K. Conserved if forces are
in nature.

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 2
Rotation about an axis with constant α:

ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 1 αt2, ω2 − ω02 = 2αθ

Power P = ∆W , = F˙ · ˙v 2

av
P inst
∆t

Σ ∫
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision Moment of Inertia: I = i mir i2, I= r2dm
Σ , 1 2
Σxi mi mr2 2 mr m(a +b )
2 2
,xd
2 2 2 2 1 2
Centre of mass: xcm = m , xcm = d m
2
1
mr
2 2
3 mr 5 mr 12 ml 12
mm r

b
m2 a
CM of few useful configurations: r
ring
m1 disk shell sphere rod hollo solid rectangle
C w

1. m1, m2 separated by r:
m2 r m1 r Iǁ Ic
m1 +m2 m1 +m2
Theorem of Parallel Axes: Iǁ d
cm

3 h = Icm + md2
2.Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) yc = h C
h
3 z y
x
= 2r
C
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
3.Semicircular ring: yc π 2r
r π √
4.Semicircular disc: y = 4r Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
c 3π C 4r 3π
r
Angular Momentum: L˙ = ˙r × p˙, L˙ = Iω˙
2 C r yP θ
5.Hemispherical shell: yc = r dL˙
Torque: ˙τ = ˙r × F˙ , ˙τ =
r
F˙
2
d , τ = Iα ˙r
t x
O
6.Solid Hemisphere: yc = 3r
C 3r 8
8 r
Conservation of L˙ : ˙τ ext = 0 =⇒ L˙ = const.
7.Cone:
solid the
coneheight of CM
and h/3 from
for the the base
hollow is h/4 for the
cone.
Σ Σ
Equilibrium condition: 1 F ˙ = ˙0, ˙τ = ˙0
Kinetic Energy: Krot = Iω22
Dynamics:
Σ
Motion of the CM: M = mi
Σ ˙τcm = F˙ext = p˙cm = m˙vcm
m ˙v F˙ext
i i 1 2 1 2
˙vcm = , p˙cm = M˙vcm , ˙acm =
Icm α˙ ,
m˙acm ,
M M ˙

Impulse: K = 2 mvcm + 2 Icmω , L = Icm ω˙ + ˙rcm × m˙vcm

∫ 1.7: Gravitation
J˙ = F˙ dt = Before collision After collision
m1 m2 m1 m2
v1v2 v1j v2j

∆p˙
Collision: m1 F F m2
m1 m2 r2
J J
Gravitational force: F = G r
Momentum conservation:
Elastic Collision: 1
m v 2+m11 vm1 +m
v 22=v21 =
m mv1J v2+
1 1+m
m 2vvJ22
Coefficient of restitution:
1 1
2 2 2 21 2 2 1 2 2 Potential energy: U = − GMm r
. Gravitational acceleration: g = GM
−(v1J − v) 2J 1, completely elastic R
e= v1 − v2 = . Σ
Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 .− h ΣR
0, completely in-elastic Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 − 2h
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v1 JJ= v 1.
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v2 = 2v1 .

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 3
R
gat pole > gat equator (∵ Re − Rp ≈ 21 km) Effect
of non-spherical earth shape on g:
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v1J = v2 and v2J = v1 .

1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 4

Angular velocity: ωav = ∆θ ,

∆ d
t t

∆ d
t t
Angular Accel.: αav = ∆ω ,

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 5
Effect of earth
rotation on
apparent weight:
dθ dω
ω= ω˙××˙r˙r α =
, ˙a˙v==α˙ ,

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 ω˙ A˙
Superposition of two SHM’s: A˙ 2
mω2R cos θ sδ
mg
mgθJ = mg − mω 2 R cos2 θ A˙
R 1

θ
x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)
x = x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + s)

Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = . GM R A = .A 2

+A 2
+ 2A A cos δ
. 1 2 1 2
2GM
tan s = A2 sin δ
R
Escape velocity: ve =
A1 + A2 cos δ
vo
Kepler’s laws:
1.9: Properties of Matter
a Modulus of rigidity: Y = F/A , B = −V ∆P , η = F
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. ∆l/l ∆V Aθ
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ dL˙ /dt = 0). 1 1
dV

G
Compressibility: K = B = −V dP
Third: T 2 ∝ a3. In circular orbit T 2 = 4π2Ma3. Poisson’s ratio: σ = lateral strain =
∆D/D

longitudinal strain ∆l/l

1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion
2
Elastic energy: U = 1 stress × strain × volume
Hooke’s law: F = −kx (for small elongation x.)
Acceleration: d x
2= 2π= − k x =m −ω2x Surface
Surface tension: S== F/l
Time period: Ta =
= 2π energy: U SA
Excess pressure in bubble:
Displacement: x = Adtsin(ωt m
2
+ φ)
√
√
ω k
Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2 ∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R

rρ
U Capillary rise: h = 2S cos gθ
Potential energy: U = 1 kx22 x
−A 0 A
Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh
1 2 K
Kinetic energy K = mv
2 x Buoyant force: FB = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid
−A 0 A
v2
Total energy: E = U + K = 1 mω22A2 Equation of continuity: A1v1 = A2v2 v1
Bernoulli’s equation: p + 1 ρv2 2+ ρgh = constant
. √
Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux =
g l
Simple pendulum: T = 2π l d 2gh
x
. Viscous force: F = −ηA dv F
Physical Pendulum: T = 2π I
mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv
v
.
Poiseuilli’s equation: Volume flow = πpr
4 r
time 8ηl l
k
Terminal velocity: vt 2r2(ρ σ)g
−
Torsional Pendulum T = 2π I = 9η

Springs in series: 1 = 1 + 1 k1 k2
keq k1 k2

Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2 k2

k1
.
2 Waves 4.1 st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2 T
.
T
5.2 nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 3
 2 µ
L
2.1: Waves Motion
2L µ
y y
General equation of wave: ∂2 = 1 ∂2 . 6.All harmonics are present.
∂x2 v2 ∂t 2
Notation: Amplitude
, Angular A, Frequency
Frequency ν, Wavelength
ω, Wave Number k, λ, Pe- riod T L
1 2π 2π
T = = , v = νλ, k= String fixed at one end:
N A
ν ω λ A N

Progressive wave travelling with speed v: λ/2

1.Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 .
y = f (t − x/v), ~ +x; y = f (t + x/v), ~ 2.Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) 4 ,λν = 2n+1 T
y 4
0, 1, 2, . . .. L

−x µ, n=

A
.
x st 1
λ
λ 3.Fundamental/1 harmonics: ν0 = 4L
Progressive sine wave: 2
T
µ

.
4 µ
L T
y = A sin(kx − ωt) = A sin(2π (x/λ − t/T 4.1 st overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 3
.4L
T µ
2.2: Waves on a String 5.2 nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 5
Speed of waves on a string with mass per unit length µ 6.Only odd harmonics are present.

√ .
and tension T : v = T/µ √
1 1 n T
2 2 2 Sonometer: ν ∝ L , ν ∝ T , ν ∝ √µ . ν = 2L µ

Transmitted power: Pav = 2π µvA ν

Interference: 2.3: Sound Waves
yy1 =
=Ay11 +sin(kx − sin(
y2 = A 2 = A2 sin(kx − ωt + δ)
ωt),kx −yωt + s) Displacement wave: s = s0 sin ω(t − x/v)
A = .A1 + A2 + 2A1 A2 cos δ
2 2

Pressure wave: p = p0 cos ω(t − x/v), p0 = (Bω/v)s0

Speed of sound waves:
tan s = A2 sin δ .B .Y . γP
A1 + A2 cos δ vliquid =
. , vsolid = , vgas =
2nπ, constructive; ρ ρ ρ
δ=
(2n + 1)π, destructive. Intensity: I = 2π2 Bv s 2ν02 = p02 2B
v
= p0 2 2ρv
2A cos kx

Standing Waves: x
Standing longitudinal waves:
λ/4 ANANA

p1 = p0 sin ω(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω(t + x/v)

y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx + ωt)

y =.y1 +. y2 = (2A
Σ λ cos kx) sin ωt p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin ωt
n+1 , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

2 L
antinodes. n = 0, 1, 2, . . . Closed organ pipe:
L
x= 2 2
nλ,
String fixed at both ends: N N
ANA
1.Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
λ/2
2.Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ , ν = (2n + 1) v , n =
1.Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L 0, 1, 2, . 4 4L
..
T
2.Allowed Freq.: L = n λ 2, ν = n
.2 , µn = 1, 2, 3, . . .. 3.Fundamental/1 st harmonics: ν 0 = v4
L L
 2 µ
.
L
st 1 T st
3.Fundamental/1 harmonics: ν0 = 4.1 overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 3ν0 = 3v

5.2 nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 5ν0 = 5v 4 S1 P

y
L θ
D
Path difference: ∆x = dy d
S2 D
6.Only odd harmonics are present.
Phase difference: δ = 2π ∆xλ
A
N Interference Conditions: for integer n,
2nπ, constructive;
δ=
Open organ pipe: L A .. (2n + 1)π, destructive,
N n. λ, Σ constructive;
Intensity:∆x =
A 1
1.Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0 n +√2
λ, destructive
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos δ,
Allowed freq.: L = nλ , ν = n v , n = 1, 2, . . .
2 4
L v
2.Fundamental/1 st harmonics: ν0 = 2
L
st
3.1 overtone/2 harmonics: ν1 = 2ν0 = 2v
nd
2
L
4.2 nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 3ν0 = 3v 2L
. √ . √ Σ2
Imax = √ I1 + Σ2 2 I 1 − I2
5.All harmonics are present. , Imin = √
I
2
I1 = I2 : I = 4I0 cos2 δ , Imax = 4I0, Imin = 0
l1 + d
l2 + d

Resonance column: Fringe width: w = λD d

Optical path: ∆xJ = µ∆x

l1 + d = λ , l2 + d = 3λ , v = 2(l2 − l1)ν
Interference of waves transmitted through thin film:

∆x = 2µd = .
Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies ω ≈ 2 1 .nλ, 2Σ
2 4 ω constructive;
n + 1 λ, destructive.
p1 = p0 sin ω1(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω2(t − x/v)
y
p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos ∆ω(t − x/v) sin ω(t − Diffraction from a single slit: b θ

x/v) D y

ω = (ω1 + ω2 )/2, ∆ω = ω1 − ω2 (beats freq.) For Minima: nλ = b sin θ ≈ b(y/D)

Doppler Effect:
v + uo Resolution: sin θ = 1.22λ b
ν = v − u ν0
s θ
Law of Malus: I = I0 cos2 θ I0 I
where,
speed ofv isthetheobserver
speed ofw.r.t.
soundthein medium,
the medium, u0 isered
consid- the
positive when it moves towards the source and negative
when it moves away from the source, and us is the speed of
the source w.r.t. the medium, consid- ered positive when it
moves towards the observer and negative when it moves
away from the observer.
2.4: Light Waves Visitwww.concepts-of-physics.comto buy
“IIT JEE Physics:
our other Topic-wise
books. Written Complete
by IITians, Solutions”
Foreword by and
Dr.
HC Verma, Appreciated by Students.
Plane Wave: E = E0 sin ω(t − x ),v I = I0

r v r2
aE0 r I0
Spherical Wave: E = sin ω(t − ), I =
Young’s double slit experiment

4
L
Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 6
3 Optics Lens maker’s formula: 1 = (µ − 1) Σ 1 − 1 Σ
f R1 R2
f
3.1: Reflection of Light
Len
form
ula:
−1
,

m=
normal
Laws
ir
of incident
( i)
reflect
ion:

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 Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts-of-physi cs.com
| pg. 7
v Incident ray, reflected
ray, and normal lie in
the same plane (ii) ∠i
= ∠r
u Power of the lens: P = 1 ,
f Plane mirror:
f
u
P in diopter if f in metre.
Two thin lenses separated
u by distance d:
d d 1
d
v (i) the image and the 1−
object are 1
equidistant from =

mir- +
d
f
1 f
ror f 1
2 f
2

(ii)

virtu

al

imag

e of

real

obje

ct

I
Spherica
O l Mirror:
f 3.3: Optical Instruments
v u

1. Focal length
Simple microscope:

f = R/2
m = D/f in normal
2. Mirror
equation: O∞

=1 adjustment.
Obje

Eyep
v u f

u
3. M ification: m = − v
3.2: Refraction of Light
a

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 8
u D
Comp microscop
ound e: v
1.Magnification in
normal adjustment:
fe
c m =v D
R speedv u
of light
in r
2.Resolving
mediufe
m le f
ef c power: R = e
te
incident d
1
= 2µ sin θ
ra ∆d
Snell’ µ
s
ct Law:
sin i
=
µ2

sin r µ1
iv µ2 fo
r
r
e
fe
e
t Apparent Astronomical
d Id
O real
telescope:
depth: µ =
in
depth
=d
apparent depth dt

d
µ µ Cri 1.In normal
θc
adjustment: m =
ex tica −
l
: ang
le:
µ
θc =
sin−
=
1 1
fe
spe
2.Re
ing
ed
po
R
of
1
∆θ 1.22λ

lig
3.4: Dispersion
D is
ht e λ2 m:
Cauchy’s
v
i
in a equation:
t
i
vac o µ = µ0
n
uu
b
y
m
a

p
= r

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 Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 9
µy−1 δy

+ >0 A Dispersion without A

µt
Dispersio
n deviation: (µy − 1)A + (µJy − 1)AJ = 0
δ b
y
p
rism
δ
At
rt it
w
ith i r Deviation
µ without
sm
a
lA dispersion:
a
n
d (µ
i: µ AJ =
µ )A
v r
1.Mea
n v
deviati r
on: δy µ2
= (µy −
1)A
2.Ang
ular
dispers
ion: θ
= (µv − −
µr)A

µ1

µ2
µ =
2
,
−
ifor
mini
m
devia
tion
s µ (i 2
µ1
i v f ,
−
µ A
r a

n
≈d
θ i
µ 1v
s
m v u R µ 2u
al
l)
δ

R
e
it
δf
i
r
a µ1 µ2
c
(t POQ
u
i v
o
n
1)
a
t
s
p
h
for
e
r
i
c
small
a
l
s
u
Ar
f
a
c
e
:
δ

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 7
4 Heat and Thermodynamics 4.4: Theromodynamic Processes
4.1: Heat and Temperature
First law of thermodynamics: ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
Temp. scales: F = 32 + 9 C, K = C + 273.16
5 Work done by the gas:
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles ∫ V2

. ∆W pdV
V1
van der Waals . Σ
V 2
V
Σ =
2
a
equation: p + p∆V,
V
b) = nRT 1
Thermal expansion: Wisot
L = L0(1 + α∆T ),
herma
A = A0(1 + β∆T ),
l=
V = V0(1 + γ∆T ),
nRT
γ = 2β = 3α
ln

Wiso

baric

p(V2

V1)
Thermal stress p1V1 − p2V2
A l =
of a material: F γ−1
=

4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases

Wiso

General: M =
Efficiency of theQTheat
1
1
engine:
mNA, k = R/NA
n Q2
v T2
p
Maxwell v vrms work done by
distribution of ¯ η = engine = Q1 −
the
speed: Q2
. .
3k 3R
RMS speed: vrms = T = T Q2 T2 heat
m M ηcarnot = 1 − Q1 = 1 − T1

Q1
8RT
π Avera πM
m . ge . T1
= v¯ = Coeff. of performance
Q1
speed: of refrigerator:
. Q 2 T2
2
k

8kT T

Most probable speed: vp = m

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 8
1 2
Pressure: p = ρv
3
1
kT for COP = Q2 = Q2 1
rm W Q1 −Q2 A
s

Equipartitio each
1

2 x
n of energy: degree Specific heat at Rseries = x1 x2
constant pressure: = R1 + R2
K= of C ∆
= A K1
Q
freedom. Thus, K = . f i
2 kT for molecule Entropy:
having f de-
f T i T
grees of freedoms.
∫ f ∆Q
. p n∆T p
∆S = ∆Q , S − S = K2 K1 A2
Relation
between
and Rv: CC=p p−
Const. Cv =C
Q
, + R 1 1
= (K1A1 + K2A2)
Varying
T= ms Ratio of
x R
1 x
2 T R
i 2
specific heats:
Internal energy of n
4.3: Specific Heat = Cp/Cv
Relation between Kirchhoff’s
Adiabatic process: ∆Q = U and C : ∆U = emissive power Law:
E
moles of an ideal gas is 4.5:
nC Heat
∆T Transfer = body =
v Eblackbody abody

v E
λ
f
U = nRT . Specific
0, pV γ = constant
heat of
gas
S m∆ Conduction: ∆Q
T mixture:
p = −KA ∆T n1Cv 1 n1Cp1
Wien’s displacement
e + +
Cv = n C , γn C law: λmT = b
2 v2 2 p2
c λ
λm
i n1 + n1Cv1
f =

i n2 +

c
n2Cv2

2 Molar internal energy ∆ Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆Q

h t
of an ideal gas: U = σeAT 4
e
f
RT ,
a
Newton’s
d
t f = 3 for t law of = −bA(T −
: cooling:
dT

monatomic and f T0 )
s
= 5 for diatomic

=
gas.
Q 5 Electricit
y and
∆t
Magnetis C p
Latent heat: L = m KA
= ∆Q .
Thermal resistance: R
5.1: Electrostatics n∆ . K1 K2
T
Q/m V Coulomb’s law: a
a
Specific heat at = x
constant volume:
Cv F˙ = 1 q1 q2
rˆ

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 5.3: Capacitors
Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts-of-physi cs.com | pg. 9
− d
q
˙r V
Cylindrical capacitor:
ln(r2 /r )
r2 C
∫ ˙ θr
(r 1 = r1
+
citance: C = q/V q E · d˙r ) l
∞ A
4πs0 r2 q Parallel plate capacitor: C1
C = s0A/d p Capacitors in parallel: Ceq
r A A −q ˙
+q = C1 + C2
q B
4 1
d p Cap 1
C
Electric field: q
4πs r2
= + acit C 1

ors C
E˙ (˙r) = 1 ˙
r2
0 E Spherical capacitor: C = in 2

seri
˙ +q
Electrostatic 4πs0 r1 r2
es: 1 r1
C eq 1 2 A B
1
energy: U = − Er Force between plates of a
θr Field of a
q1 q2 dipole: parallel plate capacitor:
p
Q2
4πs0 r F= ˙
r2 −r1 =1 2As0
E =
−q E Energy stored in
p sin
Electrostatic 4πs r
1 2p θ

1 q capacitor: U = 1 CV 2 = Q2 =
potential: V =0 o = qd˙
( cos θ θ
, 1
QV
Potential of a dipole: V = 1
d l p cos θ
E rθ 2

2C
44
e ππ
V l s s0 2
0 r3

m r
e
= 3
˙ ˙
density in electric field
o E: U/V = 1 s0 E2
c 2
− Torque on a dipole
placed in E: ˙τ = p˙
d
m ×E
t Capacitor with
E 5.4: Current electricity
e Pot. energy of a
r
dielectric: C = s0 KA
˙ dipole placed in E˙ :
n
i

U = −p˙ · E˙
· t 5.2: Gauss’s
Law and its
Applications
c

Electric flux: φ Current density: j =

:
˙
H i/A = σE
= E˙ · dS˙
p H 2m ne
d Drift speed: vd = 1 eE τ
r, Gauss’s law: A

˙ E˙ · dS˙ = =i
i
qin /s0

p Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis:

a
x P
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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 10
R1 R2
Resistance of a where ρ = 1/σ Resistors in series: Req = R1 ↑+GR2
A B
R , for WheatstoneRbridge:
wire: R = ρl/A, 4πs0 r 3 R4
r≥R V
EP =1 q Temp. dependence of r
qx resistance: R = R0(1 + Balanced if R1/R2 =
4πs0 E Field of a line charge:
2πs r
(a2+ ˙ α∆T ) R3/R4.
x2)3 E=λ
/2 Ohm’s law: V = iR 0
Euniformly
and Vsphere:
charged of a
Kirchhoff’s Laws: (i) Field of an infinite
1 Qr
, for.r < 2
s
Electric Power: P = V 2/R
The Junction Law: The sheet: E = σ
R 0
algebraic
4πs E sum of directed
all the Field in the vicinity of
currents = I2R = IV
E= 0
R3 O towards a node is s
R zero i.e., Σnode Ii = conducting surface: E =
r 0. (ii)The Loop
1 r2 Law: The
4πs 0 V algebraic sum of
all the potential σ
differences along
Q a closed loop 0
, in a circuit is zero i.e., Σ Energyplaced
dipole in B˙ :
of a magnetic
i ig G i Galvanometer as an
i − ig Ammeter:
S U = −µ˙ · B˙
fo
l B˙
Bi
rr ne Hall effect:
w Vw = y
igG = (i − ig)S
d
i d
z x

≥ ↑ Galvanometer as a
Voltmeter:
R
A ig B
R
Q
. 5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current
× µ
. R C 0
V= 8πs0
R r
R2 VAB = i i
3− 2 Biot
d B˙
Σ ˙ θ
, for -l ˙r
ig(R + ˙
r < 1R Q
, for loop i Sr 3
4πs0 r ≥R r
O art
R
Resis G)
R1
tors Chargi
in l
paral1 ng of
lel:1 capacit
=
1
+ ors: d
E and V of a
uniformly
charged
R1 R2
spherical shell: B ˙
0
, E
.E = f rV d
o
rr O
R ˙
<
R R V l
C
R q(t) = CV
4πs0 r2
.
4πs0 R
V= 1
1Q 1
Σ1 − e− t
Q

Q
,

f Σ
C
o t Field due to a ⊗
, − straight
r q(t) Discharging of B
conductor: θ2 ˙

r capacitors: q(t) = q0e d θ1

f
< RC
o R

r
R Time constant in RC

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 11
µ0 i B = 2
µ0 ia P 2(a2 +d2 )3/2
B= (cos θ1 − cos
θ2) 4.Inversion
4π
temp.: Ti = −2a/b. a
∆
circuit: τ = RC d Thomso
n Field at the
B˙ Ⓢcentre
θia
iθ of
an arc: B = µ0
4πa 2π
Field due to an infinite Thomson effect: emf e d
= ∆Q = charge transferred =
i σ∆T .
straight wire: B = µ0 Field2at the centre of a
Peltier
effect: i1 i2 a
emf e=
= ∆H heat
Peltier Faraday’s law of
∆Q
Force 012
2πd
between electrolysis: The mass
Seeb
charge
transferred parallel d
ring: B = µ0
i
wires: d
ack e deposited is H
effec T
T0 Ampere’s law: B˙ · d˙l =
t: m = Zit = Eit 1
F l
Tn µ0 Iin
where
is i is current,
time, Z ist
Ti = electrochemical
equiv- alent, E is Field inside a solenoid: B
chemical equivalent, l
and F = 96485 C/g is
1.Thermo- Field on the axis of a Faraday constant.
= µ0ni, n = N
2 ring: l
emf: e = aT
B˙
r
+ 1 bT 2
5.5: Magnetism
2.Thermoelec
Field inside
Lorentz force on a
tric power: B
d 2
a N
d e/dt = a + PS B
a toroid: B d ˙1
bT . moving charge: F˙ = q˙v d

3.N a/b. 2π
r
Ni
e = µ0

u × B˙ + qE˙
Field of a
Charged particle in a bar magnet:
t uniformv magnetic field:

q r r= mv
,T=
B˙ ⊗ r 2πm
a qB
µ 0 2M µ0 M
B =qB , = 1 4π d3 2 4π d3
l B
B Horizontal
Force on a ˙
current ˙
Angle of
δ
t carrying wire: l Bv
F
e ˙ B
dip: Bh =
m i

p
B cos δ
.
T meter
: F˙ = i 2
a : Bh
r

˙l × n
g
T e
B˙ n
n t
g
a
= l
v
a
n
− o

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 Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 12
Magnetic moment
of a current
(dipole): loop
t
µ˙ A˙
Moving coil
µ˙ =
galvanometer: niAB =
iA˙
i kθ, nA
B

Time period of MBh

magnetometer: T = 2π .
I

Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B˙ : ˙τ = µ˙ ×B˙

˙
Permea

bility:

= µH

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 5.7: Electromagnetic Induction C R
1
Z
H
Magnetic flux: φ = B˙ · dS˙
RC circuit: i
˜
e0 s in ωt
ωC
φ
R

dφ 2 2 1
Faraday’s law: e = − d √ ωCR
t
Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B-field that op- Z= R +
LR R
poses the change in magnetic flux. LR circuit: i φ
ωL Z

+ √
e0 s
ωL
˜ in ωt

R
Motional emf: e = Blv
l ˙v ⊗B˙ Z= R2 + ω2L2, tan φ =
− L C R 1 Z
LCR Circuit: ωC φ ωC
1 − ωL
di
Self inductance: φ = Li, e = −L ωL
R

dt
i
e0 s˜ in ωt

2 2 Σ2
Self inductance of a solenoid: L = µ0n (πr l) Z = .R 2 + . 1 − ω tan φ = 1 −ωL

ω
, ω
C R
L/ C L
R − R 2 L
Growth of current in LR circuit: i = e Σ1 − e tΣ νresonance = 1π. 1 C
LR i

e 0.63Re
Power factor: P = ermsirms cos φ

t N1N2

˜ ˜
S L N2 e2
i e2
R
Transformer: N1 = e1 , e1i1 = e2i2 e1
i1 i2
t √
− Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ µ0s0
Decay of current in LR icircuit: i = i0e L/R

L R
i0
0.37i0
t
S i L
R

Time constant of LR circuit: τ = L/R

Energy stored in an inductor: U = 1 Li2 2

Energy density of B field: u = U

= 2 B

V 2µ0

d
t
di
Mutual inductance: φ = Mi, e = −M

EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = NABω sin ωt

i
Alternating current: t
T

∫T
i = i0current
Average sin(ωt + AC: ¯iT== 12π/ω i dt = 0
inφ),
T 0
1/2 i2
Σ ∫
i√
1 T = 0
t
RMS current: irms = 0 2
T 2 T
i dt

Energy: E = irms2RT Visitwww.concepts-of-physics.comto buy

Capacitive reactance:X Xc= =ωL1 “IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions”
Inductive reactance:
Imepedance: Z = e0/i0 L our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword by and
Dr.
ω HC Verma, Appreciated by Students.
C
6 Modern Physics
Half life: t1/2 =
Photon’s energy:
Photo-electric E = hν = hc/λ 6.1:
effect Population at time t: N = N0e−λt
Photon’s momentum: p = h/λ = E/c 0.693/λ
Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: Kmax = hν − φ
 N0
2
N
Average life: tav = 1/λ N0 O t1/2 t

Population after n half lives: N = N0/2n.

Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: ν0 = φ/h Mass defect: ∆m = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn] − M
V0
. Σ φ
hc 1
Stopping potential: Vo = e −e hc λ Binding energy: B = [Zmp
φ
e
φ hc
1
λ + (A − Z)mn − M ]
−e Q-value: Q = U − U
i f c2
Energy released in nuclear reaction: ∆E = ∆mc2
where ∆m = m reactants − mproducts.
de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
6.2: The
Energy Atom
in nth Bohr’s orbit: 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors
mZ2e4 13.6Z2
En = − , En = − D
8s 2horbit:
Radius of the nth Bohr’s
2n2

0
Half Wave Rectifier:
R Output

n2
eV ˜
2 2
s0h n n2a0 Full Wave Rectifier:
˚

rn = , rn = , a0 = 0.529 A ˜ Output

πmZe2 Z Grid
2
Quantization of the angular momentum: l = nh π Triode Valve: Cathode

Filament
Photon energy in state transition: E2 − E1 = hν Plate

E2 E2
∆V p
∆i .
E1 hν hν E1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp =
Emission Absorption p ∆Vg =0

Wavelength
from nthoftoemitted radiation: for a transition Transconductance of a triode: g ∆ip
mth state: Σ Σ .m= g ∆Vp=0
1 2 1 1
= RZ −
λ n 2 m2 ∆V
∆V
Amplification by a triode: µ = − ∆Vpg. ∆ip=0

I Kα Kβ Relation between rp, µ, and gm: µ = rp × gm

Ie Ic
e
X-ray spectrum: λmin = hc V
λmin λα λ Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
Ib
√
Moseley’s law: ν = a(Z − b) α and β parameters of a transistor: α =
Ic
,β=
Ie
X-ray diffraction: 2d sin θ = nλ Ic
, β= α
Ib 1−α
Heisenberg uncertainity principle:
∆Ic
Transconductance: gm =
∆ be
V
∆p∆x ≥ h/(2π), ∆E∆t ≥ h/(2π) Logic Gates:
AND OR NAND NOR XOR
A B AB A+B AB A+B AB¯ + A¯
6.3: The Nucleus 0 0 0 0 1 1 B
0
Nuclear radius: R = R0A1/3, R0 ≈ 1.1 × 10−15 m 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
d
t
Decay rate: dN = −λN
Σ