Lesson 1. Review of Basic Algebra.

Solution: by law of exponents

(𝑥 2 )3 = 𝑥 (2×3) = 𝑥 6
Laws of Exponents, Radicals and Logarithms 7
5. √𝑥 2 𝑦 3
1. 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 Solution: by law of logarithm
𝑥𝑎 7 𝟕 𝟕
2. = 𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 √𝑥 2 𝑦 3 = √𝒙𝟐 ( √𝒚𝟑 )
𝑥𝑏
3 (𝑥+1)3
3. (𝑥 𝑎 )𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑏 6. √
𝑛 𝑚 𝑚 (𝑦−2)6
4. √𝑎 = 𝑎 ⁄𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 Solution: by law of logarithm and law of exponents
5. √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎( √𝑏 ) 3
3 (𝑥+1)3 √(𝑥+1)3 (𝑥+1)1/1 𝒙+𝟏
𝑛 𝑎
𝑛
√𝑎 √ = 3 = =
6. √𝑏 = (𝑦−2)6 √(𝑦−2)6 (𝑦−2)6/3 (𝒚−𝟐)𝟐
𝑛
√𝑏
𝑚 𝑛
7. √ √𝑎 = 𝑚𝑛√𝑎 5 3
√ √𝑥 4
7.
8. log 𝑏 (𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log𝑏 𝑦 Solution: by law of radicals
𝑥
9. log 𝑏 (𝑦) = log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦 5 3
√ √𝑥 4 =
(5×3) 𝟏𝟓
√𝑥 4 = √𝒙𝟒
10. log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟 log 𝑏 𝑥
11. log 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 8. log 2 80 − log2 5
Solution: by law of logarithm
Review problems 1 80
log 2 80 − log2 5 = log 2 5
Simplify the following expression: = log 2 16 = log 2 24
1. 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥2 = 4 log 2 2 = 4(1) = 𝟒
Solution: by law of exponents 9. Solve the equation 𝑒 5−3𝑥 = 10
Solution: taking natural logarithm both sides of the equation
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 (1+2) = 𝒙𝟑
𝑎6 ln( 𝑒 5−3𝑥 ) = ln 10
2. 5 − 3𝑥 = ln 10 transpose the equation
𝑎2
Solution: by law of exponents 3𝑥 = 5 − ln 10 solve for x
𝟏
𝒙 = (𝟓 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟏𝟎)
𝟑
𝑎6 (6−2) 𝟒 10. Evaluate ln 𝑒 8
=𝑎 =𝒂
𝑎2 Solution: by law of logarithm
𝑎2 ln 𝑒 8 = ln 𝑒 (1)8 = 8 ln 𝑒 1 = 8(1) = 𝟖
3. 𝑎6
Solution: by law of exponents 11. Evaluate ln(𝑒 2)
1

𝑎2 𝟏 Solution: by law of logarithm

= 𝑎(2−6) = 𝒂−𝟒 or
𝑎6 𝒂𝟒
1
4. (𝑥 2 )3 ln(𝑒 2 ) = ln 𝑒 −2(1) = −2 ln 𝑒 1 = −2(1) = −𝟐
 5. 8𝑥 3 + 27𝑦 3
Factoring (special products) Solution:
1. 𝒂𝒄 + 𝒂𝒅 = 𝒂(𝒄 + 𝒅) 𝑎3 = 8𝑥 3 , 𝑏3 = 27𝑦 3 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 2𝑥, 𝑏 = 3𝑦
Using special products (sum of two cubes)
2. 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃) (𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 ) = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
3. (𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) = (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 8𝑥 3 + 27𝑦 3 = (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)[(2𝑥)2 − (2𝑥 )(3𝑦) + (3𝑦)2 ]
4. (𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) = (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)(𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 ) ANSWER
5. 𝒂𝟑 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟑 6. 8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 1
6. 𝒂𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝟐 − 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟑 Solution:
7. (𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 ) = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) 𝑎3 = 8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 , 𝑏3 = 1, 𝑎 = 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑏 = 1
8. (𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 ) = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) Using special products (difference of two cubes)
8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 1 = (2𝑥𝑦 − 1)[(2𝑥𝑦)2 + (2𝑥𝑦)(1) + 12 ]
Review problems 2 (𝟐𝐱𝐲 − 𝟏)(𝟒𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱𝐲 + 𝟏) 𝐀𝐍𝐒𝐖𝐄𝐑
Find the factors of the following expressions: Enhancement exercises 1
2 3
1. 6𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 1. Simplify the algebraic expression 18𝑥 2 + 4 − [6(𝑥 2 − 2) + 5]
Solution: separate the greatest common factor of the 1st and 2nd terms Answer: 12x2 +11
2𝑥 2, divide each term by the greatest common 2. Simplify 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐(𝑎𝑏2 𝑐 5 ) Answer: 𝑎3 𝑏5 𝑐 6
factor 𝑥 5 𝑦 2𝑧 𝑥 3𝑦
(3𝑦 − 𝑥) 3. Simplify 𝑥 2𝑦𝑧 3 Answer: 𝑧2
3 2
6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 (𝟑𝒚 − 𝒙) = 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 4. Solve 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 12 = 0 Answer: solution set
3
{−2, , 2}
2
2. 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦
5. Ronald’s living room is 2 feet longer than it is wide, and its area is
Solution: separate the greatest common factor of the 1st ,2nd and last
168 square feet. What are the dimensions of the room?
terms
Answer: 12 ft by 14 ft
𝑥𝑦 divide each term by the greatest common 𝑥 2 +7𝑥+12 𝑥2
factor (2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3𝑥) 6. Find the product of the rational expressions and
𝑥 2 +3𝑥 𝑥 2 −16
𝑥
2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝒙𝒚(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙) = 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 Answer: 𝑥−4
3. 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 𝑎 3 −𝑏3 6
7. Find the product of the rational expressions and
Solution: 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎 2 +2𝑎𝑏+2𝑏2
𝑎2 = 4𝑥 2 and 𝑏2 = 9𝑦 2 then, 𝑎 = 2𝑥, 𝑏 = 3𝑦 using special Answer. – 3
products 8. Evaluate the following rational expressions
𝑎 2 −4 2𝑎−4
𝟒𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟗𝐲 𝟐 = (𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲)(𝟐𝐱 − 𝟑𝐲) answer a) ÷ 3𝑎−3 Answer: 3/2
𝑎 2 +𝑎−2
4. 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 25−𝑥 2 𝑥−5 −𝑥 2 −4𝑥+5
Solution: using special products b) ÷ 𝑥 2−1 Answer:
𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥
𝑎2 = 9𝑥 2 , 𝑏2 = 4𝑦 2 , then 𝑎 = 3𝑥, 𝑏 = 2𝑦
(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)𝟐 answer
 𝑥2 −4 √3𝑥−5 1
c. 2
Answer:
3𝑥+6 b) ln Answer: 2 ln(3𝑥 − 5) − ln 7
𝑥−2 7
2
3
15. Condense each logarithmic expression to a single logarithmic quantity.
2
3−
𝑥 12𝑥 2 −8𝑥
9. Simplify 1 1 Answer: (2−𝑥)(2+𝑥) 1
−
𝑥2 4
a) 2 log 𝑥 + 3 log(𝑥 + 1) Answer: log[√𝑥(𝑥 + 1)3 ]
2 𝑥+3 1
10. Solve 𝑥 = Answer: {−5, 2} b) 3 [log 2 𝑥 + log 2(𝑥 + 1)] Answer: log 2 3√𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
5

11. Simplify each radical. Assume the variables represent positive c) ln 2 + ln 𝑥 Answer: ln(2𝑥)
numbers.
𝑧
d) log 4 𝑧 − log 4 𝑦 Answer: log 4 𝑦
50 5√2
a) √ Answer:
49 7 e) 2 log 2 𝑥 + 4 log2 𝑦 Answer: log 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 4
3 1 4
3 𝑥5 𝑥 √𝑥 2
b) √ 8 Answer: f) 4 log 3 5𝑥 Answer: log 3 √5𝑥
2
𝑥
g) log 𝑥 − 2 log(𝑥 + 1) Answer: log
4 𝑎5 𝑎 4√𝑎 (𝑥+1)2
c) √ Answer:
𝑏8 𝑏2
𝑥𝑧 3
h) log 𝑥 − 2 log 𝑦 + 3 log 𝑧 Answer: log
12. Perform the indicated operations 𝑦2

𝑥
a) 3√16𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 3√54𝑥 4 𝑦 3 Answer: −𝑥𝑦 √2𝑥
3 i) ln 𝑥 − [ln(𝑥 + 1) + ln(𝑥 − 1)] Answer: ln (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)

b) √2𝑥 3 − √4𝑥 2 + 5√18𝑥 3 Answer: 16𝑥√2𝑥 − 2𝑥 1

j) 3 [2 ln(𝑥 + 3) + ln 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 2 − 1)] Answer: ln √
3 𝑥(𝑥+3)2

𝑥 2 −1
c) (2√3 + √5)(3√3 − 2√5) Answer: 8 − √15
16. Find the exact value of the logarithmic expression without using a
13. Simplify the following expression. Write your answer with positive calculator.
exponents.
a) log 3 9 Answer: 2
1/2 −3 1/2 𝑥 1/4
a) (𝑥 𝑦 ) Answer: 𝑦 3/2 b) log 4 162 Answer: 4
4
𝑥2 𝑦 1/6 c) log 2 √8 Answer: ¾
b) (𝑦 1/3)−1/2 Answer: 𝑥
3
d) log 6 √6 Answer: 1/3
14. Expand each logarithmic expression.
e) ln 𝑒 4.5 Answer: 4.5
a) log 4 5𝑥 3 𝑦 Answer: log 4 5 + 3log 4 𝑥 +
log 4 𝑦 f) ln
1
Answer: - ½
√𝑒
 g) ln 𝑒 2 + ln 𝑒 5 Answer: 7 i) log 4 2 + log 4 32 Answer: 3

h) log 5 75 − log 5 3 Answer: 2

Completing the square √5 √2

𝑥 = −2 ± ⋅
√2 √2
𝑏
To complete the square of the expression 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑏, add (2)2 , which is the Answer: 𝒙 = −𝟐 ±
√𝟏𝟎
𝟐
𝑏
square of half the coefficient of x. Consequently, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑏 + (2)2 = (𝑥 +
𝑏 2 3. 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 = 0
) .
2 Solutions:
Review problems 3. Solve the following by completing the square Rewrite the equations
4 5
1. 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 3(𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 − 3) = 0 divide both sides of the equation by 3
Solutions:
4 5
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + (1/2)2 = 6 + (1/2)2 (𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 − 3) = 0 transpose
1 2 1 4 5
(𝑥 + ) =6+4 2
𝑥 −3𝑥 = 3 perform completing the square
2
1 2 25 4 4 5 4
(𝑥 + ) = taking square roots both sides of the equation 𝑥2 − 3 𝑥 + (6)2 = 3 + (6)2
2 4
2 4 5 4 19
1
(𝑥 + 2) = √ 4 =
25 √25
= ±2
5
solve for x (𝑥 − 3)2 = 5 + (6)2 = 3 + 9 = take square roots both sides of
√4 9
5 1 5 1 5 1 the equation
𝑥 = ±2 − 2 , 𝑥 = 2 − 2,𝑥 = −2 − 2
2 19 √19
Answer: 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝑥−3 = √9 = ± solve for x
3
2. 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝟐 √𝟏𝟗
Answer: 𝒙 = 𝟑 ± 𝟑
Solutions: rewrite the equation
3
2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2) = 0 divide both sides of the equation by 2.
Quadratic Formula
3
(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + ) = 0 transpose
2
3
The solutions of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0 are given
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = − by the quadratic formula
2
3
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + (4/2)2 = − + (4/2)2
2 −𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
3 𝑥=
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = − 2 + 4 2𝑎
5
(𝑥 + 2)2 = 2 take the square roots both sides of the equations Review problems 4. Use the quadratic formula to solve
5 √5
𝑥 + 2 = √2 = 1. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 9.
√2
√5 Solutions:
𝑥 = −2 ± rationalizing the radical Rewrite in the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
√2
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 9 = 0
 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = −9 apply to quadratic formula 4. 7 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0 Answer: 1 ±
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 2√2
𝑥=
2𝑎 5. 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 8 = 0 Answer:
−3±√(−3)2 −4(1)(−9) −3±√9+36
𝑥= = −5±√89
2(1) 2
4
−3+√45 −𝟑±𝟑√𝟓
𝑥= = = 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 B. Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation.
2 𝟐
2. 2
2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0 1. 16𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 3 = 0 Answer: ¼, -
Solutions: ¾
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −1 apply to quadratic formula 2. 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0 Answer: 1 ±
−1±√12 −4(2)(−1) −1±√9 √3
𝑥= = 3. 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 16 = 0 Answer:
2(2) 4
−1±3
𝑥= −6 ± 2√5
4
𝟏 4. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 4 = 0 Answer:
Answer: 𝒙 = 𝟐 , −𝟏
−4 ± 2√5
3. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 7 5. 12𝑥 − 9𝑥 2 = −3 Answer:
Solutions: rewrite the equation 2±√7
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 7 = 0 3
2
𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = −7 6. 9𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 25 = 0 Answer: -5/3
Apply to quadratic formula 7. 28𝑥 − 49𝑥 2 = 4 Answer: 2/7
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 8. 8𝑡 = 5 + 2𝑡 2 Answer:2 ±
𝑥= 2𝑎 √6
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −4±√42 −4(4)(−7) 2
𝑥= =
2𝑎 2(4) 9. (𝑦 − 5)2 = 2𝑦 Answer: 6 ±
−4±√16+4(4)(7) 1 √128
𝑥= = −2± √11
2(4) 8
𝟏
C. Solve the equation using any convenient method.
Answer: − 𝟐 ± √𝟐 1. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 Answer: 1 ±
√2
Enhancement exercises 2
2. (𝑥 + 3)2 = 81 Answer: 6, -
A. Solve the quadratic equation by completing the square. 12
11 1
1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 32 = 0 Answer: 4, - 3. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4 = 0 Answer:2 ±
8
√3
2. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 = 0 Answer:
4. (𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝑥 2 Answer: - ½
−3 ± √7
3. 9𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 = −3 Answer: 1 ±
√6
3