Arithmetic Important

Formulas
For competitive exams

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Percentages

1. Fractional equivalents
Fraction %age Fraction %age
1/2 50% 1/12 8.33%
1/3 33.33% 1/13 7.69%
1/4 25% 1/14 7.14%
1/5 20% 1/15 6.67%
1/6 16.66% 1/16 6.25%
1/7 14.28% 1/17 5.88%
1/8 12.5% 1/18 5.56%
1/9 11.11% 1/19 5.26%
1/10 10% 1/20 5%
1/11 9.09% 1/21 4.76%

2. Multiplying factors
 a 
• For a% increase – Multiplying factor =  1 + 
 100 
 a 
• For a% decrease – Multiplying factor =  1 − 
 100 
Percentage Multiplying Percentage Multiplying
Increase Factor Decrease Factor
5% 1.05 5% 0.95
12% 1.12 12% 0.88
17% 1.17 17% 0.83
21.2% 1.212 21.2% 0.788
28% 1.28 28% 0.72
60% 1.6 60% 0.4
85% 1.85 85% 0.15

3. Multiplying factors for fractions

1
• For 1/x increase – Multiplying factor = 1 +
x
1
• For 1/x decrease – Multiplying factor = 1 −
x
Fractional Multiplying Factor Multiplying Factor
Percentage
Equivalent for Increase for Decrease
33.33% 1/3 4/3 2/3
16.66% 1/6 7/6 5/6
 14.28% 1/7 8/7 6/7
11.11% 1/9 10/9 8/9
9.09% 1/11 12/11 10/11
37.5% 3/8 11/8 5/8
62.5% 5/8 13/8 3/8

4. Increase and decrease

Change To get original
value
a% increase 100a
%
100 + a
a% decrease 100a
%
100 − a

100 × 20
Eg 1: After an increase of 20%, original value can be obtained by = 16.67%
100 + 20
decrease
100 × 25
Eg 2: After a decrease of 25%, original value can be obtained by = 33.33%
100 − 25
increase

5. Successive Changes
• If a number is changed successively by a%, b%, c%........ then the final value is
 a  b  c 
= Number  1 +   1+   1+  ……
 100   100   100 
 ab 
• Net change after two successive changes of a% and b% =  a + b +
100 
%

Simple and Compound Interest

1. General Formula
• Amount = Principal + Interest

2. Simple Interest
P×R×T
• Interest =
100

3. Compound Interest
T
 R 
• Amount = P  1 +
 100 
 R 
T 
• Interest = Amount – Principal = P  1 +  − 1
 100  
CIn+1 − CIn
• × 100 = r% (where n and n+1 are two consecutive years)
CIn
A n+1 − A n
• × 100 = r% (where n and n+1 are two consecutive years)
An

4. Relation between Simple and Compound Interest

• SI for 1st year = CI for 1st year
SI for first two years 2
• =
CI for first two years 2 + r%
R
• CI of first two years – SI of first two years = SI of 1st year × = R% of R% of P
100

5. Appreciation and Depreciation

n
 r 
• Final value (appreciation) = Initial Value  1 + 
 100 
n
 r 
• Final value (depreciation) = Initial Value  1 − 
 100 

6. Population
n
 r 
• Population after n years = Initial Population  1 + 
 100 
Profit, Loss and Discount

1. General Formulas
• Profit = SP – CP
SP − CP  SP 
• %Profit = * 100 =  − 1 * 100
CP  CP 
• Loss = CP – SP
CP − SP  SP 
• %Loss = * 100 =  1 −  * 100
CP  CP 
2. Ratio of SP and CP
SP
• If > 1, then there will be profit
CP
SP
• If < 1, then there will be loss
CP

SP
Eg 1: = 1.2, that means there is profit of 20%
CP
SP
Eg 2: = 0.75, that means there is loss of 25%
CP

3. Articles at same CP and SP

• If two articles are purchased at same CP and one is sold at a% profit and the other
is sold at a% loss, then there will be NO PROFIT NO LOSS in this transaction.
• If two articles are sold at same SP and one is sold at a% profit and the other is sold
a2
at a% loss, then there will always be a LOSS = %
100
• If two articles are sold at same SP and one is sold at a% profit and the other is sold
2 × SP × a2
at a% loss, then there will always be a LOSS with absolute value =
1002 − a2

4. Relation between SP and CP

Eg: CP of 5 articles = SP of 4 articles
difference in number of articles
• Profit% or Loss% = × 100
number articles in selling price
• If number of articles in CP is more that the number of articles in SP, then there will
be profit
• If number of articles in CP is less that the number of articles in SP, then there will
be loss
 2
Eg: CP of 10 articles = SP of 8 articles, will have a profit = × 100 = 25%
8
3
Eg: CP of 12 articles = SP of 15 articles, will have a loss = × 100 = 20%
15

5. Faulty Weights
actual weight − faulty weight
• Profit % = × 100
faulty weight
Eg: A trader used 800gm weight instead of 1kg weight, his profit will =
1000 − 800
× 100
800

6. Markup and Discount

Marked Price − Cost Price
• Markup % = × 100
Cost Price
• Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
Marked Price − Selling Price
• Discount % = × 100
Marked Price

7. Successive Discount
• If two successive discounts of a% and b% are given on article, then the net
 ab 
discount =  a + b +
100 
%


8. Free Articles
 y 
• If you Buy x articles and Get y articles free, then the discount is  ×100 
x+y 
y−x 
• If you Buy x articles and Get y articles, then the discount is  ×100 
 y 
Ratio and Proportion
1. Ratio
• If a : b : c = 2 : 3 : 5 , then a = 2x, b = 3y and c = 5y
2 3 5
• If a : b : c = 2 : 3 : 5 , then a = ,b= and c =
2+3+5 2+3+5 2+3+5
1 1 1
• If a : b : c = : : , then multiply all the numbers by the LCM of denominators
2 3 4
12 12 12
and a : b : c = : : =6:4:3
2 3 4
a N b N c N
• If = 1 , = 2 and = 3 , then a : b : c = N1 × N2 : D1 × N2 : D1 × D2
b D1 c D2 d D3

2. Proportion
a c b d
• Invertendo – If = , then =
b d a c
a c a b
• Alternendo – If = , then =
b d c d
a c a+b c +d
• Componendo – If = , then =
b d b d
a c a−b c −d
• Dividendo – If = , then =
b d b d
a c a+b c +d
• Componendo & Dividendo – If = , then =
b d a−b c −d

3. Partnerships
• If time period is constant, then the profit is divided in the ration of investments of the
partners i.e. P1 : P2 : P3 ……. : Pn = I1 : I2 : I3 …….. : In
• If investment is constant, then the profit is divided in the ration of time period of
investments of the partners i.e. P1 : P2 : P3 ……. : Pn = t1 : t2 : t3 …….. : tn
• If time period and investment both are not constant, then the profit is divided in the
ration of product of investments and time period of the partners i.e. P1 : P2 : P3
……. : Pn = I1t1 : I2t2 : I3t3 …….. : Intn
Averages

1. Average by deviation
• Let assumed average be A, so actual average
Net deviation
• Actual average = A +
number of elements
Net deviation = (Term 1 – A) + (Term 2 – A) + (Term 3 – A) ………..

2. Formulas
• Average = sum of observations/number of observations
A W + A 2 W2 + A 3 W3 + .......... + A N WN
• Weighted Average = 1 1
W1 + W2 + W3 + .......... + WN

3. Arithmetic Progression
First term + Last term
• When observations are in A.P., then average =
2
• If number of terms is odd, then average is the middle term
• If number of terms is even, then average is the average of the middle two terms

4. Change in observations
• When ‘n’ is added to each quantity, then average (A) becomes A + n
• When ‘n’ is subtracted from each quantity, then average (A) becomes A – n
• When ‘n’ is multiplied to each quantity, then average (A) becomes A × n
• When ‘n’ divides each quantity, then average (A) becomes A ÷ n
Alligation and Mixture

1. Alligation
C – Cheaper type item or item with lesser value
D – Dearer type item or item with more value
M – Mean quantity
QC – Quantity of cheaper item
QD – Quantity of dearer item

2. Replacement of Mixture
• Final amount of the original solute left =
n
 amount taken out each time 
Initial amount of the solute ×  1 − 
 total volume of the solution 
Time & Work

1. Basics
1
• If a person can do a certain task in A hours, then in 1 hour he would do
A
part of the job.
• Total work = LCM (A, B, C….)
A, B and C are number of days taken by people to complete the same work alone.

2. Wages
• The ratio of wages is reciprocal of number of days taken by people working alone
i.e.
1 1 1 1
W1 : W 2 : W 3 …… :W n = : : ........ :
d1 d2 d3 dn

3. Unitary Method
• If M1 men can do a work in D1 days working h1 hours a day and M2 men can do the
same work in D2 days working h2 hours a day then:
M1D1h1 = M2D2h2
• If M1 men can do a work in D1 days working h1 hours a day with efficiency E1 and
M2 men can do the same work in D2 days working h2 hours a day with efficiency E2
then:
M1D1h1E1 = M2D2h2E2
• If M1 men can do W 1 work in D1 days working h1 hours a day with efficiency E1 and
M2 men can do W 2 work in D2 days working h2 hours a day with efficiency E2 then:
M1D1h1E1 MDhE
= 2 2 2 2
W1 W2
Time, Speed & Distance

1. Basics
Distance
• Speed =
time
• 1 km/hr = 5/18 m/s
• 1 m/s = 18/5 km/hr

2. Proportionality relations
When time is constant, Speed Distance
S1 S2 S3 S
= = ............... = n
D1 D2 D3 Dn
When speed is constant, Time Distance
T1 T2 T3 T
= = ............... = n
D1 D2 D3 Dn
When distance is constant, Speed 1/Time
S1T1 = S2T2 = S3T3 ……………… = SnTn

3. Average Speed
Total distance travelled
• Average speed =
Total time taken
d + d + d3 + .......... + dn
• Average speed = 1 2
t1 + t 2 + t 3 + .......... + tn
s t + s t + s3 t 3 + .......... + sn tn
• Average speed = 1 1 2 2
t1 + t 2 + t 3 + .......... + tn
d + d + d3 + .......... + dn
• Average speed = 1 2
d1 d2 d3 d
+ + + .......... + n
s1 s2 s3 sn
• If only two equal distances are travelled with speed s1 and s1 then the average
2s1s2
speed =
s1 + s2

4. Relative Speed
• If two objects are moving in opposite directions towards each other or away from
each other with a speed of X and Y respectively, then the Relative Speed = X + Y
 • If two objects are moving in same direction with a speed of X and Y respectively,
then the Relative Speed = X – Y
(X is the higher speed and Y is the slower speed)

5. Trains
length of train
• Time taken by train to cross a stationary pole =
speed of train
length of train
• Time taken by train to cross a moving person =
relative speed
length of train + length of platform
• Time taken by train to cross a platform =
speed of train
length of train 1+ length of train 2
• Time taken by two trains to cross each other =
relative speed

6. Boats and Streams

• Downstream speed = Speed of boat (b) + Speed of stream (s)
• Upstream speed = Speed of boat (b) – Speed of stream (s)
Downstream speed + Upstream speed
• Speed of boat =
2
Downstream speed − Upstream speed
• Speed of stream =
2

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