Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

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Heliyon
journal homepage: www.cell.com/heliyon

Research article

Solitary and periodic wave solutions to the family of new 3D fractional

WBBM equations in mathematical physics
Abdulla - Al - Mamun a,b,∗ , Nur Hasan Mahmud Shahen c , Samsun Nahar Ananna a,b ,
Md. Asaduzzaman b , Foyjonnesa c
a
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Hohai University, Nanjing-210098, PR China
b
Department of Mathematics, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
c
Department of Mathematics, European University of Bangladesh, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: For the newly implemented 3D fractional Wazwaz-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (WBBM) equation family, the present
(G′ ∕G2 )-expansion method study explores the exact singular, solitary, and periodic singular wave solutions via the (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion
Wazwaz-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation process. In the sense of conformable derivatives, the equations considered are translated into ordinary differential
Conformable derivative
equations. In spite with many trigonometric, complex hyperbolic, and rational functions, some fresh exact
Exact solution
Shallow water wave
singular, solitary, and periodic wave solutions to the deliberated equations in fractional systems are attained
by the implementation of the (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion technique through the computational software Mathematica.
The unique solutions derived by the process defined are articulated with the arrangement of the functions tanh,
sech; tan, sec; coth, cosech, and cot, cosec. With three-dimensional (3D), two dimensional (2D) and contour
graphics, some of the latest solutions created have been envisaged, selecting appropriate arbitrary constraints to
illustrate their physical representation. The outcomes were obtained to determine the power of the completed
technique to calculate the exact solutions of the equations of the WBBM that can be used to apply the nonlinear
water model in the ocean and coastal engineering. All the solutions given have been certified by replacing their
corresponding equations with the computational software Mathematica.

1. Introduction and the ion-acoustic waves occurring in plasma physics [3]. An analyti-
cal solution for an initial boundary value problem with some particular
Consider the succeeding fractional kind of the WBBM equations [1]: complementary data is suggested by Benjamin et al. [4]. The Lagrangian
density and the interaction of two solitary waves for the BBM equation
D𝛾t u + D𝛾x u + D𝛾y u3 − D3𝛾
xzt u = 0, (1) are developed by Morrison et al. [5]. The symmetric WBBM equation is
D𝛾t u + D𝛾z u + D𝛾x u3 − D3𝛾
xyt u = 0, (2) defined by Seyler and Fenstermacher [6] to describe ion-acoustic and
space charge waves in the weakly nonlinear sense. Hyperbolic secant
D𝛾t u + D𝛾y u + D𝛾z u3 − D3𝛾
xxt u = 0, (3) type solitary wave solutions and several invariants are also reported in
u(x, y, z, t) is a differentiable function in the above equations with four the same work.
independent variables x, y, z, and t, and D𝛾x u, D𝛾y u, D𝛾z u, and D𝛾t u de- It is noteworthy that exact nonlinear PDE solutions are of great
note the corresponding u derivatives of order 𝛾 with respect to x, y, z, importance in explaining various new complex characteristics in vari-
and t respectively, where 0 < 𝛾 ≤ 1, t ≥ 0. Seadawy et al. [1] explained ous branches of applied science. Different symbolic computational sets,
the equations mentioned above and investigated the variety of soliton namely Mathematica, Maple, and MATLAB, make it far simpler for
solutions. The WBBM equation is defined to describe some particular physicists, mathematicians, and engineers to build a forum to develop
undular bore formation by a long wave in shallow water [2]. The WBBM various numerical and analytical methods range of new precise non-
equation’s derivation dates back to the wave phenomena in the water linear PDE solutions. The methods of numeral evolution are the first

* Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Hohai University, Nanjing-210098, PR China.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (A.A. Mamun).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07483
Received 6 November 2020; Received in revised form 12 January 2021; Accepted 1 July 2021

2405-8440/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

integral technique [7], the modified Kudryashov technique [8, 9, 10], scheme to the 3D fractional WBBM equations in section 4. Physical
the modified extended tanh-function method [11, 12], the improved descriptions and conclusions are collected in sections 5, and 6, respec-
simple equation technique [13], the method of characteristics [14], the tively.
novel exponential rational function technique [15], the semi-inverse
variational principle [16, 17], the multiple Exp-function system [18, 2. Conformable derivative
19], the sine-cosine method [20], the Exp-function method [17, 21],
the improved tan(𝜙(𝜉)∕2) and tanh(𝜙(𝜉)∕2)-expansion methods [22, 23], In this section, we give a brief discussion on conformable derivative,
the modified trial equation method [24], the extended rational trigono- and its properties which follow from the monographs of Khalil et al.,
metric method [25], the unified method [26], the Darboux transform [55], Atangana et al., [56] and Abdeljawad [57].
method [27], the Adomian decomposition method [28], the exponen-
tial rational function method [29], the Bäcklund transformation and Definition 1. [55] Based on the independent variable 𝑡, the con-
inverse scattering method [30], Hirota’s bilinear method [31], the ad- formable derivative of order 𝛾 is defined as
vanced exp(−𝜙(𝜉))-expansion methods [32, 33], the extended simple
( )
equation method [32], the extended sinh-Gordon expansion method 𝛾 z t + 𝜌t 1−𝛾 − z(t)
[34, 35, 36, 37], the sine-Gordon expansion method [38, 39, 40], Dt (z (t)) = lim , t > 0, 𝛾 ∈ (0, 1] , (4)
𝜌→0 𝜌
the improved (G′ ∕G) and (1∕G′ )-expansion methods [41], the (G′ ∕G)-
expansion method [42, 43], the (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion method [44, 45], for a persistence z = z (t) ∶ [0, ∞) → ℝ. This well-defined fractional
the (G′ ∕G, 1∕G)-expansion method [46, 47, 48], variational iteration derivative is achieved by satisfying some known conditions that are
method [49, 50, 51], the new extended FAN sub-equation method [52], necessary.
the Φ6 -model expansion method [53], the generalized exponential ra-
tional function method [54], etc. To date, there has been no credible Theorem 1. [56] Consider the derivative order 𝛾 ∈ (0, 1], and assume that
proof to examine more equations (1)–(3) to check for exact solutions for all positive values of t, g = g(t) and f = f(t) are 𝛾-differentiable. Then,
through the (G′ ∕G, 1∕G)-expansion process, which is an expanded ver- ( )
sion of the simple (G′ ∕G)-expansion method [42], as far as the authors’ • D𝛾t c1 g + c2 f = c1 D𝛾t (g) + c2 D𝛾t (f).
𝛾 p
awareness is concerned. Quite many researchers have subsequently • Dt (t ) = pt p−𝛾 , ∀p ∈ ℝ.
used the (G′ ∕G, 1∕G)-expansion approach [41, 47, 48] to overcome • D𝛾t (𝜇) = 0, ∀u (t) = 𝜇.
nonlinear PDEs in diverse fields of use. • D𝛾t (gf ) = gD𝛾t (f) + fD𝛾t (g).
( ) f D𝛾 (g)−gD𝛾 (f )
This research aims to generate precise solitary wave solutions ex- • D𝛾t f = t f 2 t .
g
pending the (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion technique for a deeper appreciation of
• D𝛾t (g) (t) = t 1−𝛾
dg
the physical significance of a diversity of WBBM equations. The arrange- dt
,
ment of the tanh, sech; tan, sec; coth, cosech, and cot, cosec functions,
expresses the unique solutions excluded by the (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion pro- for all c1 , c2 ∈ ℝ. Conformable differential operator obeys some crucial es-
cess. The joint solutions created specify solitary wave, singular periodic, sential stuff similar to the chain rule, Taylor series expansion, and Laplace
and singular joint solutions. transforms [57].
Among these mentioned approaches, the new investigative process
(G′ ∕G2 )-expansion method has been utilized to build exact and explicit Theorem 2. Assume g = g(t) be a 𝛾 conformable differentiable function and
solution of time and space-time fractional differential equations. The assume that f is differentiable and well-defined in various g. Then,
(G′ ∕G2 ) is a useful technique for conniving the traveling wave solutions Assume g = g(t) is a differentiable function conforming to 𝛾 and assume that
of nonlinear partial single, coupled and system of equations arising in f is differentiable and very well-defined in various 𝑔. Then,
several expanses of fluid mechanics, physics, water wave mechanics,
wave propagation problems, etc. The (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion technique has D𝛾t (g◦f) (t) = t 1−𝛾 f ′ (t) g′ (f (t)) , (5)
got much significance due to its general thought and appropriateness. It
can be related to numerous nonlinear equations and gives two or three In this study, we have considered the preferred equation with the
new solutions [47]. The (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion technique is the more ef- sense of conformable derivative. In general calculus, several functions
ficient and reliable technique as compared to than (G′ ∕G)-expansion do not have Taylor power sequence representations about particular
technique. The solutions gained using the mentioned technique can be points, but in conformable fractional models, they do have. The con-
articulated in trigonometric, hyperbolic, and rational functions. These formable derivative performs well in the chain rule and product rule
forms of solutions are satisfactory for reviewing certain nonlinear phys- while detailed plans seem normal fractional calculus. The conformable
ical treatment. fractional derivative of a constant function is equivalent to zero where
In comparison with the attained solutions [47, 48], to the best of our it is not the issue for Riemann fractional calculus. Mittag-Leffler func-
knowledge, kink, bright kink, singular kink, periodic kink, bright and tions play a significant role in fractional calculus as a simplification to
dark bell solution shapes are new in the case of our (G′ ∕G2 )-expansion exponential functions. In contrast, the fractional exponential function
scheme, which are not testified in previously published studies [41, t𝛼
f (t) = e 𝛼 appears in the case of conformable fractional calculus. Con-
47, 48]. It is important to know that most of the investigated solu-
formable chain rule, conformable fractional derivatives, conformable
tions in this article have diverse structures over the available solutions
Gronwall’s inequality, conformable integration by parts, conformable
in the wave propagation literature. The executed methods are com-
Laplace transform, conformable exponential function, and so on, all
pletely new for this studied WBBM equation. Therefore, the developed
tend to the corresponding ones in usual calculus [55].
exact solutions may illuminate the authors for advance studies to clar-
ify pragmatic phenomena in shallow water wave and mathematical ′
physics. This article affords evidence that our mentioned MKE equa- 3. Description of the ( 𝑮𝟐 )-expansion method
𝑮
tion is suitable in the sense of conformable derivative for obtaining ( )
the new traveling soliton structures in any physical system without any 𝐺′
In this part, the 𝐺2
-expansion method [46] is discussed and eval-
complexity of obliqueness conditions. uated using the suggested methodology.
The remainder of the paper is decorated as follows:
( ) Section 2, the Consider a nonlinear FDE assumed by
𝐺′
conformable differential equation narration. The 𝐺2
-expansion ap- ( )
proach has been explained in section 3. We extend this suggested F u, 𝐷𝑡𝛾 𝑢, 𝐷𝑥𝛾 𝑢, 𝐷𝑦𝛾 𝑢, 𝐷𝑡𝛾 𝐷𝑡𝛾 𝑢, 𝐷𝑡𝛾 𝐷𝑥𝛾 𝑢, 𝐷𝑥𝛾 𝐷𝑥𝛾 𝑢 = 0, 0 < 𝛾 < 1. (6)

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A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

In the above FDE, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) is a mysterious function, and F is a polyno- Integrating equation (15) with respect to 𝜓 , we get (−s + p) U + qU3 +
mial of u and its partial fractional derivatives. prsU′′ + 𝑐1 = 0, where 𝑐1 is an integrating constant. We set 𝑐1 = 0 for
By expending the complex fractional transformation, we obtain simplicity we get,

𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑈 (𝜓) , (−s + p) U + qU3 + prsU′′ = 0, (16)

y𝛾
x𝛾 z𝛾 t𝛾
𝜓 =p +q +r −s , (7) with the result of homogeneous balance in equation (16) of the upper
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾
order derivative term U′′ and the nonlinear term U3 , we notice that
where 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, and 𝑠 are nonzero constants. Equation (7) can be trans- N = 1. Our proposed approach therefore enables us to use the auxiliary
formed into an ODE of the form: solution of the form:
( ) ( ′) ( ′ )−1
𝑄 𝑈 , 𝑈 ′ , 𝑈 ′′ , 𝑈 ′′′ , … … = 0. (8) G G
U (𝜓) = A0 + A1 + B1 . (17)
G 2 G2
The formula solution of ODE can be written as follows:
[ ( ) ( ′ )−𝑘 ] Now placing the value of U, U′′ and (
U3 in
∑𝑁 𝑘 ) equation (16) and equating
𝐺′ 𝐺 ′
U (𝜓) = 𝐴0 + 𝐴𝑘 + 𝐵𝑘 , (9) the coefficients of similar power of GG2 to zero from the overhead
𝑘=1 𝐺2 𝐺2
equation we acquire the SAE as follows:
( ′ )′ ( ′ )2
𝐺 𝐺
=𝜇+𝜆 . (10) 𝑝𝐴0 − 𝑠𝐴0 + 𝑞𝐴30 + 6𝑞𝐴0 𝐴1 𝐵1 = 0,
𝐺2 𝐺2
𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑠𝐴1 + 2𝑝𝑟𝑠𝜆𝜇𝐴1 + 3𝑞𝐴20 𝐴1 + 3𝑞𝐴21 𝐵1 = 0,
In the above equations, 𝜆 ≠ 0 are integers, and 𝐴0 , 𝐴𝑘 , 𝐵𝑘 , (𝑘 =
𝑝𝐵1 − 𝑠𝐵1 + 2𝑝𝑟𝑠𝜆𝜇𝐵1 + 3𝑞𝐴20 𝐵1 + 3𝑞𝐴1 𝐵12 = 0,
1, 2, 3, … … , 𝑁) are constants to be strong-minded. The value of positive
3𝑞𝐴0 𝐴21 = 0, (18)
integer N is easy to find by matching the maximum order derivative
3𝑞𝐴0 𝐵12 = 0,
and nonlinear relations seeming in equation (8).
2𝑝𝑟𝑠𝜆2 𝐴1 + 𝑞𝐴31 = 0,
Substitute equation (9) and use equation (10) into equation (8),
( ′ )𝑗 2𝑝𝑟𝑠𝜇2 𝐵1 + 𝑞𝐵13 = 0.
𝐺
accumulate the coefficients with a similar order of 𝐺 2 , 𝑗 =
0, ±1, ±2, … … and set the coefficients to zero, non-linear algebraic Solving the SAE (18) for r, A0 , A1 , B1 we get some solution sets as fol-
equations are developed. lows:
( ′Solutions
) to the ensuing algebraic system are
𝐺 √ √
imitative by using the 𝐺 2 -expansion technique with the assistance of 𝑝−𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑝) 𝜆 (−𝑝 + 𝑠) 𝜇
Mathematica. 𝑟= , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = ± , 𝐵1 = ± .
( ′) 4𝑝𝑠𝜆𝜇 2𝑞𝜇 2𝑞𝜆
𝐺
Based on the general solutions to equation (10), the ratio 𝐺 2 can √ √
be separated into three cases as follows: −𝑝 + 𝑠 1 (𝑝 − 𝑠) 𝜆 1 (𝑝 − 𝑠) 𝜇
𝑟= , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = ± , 𝐵1 = ∓ .
Case-I. Hyperbolic function solution, when (𝜇𝜆 < 0) 8𝑝𝑠𝜆𝜇 2 2𝑞𝜇 2 𝑞𝜆
( √ ) ( √ ) √
√ ⎡ ⎤ −𝑝 + 𝑠 (𝑝 − 𝑠) 𝜆
𝐺′ |𝜇𝜆| ⎢ 𝑎 sinh 2 𝜇𝜆𝜓 + 𝑎 cosh 2 𝜇𝜆𝜓 + 𝑏 ⎥ 𝑟= , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = ± , 𝐵1 = 0.
( ) ( ) , (11) 2𝑝𝑠𝜆𝜇 𝑞𝜇
𝜆 ⎢⎢ 𝑎 sinh 2√𝜇𝜆𝜓 + 𝑎 cosh 2√𝜇𝜆𝜓 − 𝑏 ⎥⎥
=−
𝐺2 √
⎣ ⎦ −𝑝 + 𝑠 (𝑝 − 𝑠) 𝜇
𝑟= , 𝐴0 = 0, 𝐴1 = 0, 𝐵1 = ± .
Case-II. Rational function solution, when (𝜇𝜆 = 0) 2𝑝𝑠𝜆𝜇 𝑞𝜆
𝐺′ 𝑎 Using these solution sets, we construct the solutions to equation (14) as
=− , 𝜇 = 0, 𝜆 ≠ 0, (12)
𝐺2 𝜆 (𝑎𝜓 + b) follows:
Case-III. Trigonometric function solution, when (𝜇𝜆 > 0) When 𝝁𝝀>𝟎, we obtain the following trigonometric function solu-
(√ ) (√ ) tion:
√ ⎡ ⎤ √
𝐺′ 𝜇 ⎢ 𝑎 cos 𝜇𝜆𝜓 + 𝑏 sin 𝜇𝜆𝜓 ⎥ −p+s
= ⎢ ( √ ) ( √ ) ⎥. (13) (a2 + b2 )
𝐺2 𝜆 ⎢ 𝑏 cos 𝜇𝜆𝜓 − 𝑎 sin 𝜇𝜆𝜓 ⎥ U1,2 (x, t) = ±
2q
,
⎣ ⎦ (bCos [𝛿] − aSin [𝛿]) (aCos [𝛿] + bSin [𝛿])
√
In the overhead expressions, a and b are nonzero constants. (−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇
𝛿= .
𝛾
′
√ ( 2 )
4. Applications of the ( 𝑮𝟐 )-expansion method p−s −a + b2 Cos [−2𝛿] + 2abSin [−2𝛿]
𝑮
U3,4 (x, t) = ± × ,
q 2 (bCos [𝛿] − aSin [𝛿]) (aCos [𝛿] + bSin [𝛿])
Here in this sector, we build explicit hyperbolic and periodic solu- √
tions for the 3D fractional WBBM equations. (−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇
𝛿= .
𝛾
√
4.1. The first 3D fractional WBBM equation p − s a Cos [𝛿] + b Sin [𝛿]
U5,6 (x, t) = ± × ,
q b Cos [𝛿] − a Sin [𝛿]
Let the 3D fractional WBBM equation as follows: √
(−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇
𝛿= .
D𝛾t u + D𝛾x u + D𝛾y u − D3𝛾
xzt u = 0. (14) 𝛾
√
p − s a Sin [𝛿] − b Cos [𝛿]
Applying the following wave transformation U7,8 (x, t) = ± × ,
q a Cos [𝛿] + b Sin [𝛿]
x𝛾 y𝛾 z𝛾 t𝛾 √
u (x, t) = U (𝜓) , where 𝜓 = p +q +r −s , (−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝛿= .
𝛾
on equation (14), we get
When 𝝁𝝀<𝟎, we obtain the following hyperbolic function solu-
( )′
(−s + p) U′ + q U3 + prsU′′′ = 0. (15) tions:

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A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

√ √
(−p + s) 𝜆 2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
U9,10 (x, t) = ± 𝛿= .
2q𝜇 |𝜆𝜇| 𝛾
U29,30 (x, t)
− |𝜆𝜇|
𝜆
(b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿])2 − 𝜇 (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])2 √ ( )
× , i 2qs − |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿])2 + 𝜆𝜇 (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])2
(b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿]) (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿]) =± √ ,
√ |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿]) (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])
2 (st − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
𝛾
√
𝛿= . 2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
𝛾 𝛿= .
√ 𝛾
p−s √
U11,12 (x, t) = ±
q𝜆𝜇 |𝜆𝜇| i 2qs𝜆𝜇 (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])
U31,32 (x, t) = ± √ ,
𝜆𝜇 ((a − b) Cosh [𝛿] − (a + b) Sinh [𝛿])2 − |𝜆𝜇| ((a + b) Cosh [𝛿] + (b − a) Sinh [𝛿])2 |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿])
× √
2 (b + aCosh [2𝛿] − aSinh [2𝛿]) (b − aCosh [2𝛿] + aSinh [2𝛿])
2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
× (Cosh [2𝛿] − Sinh [2𝛿]) , 𝛿= .
√ 𝛾
(st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
𝛿= .
𝛾 4.3. The 3rd 3D fractional WBBM equation
√
(p − s) |𝜆𝜇| b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿]
U13,14 (x, t) = ± × , Let the 3D fractional WBBM equation as follows:
q𝜆𝜇 b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿]
√
2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇| D𝛾t u + D𝛾y u + D𝛾z u − D3𝛾
xxt u = 0. (20)
𝛿= .
𝛾
√ Proceeding with the above method, we acquire the following solutions:
𝜆𝜇 (p − s) b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿] When 𝝁𝝀>𝟎, we obtain the following trigonometric function solu-
U15,16 (x, t) = ± × ,
q |𝜆𝜇| b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿] tion:
√ √ √ √
2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
𝛿= . i 2p s𝜆 𝜇𝜆 (aCos [𝛿] + bSin [𝛿])
𝛾 U33,34 (x, t) = ± √ ,
r (aCos [𝛿] − bSin [𝛿])
4.2. The second 3D fractional WBBM equation √
(−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇
𝛿= .
𝛾
Let the 3D fractional WBBM equation as follows: √ ( )
2pi 2s𝜆𝜇 a2 Cos [𝛿]2 + b2 Sin [𝛿]2
D𝛾t u + D𝛾z u + D𝛾x u − D3𝛾 (19) U35,36 (x, t) = ± √ ( ) ,
xyt u = 0. r a2 Cos [𝛿]2 − b2 Sin [𝛿]2
√
Proceeding with the above method, we develop the following solutions: (−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇
When 𝝁𝝀>𝟎, we obtain the following trigonometric function solu- 𝛿= .
𝛾
tion: √
√ 2iabp 2s𝜆𝜇 Sin [−2𝛿]
i 2qs𝜆𝜇 (aCos [𝛿] + bSin [𝛿]) U37,38 (x, t) = ± √ ( ),
U17,18 (x, t) = ± , r a2 Cos [𝛿]2 − b2 Sin [𝛿]2
aCos [𝛿] − bSin [𝛿] √
√ (−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇
(−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇 𝛿= .
𝛿= . 𝛾
𝛾 √
√ ( ) ip 2s𝜆𝜇 (aCos [𝛿] − bSin [𝛿])
2i 2qs𝜆𝜇 a2 Cos [𝛿]2 + b2 Sin [𝛿]2 U39,40 (x, t) = ± √ ,
U19,20 (x, t) = ± , r (aCos [𝛿] + bSin [𝛿])
a2 Cos [𝛿]2 − b2 Sin [𝛿]2 √
√ (−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇
(−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇 𝛿= .
𝛿= . 𝛾
𝛾
√
2abi 2qs𝜆𝜇 Sin [−2𝛿] When 𝝁𝝀<𝟎, we obtain the following hyperbolic function solu-
U21,22 (x, t) = ± , tions:
a2 Cos [𝛿]2 − b2 Sin [𝛿]2
√ √
(−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇 ip 2s |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿])
𝛿= . U41,42 (x, t) = ± √ ,
𝛾 r (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])
√ √
i 2qs𝜆𝜇 (aCos [𝛿] − bSin [𝛿]) 2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
U23,24 (x, t) = ± , 𝛿= .
aCos [𝛿] + bSin [𝛿] 𝛾
√
(−st 𝛾 + px𝛾 ) 𝜆𝜇 U43,44 (x, t)
𝛿= . √ (
𝛾 )
ip 2s |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿])2 + 𝜆𝜇 (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])2
=± √ ,
When 𝝁𝝀<𝟎, we obtain the following hyperbolic function solu- r |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿]) (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])
tions: √
√ 2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
i 2qs |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿]) 𝛿= .
𝛾
U25,26 (x, t) = ± ,
b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿] U45,46 (x, t)
√ √ (
2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇| )
𝛿= . ip 2s − |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿])2 + 𝜆𝜇 (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])2
𝛾 =± √ ,
r |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿]) (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])
U27,28 (x, t) √
√ ( ) 2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇|
i 2qs |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿])2 + 𝜆𝜇 (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])2 𝛿= .
=± √ , 𝛾
|𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿]) (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿])

4
A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

Fig. 1. Above set of figures represent the periodic kink solution shape for 𝛾 = 1, kink shape for 𝛾 = 0.5 and multiple soliton shape for 𝛾 = 0.25. Above set of figures
belongs to the traveling-wave solution of U1,2 (x, t) for the parameter 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑝 = −0.5, 𝑞 = 0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜆 = 1, 𝜇 = 1.

√
ip𝜆𝜇 2s (b − aCosh [𝛿] + aSinh [𝛿]) over a while or compares multiple wave items. Wave points are de-
U47,48 (x, t) = ± √ ,
r |𝜆𝜇| (b + aCosh [𝛿] − aSinh [𝛿]) signed in series utilizing evenly-spaced breaks and associated with a
√
2 (st 𝛾 − px𝛾 ) |𝜆𝜇| line to highlight the wave points’ relations. The 3D elegance is used
𝛿= .
𝛾 to add visual importance to the chart. The 2D line plots are used to
represents very high and low frequency and amplitude. The plots are
5. Physical explanation
constructed with unique values of 𝛾𝜖 (0, 1] at various stages of time us-
The physical description of the 3D fractional WBBM equations of ing MATLAB for U(x, y, z, t). The plots denote many natures, such as the
the established exact moving wave solutions will be considered in this kink solution, the dark kink type solution, the periodic wave solution,
section. In the ‘physical definition’ portion, the three-dimensional 3D
the soliton solution, the singular soliton solution, and other forms of
surface plots, contour map, and two-dimensional 2D plots of the devel-
oped traveling-wave solutions of the latest 3D fractional WBBM equa- the solution generated by the correct physical description by choosing
tions are addressed. A 3D line plot highlights the amount of variation different free parameters.

5
A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

Fig. 2. Above set of figures are represents kink solution shape the exact traveling-wave solution of U11,12 (x, t) for the parameter 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1.5, 𝑝 = −0.5, 𝑞 = 0.5,
𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜆 = 1, 𝜇 = −1 and 𝛾 = 1, 0.5, 0.25 respectively.

In the concept of mathematical physics, a soliton or solitary wave is 6. Conclusion

defined as a self-reinforcing wave packet that upholds its shape. At the ( )
same time, it propagates at a constant amplitude and velocity. Soliton 𝐺′
The 𝐺2
-expansion form, exact traveling-wave solutions of the lat-
is the solutions of a widespread class of weakly nonlinear dispersive est 3D fractional WBBM equations are discussed in this article. The
partial differential equations describing physical systems. These kink- equations are simplified to several ODEs at the cost of companion-
type solutions’ key physical structures are displayed in Fig. 1–6, namely able wave transformation. Then, in the momentous form of ODE, the
their trajectories, phase shifts after collision and decomposition into intended solutions are shared. (Some) SAE reflects the relation of coef-
𝐺′
separate single kink soliton. With the fractional parameter changes, the ficients of equivalent strength 𝐺 2 to zero. Solving this system offers
wave’s frequency and amplitude have been changed, and kink solution interactions between the parameters. Any physical and hybrid alter-
shape turned into singular kink. It is necessary to remember that in natives are specifically unwavering activities of control of a tangent,
each set of Figs. 1–6, each appropriate solution has been sketched three cotangent, cosecant, hyperbolic tangent, hyperbolic cotangent, and hy-
times for conformable parameters 𝛾 = 1, 𝛾 = 0.5, and 𝛾 = 0.25 for the perbolic cosecant functions. In specific finite fields, the graphical il-
first, second and third rows, respectively. lustration of some solutions is depicted to explain the results of 𝛾 by

6
A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

Fig. 3. Above set of figures represent the kink solution shape of exact traveling-wave solution of U17,18 (x, t) for the parameter 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑝 = −0.5, 𝑞 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5,
𝜆 = 1, 𝜇 = 1 and 𝛾 = 1, 0.5, 0.25 respectively.

using MATLAB. In this current research, we demand that the solu- Funding statement
tions obtained are unique and, therefore, more useful in studying the
fractional nonlinear dynamics of the water wave and nonlinear mathe- This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agen-
matical physical phenomena. cies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Data availability statement

Author contribution statement
No data was used for the research described in the article.

Declaration of interests statement

Abdulla-Al-Mamun: Conceived and designed the experiments; Per-
formed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Con- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
tributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.
Nur Hasan Mahmud Shahen, Md. Asaduzzaman, Foyjonnesa: Ana- Additional information
lyzed and interpreted the data.
Samsun Nahar Ananna: Performed the experiments. No additional information is available for this paper.

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A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

Fig. 4. Above set of figures are represents the kink solution shape of exact traveling-wave solution of U31,32 (x, t) for the parameter 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1.5, 𝑝 = −0.5, 𝑞 = −0.5,
𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜆 = 1, 𝜇 = −1 and 𝛾 = 1, 0.5, 0.25 respectively.

8
A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

Fig. 5. Above set of figures represent the bell solution shape for 𝛾 = 1, singular kink shape for 𝛾 = 0.5 and 𝛾 = 0.25 respectively. Above set of figures belongs to the
traveling-wave solution of U37,38 (x, t) for the parameter 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑝 = −0.5, 𝑟 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5, 𝜆 = 1, 𝜇 = 1.

9
A.A.- Mamun, N.H.M. Shahen, S.N. Ananna et al. Heliyon 7 (2021) e07483

Fig. 6. Above set of figures are represents kink solution of the exact traveling-wave solution of U43,44 (x, t) for the parameter 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1.5, 𝑝 = −0.5, 𝑟 = −0.5, 𝑠 = 0.5,
𝜆 = 1, 𝜇 = −1 and 𝛾 = 1, 0.5, 0.25 respectively.

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