Intel

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Intel Corporation

The current logo, used since December 2005.

Headquarters in Santa Clara, California

Type Public

Traded as NASDAQ: INTC
Dow Jones Industrial Average Component
NASDAQ-100 Component
S&P 500 Component

Industry Semiconductors

Founded July 18, 1968
 Founders Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce

Headquarter Santa Clara, California, U.S.[1]

s

Area served Worldwide

Key people Andy Bryant

(Chairman)
Brian Krzanich
(CEO)
Renée James
(President)

Products Bluetooth chipsets, flash
memory,microprocessors, motherboardchipsets, netwo
rk interface cards,mobile phones

Revenue  US$ 52.708 billion (2013)[2]

Operating  US$ 12.291 billion (2013)[2]

income

Net income  US$ 9.620 billion (2013)[2]

Total assets  US$ 92.358 billion (2013)[2]

Total equity  US$ 58.256 billion (2013)[2]

Employees 107,600 (2013)[3]

Website www.intel.com

Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporationheadquartered in Santa Clara, California.

Intel is one of the world's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers, based on revenue.
[4]
 It is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal
computers.
Intel Corporation, founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau ofIntegrated Electronics (the fact that
"intel" is the term for intelligence information also made the name appropriate). [5] Intel also
makesmotherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash
memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and
 computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and widely
associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip
design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Though Intel was originally known
primarily to engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it
a household name, along with its Pentiumprocessors.
Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority
of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip in
1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that this became its primary
business. During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid
growth of the computer industry. During this period Intel became the dominant supplier of
microprocessors for PCs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes illegal tactics in defense of
its market position, particularly againstAdvanced Micro Devices (AMD), as well as a struggle
with Microsoft for control over the direction of the PC industry.[6][7]
The 2013 rankings of the world's 100 most valuable brands published by Millward Brown Optimor
showed the company's brand value at number 61. [8]
Intel has also begun research into electrical transmission and generation. [9][10] Intel has recently
introduced a 3-D transistor that improves performance and energy efficiency. [11] Intel has begun
mass-producing this 3-D transistor, named the Tri-Gate transistor, with their 22 nm process, which is
currently used in their 3rd generation core processors initially released on April 29, 2012. [12] In 2011,
SpectraWatt Inc., a solar cell spinoff of Intel, filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. [13] In June 2013,
Intel unveiled its fourth generation of Intel Core processors (Haswell) in an event named Computex
in Taipei.[14]
The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP andLatencyTOP, and supports
other open-source projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, Threading Building
Blocks (TBB), and Xen.[15][16]

Contents
  [hide] 

 1 Corporate history
o 1.1 Origins
o 1.2 Early history
o 1.3 Slowing demand and challenges to dominance
o 1.4 Regaining of momentum
o 1.5 Sale of XScale processor business
o 1.6 Acquisitions
 2 Acquisition table
o 2.1 Expansions
o 2.2 Opening up the foundries
 3 Product and market history
o 3.1 SRAMS and the microprocessor
o 3.2 From DRAM to microprocessors
o 3.3 Intel, x86 processors, and the IBM PC
 3.3.1 386 microprocessor
 3.3.2 486, Pentium, and Itanium
 3.3.3 Pentium flaw
 3.3.4 "Intel Inside" and other 1990s programs
o 3.4 Solid-state drives (SSD)
o 3.5 Supercomputers
 o 3.6 Competition, antitrust and espionage
o 3.7 Partnership with Apple
o 3.8 Core 2 Duo advertisement controversy
o 3.9 Classmate PC
o 3.10 Mobile processor
o 3.11 Server chips
o 3.12 22 nm processors
o 3.13 Personal Office Energy Monitor (POEM)
o 3.14 IT Manager 3: Unseen Forces
o 3.15 Car Security System
o 3.16 High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection
o 3.17 Move from Wintel desktop to open mobile platforms
o 3.18 Wearable fashion
 4 Corporate affairs
o 4.1 Leadership and corporate structure
o 4.2 Employment
 4.2.1 Diversity
o 4.3 Economic Impacts
o 4.4 Funding of a school
o 4.5 Ultrabook Fund
o 4.6 Finances
o 4.7 Advertising and brand management
 4.7.1 Intel Inside
 4.7.2 Sonic logo
 4.7.3 Naming strategy
o 4.8 Open source support
o 4.9 Corporate responsibility record
o 4.10 Religious controversy
o 4.11 Age discrimination
o 4.12 Gamergate controversy
 5 Competition
o 5.1 Lawsuits
o 5.2 Anti-competitive allegations
 5.2.1 Japan
 5.2.2 European Union
 5.2.3 South Korea
 5.2.4 United States
 6 Market share
 7 Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
 8 See also
 9 References
 10 External links

Corporate history[edit]
Origins[edit]
Andy Grove, Robert Noyceand Gordon Moore (1978)

The old Intel logo used from July 18, 1968 until December 2005

Intel was originally founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore (of "Moore's
Law" fame), a chemist, and Robert Noyce, a physicist and co-inventor of theintegrated circuit. Arthur
Rock (investor and venture capitalist) helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the
board from an early stage.[17] Moore and Noyce had leftFairchild Semiconductor to found Intel. Rock
was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board.[18][19] The total initial
investment in Intel was $2.5 million convertible debentures and $10,000 from Rock. Just 2 years
later, Intel completed theirinitial public offering (IPO), raising $6.8 million ($23.50 per share).[18] Intel's
third employee was Andy Grove,[20] a chemical engineer, who later ran the company through much of
the 1980s and the high-growth 1990s.
In deciding on a name, Moore and Noyce quickly rejected "Moore Noyce", [21] homophone for "more
noise" – an ill-suited name for an electronics company, since noise in electronics is usually very
undesirable and typically associated with bad interference. Instead they used the name NM
Electronics before renaming their company IntegratedElectronics or "Intel" for short.[22] Since "Intel"
was already trademarked by the hotel chain Intelco, they had to buy the rights for the name. [18][23]
Early history[edit]
At its founding, Intel was distinguished by its ability to make semiconductors. Its first product, in
1969, was the 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit static random-access memory (SRAM), which was
nearly twice as fast as earlier Schottky diode implementations by Fairchild and the Electrotechnical
Laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan.[24][25] In the same year Intel also produced the 3301 Schottky bipolar
1024-bit read-only memory (ROM)[26] and the first commercial metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET) silicon gate SRAM chip, the 256-bit 1101.[18][27][28] Intel's business grew during the
1970s as it expanded and improved its manufacturing processes and produced a wider range
of products, still dominated by various memory devices.
Federico Faggin, the designer of Intel 4004.

While Intel created the first commercially available microprocessor (Intel 4004) in 1971[18] and one of
the first microcomputers in 1972,[27][29] by the early 1980s its business was dominated by dynamic
random-access memory chips. However, increased competition from Japanese semiconductor
manufacturers had, by 1983, dramatically reduced the profitability of this market. The growing
success of the IBMpersonal computer, based on an Intel microprocessor, was among factors that
convinced Gordon Moore (CEO since 1975) to shift the company's focus to microprocessors, and to
change fundamental aspects of that business model. Moore's decision to sole-source Intel's 386
chip played into the company's continuing success.
By the end of the 1980s, buoyed by its fortuitous position as microprocessor supplier to IBM and
IBM's competitors within the rapidly growing personal computer market, Intel embarked on a 10-year
period of unprecedented growth as the primary (and most profitable) hardware supplier to the PC
industry, part of the winning 'Wintel' combination. Moore handed over to Andy Grove in 1987. By
launching its Intel Insidemarketing campaign in 1991, Intel was able to associate brand loyalty with
consumer selection, so that by the end of the 1990s, its line of Pentium processors had become a
household name.
Slowing demand and challenges to dominance[edit]
After 2000, growth in demand for high-end microprocessors slowed. Competitors,
notably AMD (Intel's largest competitor in its primary x86 architecture market), garnered significant
market share, initially in low-end and mid-range processors but ultimately across the product range,
and Intel's dominant position in its core market was greatly reduced. [30] In the early 2000s then-
CEO Craig Barrett attempted to diversify the company's business beyond semiconductors, but few of
these activities were ultimately successful.
Intel had also for a number of years been embroiled in litigation. US law did not initially
recognize intellectual property rightsrelated to microprocessor topology (circuit layouts), until
the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984, a law sought by Intel and the Semiconductor
Industry Association (SIA).[31] During the late 1980s and 1990s (after this law was passed) Intel also
sued companies that tried to develop competitor chips to the 80386 CPU.[32] The lawsuits were noted
to significantly burden the competition with legal bills, even if Intel lost the suits.
[32]
 Antitrust allegations had been simmering since the early 1990s and had been the cause of
one lawsuit against Intel in 1991. In 2004 and 2005, AMD brought further claims against Intel related
to unfair competition.
In 2005, CEO Paul Otellini reorganized the company to refocus its core processor and chipset
business on platforms (enterprise, digital home, digital health, and mobility). In 2013, Intel partnered
with Medopad, an enterprise mobile health solution provider to support the deployment
of Medopad across the 60+ BMI Healthcare hospitals.[33]
Regaining of momentum[edit]
In 2007, Intel unveiled its Core microarchitecture to widespread critical acclaim;[34] the product range
was perceived as an exceptional leap in processor performance that at a stroke regained much of its
leadership of the field.[35][36] In 2008, Intel had another "tick," when it introduced the Penryn
microarchitecture, which was 45 nm. Later that year, Intel released a processor with
the Nehalem architecture. Nehalem had positive reviews.[37]
Sale of XScale processor business[edit]
On June 27, 2006, the sale of Intel's XScale assets was announced. Intel agreed to sell the XScale
processor business toMarvell Technology Group for an estimated $600 million and the assumption
of unspecified liabilities. The move was intended to permit Intel to focus its resources on its core x86
and server businesses, and the acquisition completed on November 9, 2006.[38]
Acquisitions[edit]
On August 19, 2010, Intel announced that it planned to purchase McAfee, a manufacturer of
computer security technology. The purchase price was $7.68 billion, and the companies said that if
the deal were approved, new products would be released early in 2011. [39] On January 26, 2011, the
European Union approved the acquisition, after Intel agreed to provide rival security firms with all
necessary information that would allow their products to use Intel's chips and personal computers.
[40]
 After the acquisition, Intel had about 90,000 employees, including about 12,000 software
engineers.[41]
On August 30, 2010, Intel and Infineon Technologies announced that Intel would acquire Infineon's
Wireless Solutions business.[42] Intel planned to use Infineon's technology in laptops, smart phones,
netbooks, tablets and embedded computers in consumer products, eventually integrating its wireless
modem into Intel's silicon chips.[43]
In March 2011, Intel bought most of the assets of Cairo-based SySDSoft. [44]
In July 2011, Intel announced that it had agreed to acquire Fulcrum Microsystems Inc., a company
specializing in network switches.[45] The company was previously included on the EE Times list of 60
Emerging Startups.[45]
On October 1, 2011, Intel reached a deal to acquire Telmap, an Israeli-based navigation software
company. The purchase price was not disclosed, but Israeli media reported values around $300
million to $350 million.[46]
In July 2012, Intel Corporation agreed to buy 10 percent shares of ASML Holding NV for $2.1 billion
and another $1 billon for 5 percent shares that need shareholder approval to fund relevant research
and development efforts, as part of a EUR3.3 billion ($4.1 billion) deal to accelerate the development
of 450-millimeter wafer technology and extreme ultra-violet lithography by as much as two years. [47]
In July 2013, Intel confirmed the acquisition of Omek Interactive, an Israeli company that makes
technology for gesture-based interfaces, without disclosing the monetary value of the deal. An
official statement from Intel read: "The acquisition of Omek Interactive will help increase Intel's
capabilities in the delivery of more immersive perceptual computing experiences." One report
estimated the value of the acquisition between US$30 million and $50 million. [48]
The acquisition of a Spanish natural language recognition startup named Indisys was announced on
September 13, 2013. The terms of the deal were not disclosed but an email from an Intel
representative stated: "Intel has acquired Indisys, a privately held company based in Seville, Spain.
The majority of Indisys employees joined Intel. We signed the agreement to acquire the company on
May 31 and the deal has been completed." Indysis explains that its artificial intelligence (AI)
technology "is a human image, which converses fluently and with common sense in multiple
languages and also works in different platforms." [49]
In December 2014, Intel bought PasswordBox.[50]

Acquisition table[edit]

Used as or
Numbe Acquisition
Company Business Country Price integrated Ref(s).
r date
with

Wind River Embedded

1 June 4, 2009  USA $884M Software [51]

Systems Systems

August 19,
2 McAfee Security  USA $7.6B Software [52]

2010

August 30,  German

3 Infineon Wireless $1.4B Mobile CPUs [53]

2010 y

 Netherl
4 March 17, 2011 Silicon Hive DSP N/A Mobile CPUs [54]

ands

September 29, Location

5 Telmap Software  Israel N/A [55]

2011 Services

Cloud
6 April 13, 2013 Mashery  USA $180M Software [56]

Software

7 May 3, 2013 Aepona SDN  Ireland N/A Software [57]

Stonesoft
8 May 6, 2013 Security  Finland $389M Software [58]

Corporation

Omek
9 July 16, 2013 Gesture  Israel N/A Software [48]

Interactive
 Used as or
Numbe Acquisition
Company Business Country Price integrated Ref(s).
r date
with

Natural
September 13,
10 Indisys language  Spain N/A Software [49]

2013
processing

11 March 25, 2014 Basis Wearable  USA N/A New Devices [59]

August 13, Avago Communications

12 Semiconductor  USA N/A [60]

2014 Technologies Processors

December 1,
13 PasswordBox Security  Canada N/A Software [61]

2014

Expansions[edit]
In 2008, Intel spun off key assets of a solar startup business effort to form an independent company,
SpectraWatt Inc. However, as of 2011, SpectraWatt has filed for bankruptcy. [13]
In February 2011, Intel announced plans to build a new microprocessor manufacturing facility
in Chandler, Arizona, which is expected to be completed in 2013, at a cost of $5 billion.[62] It will
accommodate 4,000 employees. The company produces three-quarters of their products in the
United States, although three-quarters of their revenue comes from overseas. [63]
In April 2011, Intel began a pilot project with ZTE Corporation to produce smartphones using
the Intel Atom processor for China's domestic market. This project is intended to challenge the
domination of ARM processors in mobile phones.[64]
In December 2011, Intel announced that it reorganized several of its business units to form a new
mobile and communications group.[65] This group will be responsible for the company's smartphone,
tablet and wireless efforts, and will be headed by Hermann Eul and Mike Bell.
Opening up the foundries[edit]
Finding itself with excess fab capacity after the failure of the Ultrabook to gain market traction and
with PC sales declining, in 2013 Intel reached a foundry agreement to produce chips for Altera using
14-nm process. General Manager of Intel's custom foundry division Sunit Rikhi indicated that Intel
would pursue further such deals in the future.[66] This was after poor sales of Windows 8 hardware
caused a major retrenchment for most of the major semiconductor manufacturers, except for
Qualcomm, which continued to see healthy purchases from its largest customer, Apple. [67]
As of July 2013, five companies will use Intel's fabs via the Intel Custom
Foundry division: Achronix, Tabula, Netronome,Microsemi, and Altera—most are FPGA makers, but
Netronome designs network processors. Only Achronix began shipping chips made by Intel using
the 22-nm Tri-Gate process.[68][69] Several other customers also exist but were not announced at the
time.[70]
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Intel is part of the
coalition of public and private organisations that also includes Facebook, Google, and Microsoft. Led
by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is
broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to
decrease internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide
target of 5% of monthly income.[71]

Product and market history[edit]

SRAMS and the microprocessor[edit]
Intel's first products were shift register memory and random-access memory integrated circuits, and
Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the
1970s. Concurrently, Intel engineers Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi
Shima invented Intel's first microprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese
company Busicom to replace a number of ASICs in a calculator already produced by Busicom,
the Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, though the
microprocessor did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid-1980s. (Note: Intel is
usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the
microprocessor)
From DRAM to microprocessors[edit]
In 1983, at the dawn of the personal computer era, Intel's profits came under increased pressure
from Japanese memory-chip manufacturers, and then-president Andy Grove focused the company
on microprocessors. Grove described this transition in the book Only the Paranoid Survive. A key
element of his plan was the notion, then considered radical, of becoming the single source for
successors to the popular 8086 microprocessor.
Until then, the manufacture of complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough for customers to
depend on a single supplier,[clarification needed] but Grove began producing processors in three
geographically distinct factories,[which?] and ceased licensing the chip designs to competitors such
as Zilog and AMD.[citation needed] When the PC industry boomed in the late 1980s and 1990s, Intel was one
of the primary beneficiaries.
Intel, x86 processors, and the IBM PC[edit]

The die from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPUrunning at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048
bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip.

Despite the ultimate importance of the microprocessor, the 4004 and its successors the 8008 and
the 8080 were never major revenue contributors at Intel. As the next processor, the 8086 (and its
variant the 8088) was completed in 1978, Intel embarked on a major marketing and sales campaign
for that chip nicknamed "Operation Crush", and intended to win as many customers for the
processor as possible. One design win was the newly created IBM PC division, though the
importance of this was not fully realized at the time.
IBM introduced its personal computer in 1981, and it was rapidly successful. In 1982, Intel created
the 80286 microprocessor, which, two years later, was used in the IBM PC/AT. Compaq, the first
IBM PC "clone" manufacturer, produced a desktop system based on the faster 80286 processor in
1985 and in 1986 quickly followed with the first 80386-based system, beating IBM and establishing a
competitive market for PC-compatible systems and setting up Intel as a key component supplier.
In 1975, the company had started a project to develop a highly advanced 32-bit microprocessor,
finally released in 1981 as the Intel iAPX 432. The project was too ambitious and the processor was
never able to meet its performance objectives, and it failed in the marketplace. Intel extended
the x86 architecture to 32 bits instead.[72][73]
386 microprocessor[edit]
During this period Andrew Grove dramatically redirected the company, closing much of
its DRAM business and directing resources to the microprocessor business. Of perhaps greater
importance was his decision to "single-source" the 386 microprocessor. Prior to this, microprocessor
manufacturing was in its infancy, and manufacturing problems frequently reduced or stopped
production, interrupting supplies to customers. To mitigate this risk, these customers typically
insisted that multiple manufacturers produce chips they could use to ensure a consistent supply. The
8080 and 8086-series microprocessors were produced by several companies, notably AMD. Grove
made the decision not to license the 386 design to other manufacturers, instead producing it in three
geographically distinct factories: Santa Clara, California;Hillsboro, Oregon; and Chandler, a suburb
of Phoenix, Arizona. He convinced customers that this would ensure consistent delivery. As the
success of Compaq's Deskpro 386 established the 386 as the dominant CPU choice, Intel achieved
a position of near-exclusive dominance as its supplier. Profits from this funded rapid development of
both higher-performance chip designs and higher-performance manufacturing capabilities, propelling
Intel to a position of unquestioned leadership by the early 1990s.
486, Pentium, and Itanium[edit]
Intel introduced the 486 microprocessor in 1989, and in 1990 formally established a second design
team, designing the processors code-named "P5" and "P6" in parallel and committing to a major new
processor every two years, versus the four or more years such designs had previously taken.
Engineers Vinod Dham and Rajeev Chandrasekhar (Member of Parliament, India) were key figures
on the core team that invented the 486 chip and later, Intel's signature Pentium chip. The P5 was
earlier known as "Operation Bicycle," referring to the cycles of the processor. The P5 was introduced
in 1993 as the Intel Pentium, substituting a registered trademark name for the former part number
(numbers, such as 486, are hard to register as a trademark). The P6 followed in 1995 as
the Pentium Pro and improved into the Pentium II in 1997. New architectures were developed
alternately in Santa Clara, California and Hillsboro, Oregon.
The Santa Clara design team embarked in 1993 on a successor to the x86 architecture, codenamed
"P7". The first attempt was dropped a year later, but quickly revived in a cooperative program
with Hewlett-Packard engineers, though Intel soon took over primary design responsibility. The
resulting implementation of the IA-64 64-bit architecture was the Itanium, finally introduced in June
2001. The Itanium's performance running legacy x86 code did not meet expectations, and it failed to
compete effectively with x86-64, which was AMD's 64-bit extensions to the original x86 architecture
(Intel uses the nameIntel 64, previously EM64T). As of 2012, Intel continues to develop and deploy
the Itanium; known planning continues into 2014.
The Hillsboro team designed the Willamette processors (initially code-named P68), which were
marketed as the Pentium 4.[citation needed]
Pentium flaw[edit]
Main article: Pentium FDIV bug
In June 1994, Intel engineers discovered a flaw in the floating-point math subsection of
the P5 Pentium microprocessor. Under certain data-dependent conditions, the low-order bits of the
result of a floating-point division would be incorrect. The error could compound in subsequent
calculations. Intel corrected the error in a future chip revision, but nonetheless declined to disclose it.
[citation needed]

In October 1994, Dr. Thomas Nicely, Professor of Mathematics at Lynchburg College, independently
discovered the bug. He contacted Intel, but received no response. On October 30, he posted a
message on the Internet.[74] Word of the bug spread quickly and reached the industry press. The bug
was easy to replicate; a user could enter specific numbers into the calculator on the operating
system. Consequently, many users did not accept Intel's statements that the error was minor and
"not even an erratum." During Thanksgiving, in 1994, The New York Times ran a piece by
journalist John Markoffspotlighting the error. Intel changed its position and offered to replace every
chip, quickly putting in place a large end-usersupport organization. This resulted in a $500 million
charge against Intel's 1994 revenue.
Ironically, the "Pentium flaw" incident, Intel's response to it, and the surrounding media coverage
propelled Intel from being a technology supplier generally unknown to most computer users to a
household name. Dovetailing with an uptick in the "Intel Inside" campaign, the episode is considered
to have been a positive event for Intel, changing some of its business practices to be more end-user
focused and generating substantial public awareness, while avoiding a lasting negative impression.
[75]

"Intel Inside" and other 1990s programs[edit]

During this period, Intel undertook two major supporting programs. The first is widely known: the
1991 "Intel Inside" marketing and branding campaign. The idea of ingredient branding was new at
the time with only Nutrasweet and a few others making attempts to do so.[76] This campaign
established Intel, which had been a component supplier little-known outside the PC industry, as a
household name.
The second program is little-known: Intel's Systems Group began, in the early 1990s, manufacturing
PC "motherboards", the main board component of a personal computer, and the one into which the
processor (CPU) and memory (RAM) chips are plugged. [77] Shortly after, Intel began manufacturing
fully configured "white box" systems for the dozens of PC clone companies that rapidly sprang up.
[citation needed]
 At its peak in the mid-1990s, Intel manufactured over 15% of all PCs, making it the third-
largest supplier at the time.[citation needed]
During the 1990s, Intel's Architecture Lab (IAL) was responsible for many of the hardware
innovations of the personal computer, including the PCI Bus, the PCI Express (PCIe) bus,
the Universal Serial Bus (USB). IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed fate; its video and
graphics software was important in the development of software digital video, [citation needed]but later its
efforts were largely overshadowed by competition from Microsoft. The competition between Intel and
Microsoft was revealed in testimony by IAL Vice-President Steven McGeady at the Microsoft
antitrust trial.
Solid-state drives (SSD)[edit]
It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled Intel solid-state
drives. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2014.
An Intel X25-M SSD

On September 8, 2008, Intel began shipping its first mainstream solid-state drives, the X18-M
and X25-M with 80GB and 160GB storage capacities.[78] Reviews measured high performance with
these MLC-based drives.[79][80][81][82] Intel released their SLC-based Enterprise X25-E Extreme SSDs on
October 15 that same year in capacities of 32GB and 64GB.[83]
In July 2009, Intel refreshed their X25-M and X18-M lines by moving from a 50-nanometer to a 34-
nanometer process. These new drives, dubbed by the press as the X25-M and X18-M G2 [84][85] (or
generation 2), reduced prices by up to 60 percent while offering lower latency and improved
performance.[86]
On February 1, 2010, Intel and Micron announced that they were gearing up for production of NAND
flash memory using a new 25-nanometer process.[87] In March of that same year, Intel entered the
budget SSD segment with their X25-V drives with an initial capacity of 40GB. [88] The SSD 310, Intel's
first mSATA drive was released on December 2010, providing X25-M G2 performance in a much
smaller package.[89][90]
March 2011 saw the introduction of two new SSD lines from Intel. The first, the SSD 510, used
a SATA 6 Gigabit per second interface to reach speeds of up to 500 MegaBytes per second. [91] The
drive, which uses a controller from Marvell Technology Group,[92] was released using 34 nm NAND
Flash and came in capacities of 120GB and 250GB. The second product announcement, the SSD
320, is the successor to Intel's earlier X25-M. It uses the new 25 nm process that Intel and Micron
announced in 2010, and was released in capacities of 40 GB, 80 GB, 120 GB, 160 GB, 300 GB and
600 GB.[93]Sequential read performance maxes out at 270 MB/s due to the older SATA 3 Gbit/s
interface, and sequential write performance varies greatly based on the size of the drive with
sequential write performance of the 40 GB model peaking at 45 MB/s and the 600 GB at 220 MB/s. [94]
Micron and Intel announced that they were producing their first 20 nm MLC NAND flash on April 14,
2011.[95]
In February 2012, Intel launched the SSD 520 series solid state drives using the SandForce SF-
2200 controller with sequential read and write speeds of 550 and 520 MB/s respectively with random
read and write IOPS as high as 80,000. These drives will replace the 510 series. [96] Intel has released
the budget 330 series solid state drive in 60, 120, and 180GB capacities using 25 nm flash memory
and a SandForce controller that have replaced the 320 series. [97][98]

Intel SSDs

Model Codename Capacities (GB) NAND Interface Form factor Controller Seq.
 read/writ
type
MB/s

X18-
50 nm SATA 3
M/X25- Ephraim 80/160 1.8"/2.5" Intel 250 / 70
MLC Gbit/s
M

50 nm SATA 3
X25-E Ephraim 32/64 2.5" Intel 250 / 170
SLC Gbit/s

X18-M
G2 / 34 nm SATA 3
Postville 80/120/160 1.8"/2.5" Intel 250 / 100
X25-M MLC Gbit/s
G2

34 nm SATA 3
X25-V Glenbrook 40 2.5" Intel 170 / 35
MLC Gbit/s

34 nm SATA 3
310 Soda Creek 40/80 mSATA Intel 200/70
MLC Gbit/s

34 nm SATA 6
510 Elmcrest 120/250 2.5" Marvell 500/315
MLC Gbit/s

Postville 25 nm SATA 3

320 40/80/120/160/300/600 1.8"/2.5" Intel[105] 270/220
Refresh MLC Gbit/s

Larsen 34 nm SATA 3

311 20 2.5"/mSATA Intel 200/105
Creek SLC Gbit/s

25 nm
SATA 3
710 Lyndonville 100/200/300 MLC- 2.5" Intel 270/210
Gbit/s
HET
 25 nm SATA 6
520 Cherryville 60/120/180/240/480 2.5" SandForce 550/520
MLC Gbit/s

Hawley 25 nm SATA 3

313 20/24 2.5"/mSATA Intel 220/115
Creek SLC Gbit/s

25 nm SATA 6
330 Maple Crest 60/120/180/240 2.5" SandForce 500/450
MLC Gbit/s

25 nm
PCIe 2.0 Intel/Hitach
910 Ramsdale 400/800 MLC- PCIe 2000/1000
×8 i
HET

20 nm SATA 6
335 Jay Crest 80/180/240 2.5" SandForce 500/450
MLC Gbit/s

25 nm
SATA 6
S3700 Taylorsville 100/200/400/800 MLC- 1.8"/2.5" Intel 500/450
Gbit/s
HET

Lincoln 25 nm SATA 6

525 30/60/120/180/240 mSATA SandForce 550/520
Crest MLC Gbit/s

DC 80/120/160/240/300/400/480/600/80 20 nm SATA 6

Wolfsville 1.8"/2.5" Intel 475/450
S3500 0 MLC Gbit/s

20 nm SATA 6 M.2/mSATA/2.5

530 Dale Crest 80/120/180/240/360/480 SandForce 540/490
MLC Gbit/s "

20 nm SATA 6
Pro 1500 Sierra Star 80/120/180/240/360/480 M.2/2.5" SandForce 540/490
MLC Gbit/s

20 nm SATA 6
Pro 2500 Temple Star 80/180/240/360/480 M.2/2.5" SandForce? 540/490
MLC Gbit/s

DC Fultondale 200/400/800/1600/2000 20 nm PCIe (2.5"/AIC) Intel 2800/1700

 MLC-
P3700
HET

DC 20 nm
Pleasantdale 250/500/1000/2000 PCIe (2.5"/AIC) Intel 2800/1700
P3500 MLC

Jackson 20 nm SATA 6

730 240/480 2.5" Intel 550/470
Ridge MLC Gbit/s

DC 20 nm
400/800/1200/1600/2000 PCIe (2.5"/AIC) Intel 2600/1700
P3600 MLC

Seq.
NAND
Model Codename Capacities (GB) Interface Form factor Controller read/writ
type
MB/s

Supercomputers[edit]
The Intel Scientific Computers division was founded in 1984 by Justin Rattner, in order to design and
produce parallel computers based on Intel microprocessors connected in hypercube topologies.[133] In
1992 the name was changed to the Intel Supercomputing Systems Division, and development of
the iWarp architecture was also subsumed.[134] The division designed
several supercomputer systems, including the Intel iPSC/1, iPSC/2, iPSC/860, Paragon and ASCI
Red. In November 2014, Intel revealed that it is going to use light beams to speed up
supercomputers.[135] The renowned chip maker has also disclosed that all its Supercomputer forms
will use optical technology for data transfer from 2015.
Competition, antitrust and espionage[edit]
See also: AMD v. Intel
Two factors combined to end this dominance: the slowing of PC demand growth beginning in 2000
and the rise of the low cost PC. By the end of the 1990s, microprocessor performance had
outstripped software demand for that CPU power. Aside from high-end server systems and software,
whose demand dropped with the end of the "dot-com bubble", consumer systems ran effectively on
increasingly low-cost systems after 2000. Intel's strategy of producing ever-more-powerful
processors and obsoleting their predecessors stumbled, [citation needed] leaving an opportunity for rapid
gains by competitors, notably AMD. This in turn lowered the profitability [citation needed] of the processor line
and ended an era of unprecedented dominance of the PC hardware by Intel. [citation needed]
Intel's dominance in the x86 microprocessor market led to numerous charges of antitrust violations
over the years, includingFTC investigations in both the late 1980s and in 1999, and civil actions such
as the 1997 suit by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and a patent suit by Intergraph. Intel's
market dominance (at one time[when?] it controlled over 85% of the market for 32-bit x86
microprocessors) combined with Intel's own hardball legal tactics (such as its infamous 338 patent
suit versus PC manufacturers)[136] made it an attractive target for litigation, but few of the lawsuits
ever amounted to anything.[clarification needed]
A case of industrial espionage arose in 1995 that involved both Intel and AMD. Bill Gaede,
an Argentine formerly employed both at AMD and at Intel's Arizona plant, was arrested for
attempting in 1993 to sell the i486 and P5 Pentium designs to AMD and to certain foreign powers.
[137]
 Gaede videotaped data from his computer screen at Intel and mailed it to AMD, which
immediately alerted Intel and authorities, resulting in Gaede's arrest. Gaede was convicted and
sentenced to 33 months in prison in June 1996.[138][139]
Partnership with Apple[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Apple's transition to Intel processors.
On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs, then CEO of Apple, announced that Apple would be transitioning from
its long favoredPowerPC architecture to the Intel x86 architecture, because the future PowerPC road
map was unable to satisfy Apple's needs. The first Macintosh computers containing Intel CPUs were
announced on January 10, 2006, and Apple had its entire line of consumer Macs running on Intel
processors by early August 2006. The Apple Xserve server was updated to IntelXeon processors
from November 2006, and was offered in a configuration similar to Apple's Mac Pro. [140]
Core 2 Duo advertisement controversy[edit]
In 2007, the company released a print advertisement for its Core 2 Duo processor featuring six
African American runners appearing to bow down to a Caucasian male inside of an office setting
(due to the posture taken by runners on starting blocks). According to Nancy Bhagat, Vice President
of Intel Corporate Marketing, the general public found the ad to be "insensitive and insulting." [141] The
campaign was quickly pulled and several Intel executives made public apologies on the corporate
website.[142]
Classmate PC[edit]
Intel's Classmate PC is the company's first low-cost netbook computer.[143] One of the models,
designed by TEAMS Design[4] in their Shanghai office, won many design awards, such as the
Appliance Design EID Award,[144] the 2008 Spark Award,[145] and the iF 2008 China Award.[146]
Mobile processor[edit]
In June 2011, Intel introduced the first Pentium mobile processor based on the Sandy Bridge core.
The B940, clocked at 2 GHz, is faster than existing or upcoming mobile Celerons, although it is
almost identical to dual-core Celeron CPUs in all other aspects.[147] According to IHS iSuppli's report
on September 28, 2011, Sandy Bridge chips have helped Intel increase its market share in global
processor market to 81.8%, while AMD's market share dropped to 10.4%. [148]
Intel planned to introduce Medfield – a processor for tablets and smartphones – to the market in
2012, as an effort to compete with ARM.[149] As a 32-nanometer processor, Medfield is designed to be
energy-efficient, which is one of the core features in ARM's chips.[150]
At the Intel Developers Forum (IDF) 2011 in San Francisco, Intel's partnership with Google was
announced. By January 2012, Google's Android 2.3 will use Intel's Atom microprocessor. [151][152][153]
Server chips[edit]
In July 2011, Intel announced that its server chips, the Xeon series, will use new sensors that can
improve data center cooling efficiency.[154]
22 nm processors[edit]
In 2011, Intel announced the Ivy Bridge processor family at the Intel Developer Forum. [155] Ivy Bridge
supports both DDR3 memory and DDR3L chips.
Personal Office Energy Monitor (POEM)[edit]
As part of its efforts in the Positive Energy Buildings Consortium, Intel has been developing an
application, called Personal Office Energy Monitor (POEM), to help office buildings to be more
energy-efficient. With this application, employees can get the power consumption info for their office
machines, so that they can figure out a better way to save energy in their working environment. [156]
IT Manager 3: Unseen Forces[edit]
IT Manager III: Unseen Forces is a web-based IT simulation game from Intel. In it you manage a
company's IT department. The goal is to apply technology and skill to enable the company to grow
from a small business into a global enterprise. [citation needed]
Car Security System[edit]
In 2011, Intel announced that it is working on a car security system that connects to smartphones via
an application. The application works by streaming video to a cloud service if your car is broken into.
[157]

High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection[edit]

Intel also developed High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) to prevent copying of digital
audio and video content as it travels across connections.
Move from Wintel desktop to open mobile platforms[edit]
In 2013, Intel's Kirk Skaugen said that Intel's exclusive focus on Microsoft platforms was a thing of
the past and that they would now support all "tier-one operating systems" such as Linux, Android,
iOS, and Chrome.[158]
In 2014, Intel cut thousands of employees in response to "evolving market trends", [159] and offered to
subsidize manufacturers for the extra costs involved in using Intel chips in their tablets. [160]
Wearable fashion[edit]
On January 6, 2014, Intel announced that it was "teaming with the Council of Fashion Designers of
America, Barneys New York and Opening Ceremony around the wearable tech field." [161]
Intel has developed a reference design for wearable smart earbuds that provide biometric and
fitness information. The Intel smart earbuds provide full stereo audio, and monitor heart rate, while
the applications on the user’s phone keep track of run distance and calories burned. Intel’s smart
earbuds use technology developed in collaboration with Valencell Inc.*, and the Company’s
PerformTek® Precision Biometrics. The sensor technology helps to continuously measure real-time
biometric data with a high degree of accuracy and consistency, and uses this data to give people
meaningful fitness assessments.[162]

Corporate affairs[edit]
In September 2006, Intel had nearly 100,000 employees and 200 facilities world wide. Its 2005
revenues were $38.8 billion and its Fortune 500 ranking was 49th. Its stock symbol is INTC, listed on
the NASDAQ. As of February 2009, the biggest customers of Intel are Hewlett-Packard and Dell.[163]
Leadership and corporate structure[edit]
Paul Otellini, Craig Barrett and Sean Maloney (2006)

Robert Noyce was Intel's CEO at its founding in 1968, followed by co-founderGordon Moore in
1975. Andy Grove became the company's president in 1979 and added the CEO title in 1987 when
Moore became chairman. In 1998, Grove succeeded Moore as Chairman, and Craig Barrett, already
company president, took over. On May 18, 2005, Barrett handed the reins of the company over
to Paul Otellini, who previously was the company president and COO and who was responsible for
Intel's design win in the original IBM PC. The board of directors elected Otellini as President and
CEO, and Barrett replaced Grove as Chairman of the Board. Grove stepped down as chairman, but
is retained as a special adviser. In May 2009, Barrett stepped down as chairman of the Board and
was succeeded by Jane Shaw. In May 2012, Intel vice chairman Andy Bryant, who had previously
held the posts of CFO (1994) and Chief Administrative Officer (2007) at Intel, succeeded Shaw as
executive chairman.[164]
In November 2012, president and CEO Paul Otellini announced that he would step down in May
2013 at the age of 62, three years before the company's mandatory retirement age. During a six-
month transition period, Intel's board of directors commenced a search process for the next CEO, in
which it considered both internal managers and external candidates such as Sanjay Jha and Patrick
Gelsinger.[165] Financial results revealed that, under Otellini, Intel's revenue increased by 55.8 percent
(US$34.2 to 53.3 billion), while its net income increased by 46.7% (US$7.5 billion to 11 billion). [166]
On May 2, 2013, Executive Vice President and COO Brian Krzanich was elected as Intel's sixth
CEO,[167] a selection that became effective on May 16, 2013 at the company's annual meeting.
Reportedly, the board concluded that an insider could proceed with the role and exert an impact
more quickly, without the need to learn Intel's processes, and Krzanich was selected on such a
basis.[168] Intel's software head Renée James was selected as president of the company, a role that is
second to the CEO position. [169]
As of May 2013, Intel's board of directors consists of Andy Bryant, John Donahoe, Frank Yeary,
Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky, Susan Decker, Reed Hundt, Paul Otellini, James Plummer,
David Pottruck, and David Yoffie. The board was described by former Financial Times journalist Tom
Foremski as "an exemplary example of corporate governance of the highest order" and received a
rating of ten from GovernanceMetrics International, a form of recognition that has only been awarded
to twenty-one other corporate boards worldwide. [170]
Employment[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (October 2008)
Intel microprocessor facility in Costa Rica was responsible in 2006 for 20% of Costa Rican exports and 4.9% of the
country's GDP.[171]

The firm promotes very heavily from within, most notably in its executive suite. The company has
resisted the trend toward outsider CEOs. Paul Otellini was a 30-year veteran of the company when
he assumed the role of CEO. All of his top lieutenants have risen through the ranks after many years
with the firm. In many cases, Intel's top executives have spent their entire working careers with Intel.
[citation needed]

Intel has a mandatory retirement policy for its CEOs when they reach age 65. Andy Grove retired at
62, while both Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore retired at 58. Grove retired as Chairman and as a
member of the board of directors in 2005 at age 68.
Intel's Headquarters are based in Santa Clara, California and has operations around the world. Its
largest workforce concentration anywhere is in Washington County, Oregon (in the Portland
metropolitan area's "Silicon Forest"), with about 17,000 employees at several facilities and major
expansion under way.[172] Outside the United States, the company has facilities in China, Costa
Rica, Malaysia, Israel, Ireland, India, Russia and Vietnam, 63 countries and regions internationally.
In the U.S. Intel employs significant numbers of people in
California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Utah.
In Oregon, Intel is the state's largest private employer. [172][173] The company is the largest industrial
employer in New Mexico while in Arizona the company has over 10,000 employees. [citation needed]
Intel invests heavily in research in China and about 100 researchers – or 10% of the total number of
researchers from Intel – are located in Beijing. [174]
In 2011, the Israeli government offered Intel $290 million to expand in the country. As a condition,
Intel will have to employ 1,500 more workers in Kiryat Gat and between 600–1000 workers in the
north.[175]
In January 2014, it was reported that Intel would cut about 5,000 jobs from its work force of 107,000.
The announcement was made a day after it reported earnings that missed analyst targets. [176]
In March 2014, it was reported that Intel would embark upon a $6 billion plan to expand its activities
in Israel. The plan calls for continued investment in existing and new Intel plants until 2030. As of
2014 Intel employs 10,000 workers at four development centers and two production plants in Israel.
[177]

Diversity[edit]
Intel has a Diversity Initiative, including employee diversity groups as well as supplier diversity
programs.[178] Like many companies with employee diversity groups, they include groups based on
race and nationality as well as sexual identity and religion. In 1994, Intel sanctioned one of the
earliest corporate Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender employee groups, [179] and supports a
Muslim employees group,[180] a Jewish employees group,[181] and a Bible-based Christian group. [182][183]
Intel received a 100% rating on the first Corporate Equality Index released by the Human Rights
Campaign in 2002. It has maintained this rating in 2003 and 2004. In addition, the company was
named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2005 by Working Mother magazine.
Economic Impacts[edit]
In 2011, ECONorthwest conducted an economic impact analysis of Intel's economic contribution to
the state of Oregon. The report found that in 2009 "the total economic impacts attributed to Intel's
operations, capital spending, contributions and taxes amounted to almost $14.6 billion in activity,
including $4.3 billion in personal income and 59,990 jobs." [184] Through multiplier effects, every 10
Intel jobs supported, on average, was found to create 31 jobs in other sectors of the economy. [185]
Funding of a school[edit]
In Rio Rancho, New Mexico, Intel is the leading employer.[186] In 1997, a community partnership
between Sandoval Countyand Intel Corporation funded and built Rio Rancho High School.[187][188]
Ultrabook Fund[edit]
In 2011, Intel Capital announced a new fund to support startups working on technologies in line with
the company's concept for next generation notebooks.[189] The company is setting aside a $300
million fund to be spent over the next three to four years in areas related to ultrabooks. [189] Intel
announced the ultrabook concept at Computex in 2011. The ultrabook is defined as a thin (less than
0.8 inches [~2 cm] thick[190]) notebook that utilizes Intel processors[190] and also incorporates tablet
features such as a touch screen and long battery life. [189][190]
At the Intel Developers Forum in 2011, four Taiwan ODMs showed prototype ultrabooks that used
Intel's Ivy Bridge chips.[191] Intel plans to improve power consumption of its chips for ultrabooks, like
new Ivy Bridge processors in 2013, which will only have 10W default thermal design power. [192]
Intel's goal for Ultrabook's price is below $1000; [190] however, according to two presidents from Acer
and Compaq, this goal will not be achieved if Intel does not lower the price of its chips. [193]
Finances[edit]

Intel stock price, Nov 1986 – Nov 2006

Intel's market capitalization is $140.84 billion (Mar. 26, 2012). It publicly trades on NASDAQ with the
symbol INTC. A widely held stock, the following indices include Intel shares: Dow Jones Industrial
Average,S&P 500, NASDAQ-100, Russell 1000 Index, Russell 1000 Growth Index and SOX (PHLX
Semiconductor Sector).
On July 15, 2008, Intel announced that it had achieved the highest earnings in the history of the
company during Q2 2008.[194]

Advertising and brand management[edit]

Intel Inside[edit]
Intel has become one of the world's most recognizable computer brands following its long-
running Intel Inside campaign. The campaign, which started in 1991, was created by Intel marketing
manager Dennis Carter.[195] The five-note jingle was introduced in 1994 and by its tenth anniversary
was being heard in 130 countries around the world. The initial branding agency for the Intel
Inside campaign was DahlinSmithWhite Advertising of Salt Lake City. The Intel swirl logo was the
work of DahlinSmithWhite art director Steve Grigg under the direction of Intel president and CEO
Andy Grove.
The Intel Inside advertising campaign sought public brand loyalty and awareness of Intel processors
in consumer computers.[196] Intel paid some of the advertiser's costs for an ad that used the Intel
Inside logo and xylomarimba jingle.[197]

The Intel Inside logo from 1991 to 2006.

2009-2011 badge design.

In 2008, Intel planned to shift the emphasis of its Intel Inside campaign from traditional media such
as television and print to newer media such as the Internet. [198] Intel required that a minimum of 35%
of the money it provided to the companies in its co-op program be used for online marketing. [198] The
Intel 2010 annual financial report indicated that $1.8 billion (6% of the gross margin and nearly 16%
of the total net income) was allocated to all advertising with Intel Inside being part of that. [199]
Sonic logo[edit]
The famous D♭  D♭  G♭  D♭  A♭ xylophone/xylomarimba jingle, sonic logo, tag,
audiomnemonic was produced by Musikvergnuegen and written by Walter Werzowa, once a
member of the Austrian 1980s sampling band Edelweiss.[200] The sonic Intel logo has undergone
substantial changes in tone since the introduction of the Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core
processors, yet keeps the same jingle.
Naming strategy[edit]
In 2006, Intel expanded its promotion of open specification platforms beyond Centrino, to include
the Viiv media center PC and the business desktop Intel vPro.
In mid January 2006, Intel announced that they were dropping the long running Pentiumname from
their processors. The Pentium name was first used to refer to the P5 core Intel processors (Pent
refers to the 5 in P5,) and was done to circumvent court rulings that prevent the trademarking of a
string of numbers, so competitors could not just call their processor the same name, as had been
done with the prior 386 and 486 processors (both of which had copies manufactured by IBM and
AMD). They phased out the Pentium names from mobile processors first, when the new Yonahchips,
branded Core Solo and Core Duo, were released. The desktop processors changed when the Core
2 line of processors were released. By 2009 Intel was using a good-better-best strategy with Celeron
being good, Pentium better, and the Intel Core family representing the best the company has to
offer.[201]
According to spokesman Bill Calder, Intel has maintained only the Celeron brand, the Atom brand for
netbooks and the vPro lineup for businesses. Since late 2009, Intel's mainstream processors have
been called Celeron, Pentium, Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7, in order of performance from lowest to
highest. The first generation core products carry a 3 digit name, such as i5 750, and the second
generation products carry a 4 digit name, such as the i5 2500. In both cases, a K at the end of it
shows that it is an unlocked processor, enabling additional overclocking abilities (for instance,
2500K). vPro products will carry the Intel Core i7 vPro processor or the Intel Core i5 vPro processor
name.[202] In October 2011, Intel started to sell its Core i7-2700K "Sandy Bridge" chip to customers
worldwide.[203]
Beginning in 2010 "Centrino" will only be applied to Intel's WiMAX and Wi-Fi technologies; it won't be
a PC brand anymore. This will be an evolutionary process taking place over time, Intel
acknowledges that multiple brands will be in the market including older ones throughout the
transition.[202]
Open source support[edit]
Intel has a significant participation in the open source communities since 1999.[204] For example, in
2006 Intel released MIT-licensed X.org drivers for their integrated graphic cards of the i965 family of
chipsets. Intel released FreeBSD drivers for some networking cards,[205] available under a BSD-
compatible license, which were also ported to OpenBSD. Intel ran theMoblin project until April 23,
2009, when they handed the project over to the Linux Foundation. Intel also runs
theLessWatts.org campaigns.[206]
However, after the release of the wireless products called Intel Pro/Wireless 2100,
2200BG/2225BG/2915ABG and 3945ABG in 2005, Intel was criticized for not granting free
redistribution rights for the firmware that must be included in the operating system for the wireless
devices to operate.[207] As a result of this, Intel became a target of campaigns to allow free operating
systems to include binary firmware on terms acceptable to the open source community. Linspire-
Linux creatorMichael Robertson outlined the difficult position that Intel was in releasing to open
source, as Intel did not want to upset their large customer Microsoft.[208] Theo de
Raadt of OpenBSD also claimed that Intel is being "an Open Source fraud" after an Intel employee
presented a distorted view of the situation at an open-source conference. [209] In spite of the significant
negative attention Intel received as a result of the wireless dealings, the binary firmware still has not
gained a license compatible with free software principles.
Corporate responsibility record[edit]
Intel has been accused by some residents of Rio Rancho, New Mexico of allowing VOCs to be
released in excess of their pollution permit. One resident claimed that a release of 1.4 tons of carbon
tetrachloride was measured from one acid scrubber during the fourth quarter of 2003 but an
emission factor allowed Intel to report no carbon tetrachloride emissions for all of 2003. [210]
Another resident alleges that Intel was responsible for the release of other VOCs from their Rio
Rancho site and that anecropsy of lung tissue from two deceased dogs in the area indicated trace
amounts of toluene, hexane, ethylbenzene, andxylene isomers,[211] all of which are solvents used in
industrial settings but also commonly found in gasoline, retail paint thinners and retail solvents.
During a sub-committee meeting of the New Mexico Environment Improvement Board, a resident
claimed that Intel's own reports documented more than 1,580 pounds (720 kg) of VOCs were
released in June and July 2006.[212]
Intel's environmental performance is published annually in their corporate responsibility report. [213]
In its 2012 rankings on the progress of consumer electronics companies relating to conflict minerals,
the Enough Projectrated Intel the best of 24 companies, calling it a "Pioneer of progress". [214] In 2014,
chief executive Brian Krzanich urged the rest of the industry to follow Intel's lead by also shunning
conflict minerals.[215]
Religious controversy[edit]
Orthodox Jews have protested against Intel operating in Israel on Saturday, Shabbat. Intel ringed its
office with barbed wire before the protest, but there was no violence. [216] As of December 2009, the
situation has been stable for Intel Israel while some employees reported working overtime on
Shabbat.
Age discrimination[edit]
Intel has faced complaints of age discrimination in firing and layoffs. Intel was sued in 1993 by nine
former employees, over allegations that they were laid off because they were over the age of 40. [217]
A group called FACE Intel (Former and Current Employees of Intel) claims that Intel weeds out older
employees. FACE Intel claims that more than 90 percent of people who have been laid off or fired
from Intel are over the age of 40. Upsidemagazine requested data from Intel breaking out its hiring
and firing by age, but the company declined to provide any.[218]Intel has denied that age plays any
role in Intel's employment practices.[219] FACE Intel was founded by Ken Hamidi, who was fired from
Intel in 1995 at the age of 47.[218] Hamidi was blocked in a 1999 court decision from using Intel's email
system to distribute criticism of the company to employees, [220] which overturned in 2003 in Intel Corp.
v. Hamidi.
Gamergate controversy[edit]
As part of Operation Disrespectful Nod, supporters of the Gamergate movement pressured Intel to
remove advertising from the website Gamasutra in response to an article about Gamergate. Around
October 1, 2014, they were successful and Intel removed its advertising from Gamasutra.[221][222] This
was criticized by multiple journalists, who described it as "an unbelievable and embarrassing act of
ignorance and cowardice"[223] and "a kneejerk reaction by the company so desperate to avoid bad
press that it didn't look at the human cost of the operation". [224] On October 3, 2014, Intel issued an
apology for pulling the advertising, stating, "we recognize that our action inadvertently created a
perception that we are somehow taking sides in an increasingly bitter debate in the gaming
community. That was not our intent, and that is not the case." [225]However, Intel did not restore
advertising to Gamasutra,[226] and therefore some critics described the apology as "laughable". [223]

Competition[edit]
Further information: Semiconductor sales leaders by year
In the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors (10th in 1987) in the world. In
1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since. Other
top semiconductor companies include TSMC,Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas
Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics.
Competitors in PC chip sets include AMD, VIA Technologies, SiS, and Nvidia. Intel's competitors in
networking includeFreescale, Infineon, Broadcom, Marvell Technology Group and AMCC, and
competitors in flash memory include Spansion,Samsung, Qimonda, Toshiba, STMicroelectronics,
and Hynix.
The only major competitor in the x86 processor market is Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), with
which Intel has had full cross-licensing agreements since 1976: each partner can use the other's
patented technological innovations without charge after a certain time. [227] However, the cross-
licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. [228]Some smaller
competitors such as VIA and Transmeta produce low-power x86 processors for small factor
computers and portable equipment. However, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in
particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. This is seen as the main
reason for Intel's 2013 Q1 net income drop of 25%.[229] As over 95% of the world's smartphones are
currently powered by processors designed by ARM Holdings, this company has become a major
competitor for Intel's processor market. ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server
market.[230]
Lawsuits[edit]
Intel has often been accused by competitors of using legal claims to thwart competition. Intel claims
that it is defending its intellectual property. Intel has been plaintiff and defendant in numerous legal
actions.
In September 2005, Intel filed a response to an AMD lawsuit,[231] disputing AMD's claims, and
claiming that Intel's business practices are fair and lawful. In a rebuttal, Intel deconstructed AMD's
offensive strategy and argued that AMD struggled largely as a result of its own bad business
decisions, including underinvestment in essential manufacturing capacity and excessive reliance on
contracting out chip foundries.[232] Legal analysts predicted the lawsuit would drag on for a number of
years, since Intel's initial response indicated its unwillingness to settle with AMD. [233][234] In 2008 a
court date was finally set,[235] but in 2009 Intel settled with a $1.25 billion payout to AMD (see below).
[236]

In October 2006, a Transmeta lawsuit was filed against Intel for patent infringement on computer
architecture and power efficiency technologies.[237] The lawsuit was settled in October 2007, with Intel
agreeing to pay US$150 million initially and US$20 million per year for the next five years. Both
companies agreed to drop lawsuits against each other, while Intel was granted a perpetual non-
exclusive license to use current and future patented Transmeta technologies in its chips for 10
years.[238]
On November 4, 2009, New York's attorney general filed an antitrust lawsuit against Intel Corp,
claiming the company used "illegal threats and collusion" to dominate the market for computer
microprocessors.
On November 12, 2009, AMD agreed to drop the antitrust lawsuit against Intel in exchange for
$1.25 billion.[236] A joint press release published by the two chip makers stated "While the relationship
between the two companies has been difficult in the past, this agreement ends the legal disputes
and enables the companies to focus all of our efforts on product innovation and development." [239][240]
Main article: High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation
An antitrust lawsuit[non-primary source needed] and a class-action suit relating to cold calling employees of other
companies were settled out of court. [241]
Anti-competitive allegations[edit]
See also: AMD v. Intel
Japan[edit]
In 2005, the local Fair Trade Commission found that Intel violated the Japanese Antimonopoly Act.
The commission ordered Intel to eliminate discounts that had discriminated against AMD. To avoid a
trial, Intel agreed to comply with the order. [242][243][244][245]
European Union[edit]
In July 2007, the European Commission accused Intel of anti-competitive practices, mostly
against AMD.[246] The allegations, going back to 2003, include giving preferential prices to computer
makers buying most or all of their chips from Intel, paying computer makers to delay or cancel the
launch of products using AMD chips, and providing chips at below standard cost to governments and
educational institutions.[247] Intel responded that the allegations were unfounded and instead qualified
its market behavior as consumer-friendly.[247] General counsel Bruce Sewell responded that the
Commission had misunderstood some factual assumptions as to pricing and manufacturing costs. [248]
In February 2008, Intel stated that its office in Munich had been raided by European
Union regulators. Intel reported that it was cooperating with investigators. [249] Intel faced a fine of up to
10% of its annual revenue, if found guilty of stifling competition. [250] AMD subsequently launched a
website promoting these allegations.[251][252] In June 2008, the EU filed new charges against Intel. [253] In
May 2009, the EU found that Intel had engaged in anti-competitive practices and subsequently fined
Intel €1.06 billion (US$1.44 billion), a record amount. Intel was found to have paid companies,
including Acer, Dell, HP,Lenovo and NEC,[254] to exclusively use Intel chips in their products, and
therefore harmed other companies including AMD.[254][255][256] The European Commission said that Intel
had deliberately acted to keep competitors out of the computer chip market and in doing so had
made a "serious and sustained violation of the EU's antitrust rules". [254] In addition to the fine, Intel
was ordered by the Commission to immediately cease all illegal practices. [254] Intel has stated that
they will appeal against the Commission's verdict. In June 2014, the General Court, which sits below
the European Court of Justice, rejected the appeal. [254]
South Korea[edit]
In September 2007, South Korean regulators accused Intel of breaking antitrust law. The
investigation began in February 2006, when officials raided Intel's South Korean offices. The
company risked a penalty of up to 3% of its annual sales, if found guilty. [257] In June 2008, the Fair
Trade Commission ordered Intel to pay a fine of US$25.5 million for taking advantage of its dominant
position to offer incentives to major Korean PC manufacturers on the condition of not buying
products from AMD.[258]
United States[edit]
New York started an investigation of Intel in January 2008 on whether the company violated antitrust
laws in pricing and sales of its microprocessors.[259] In June 2008, the Federal Trade
Commission also began an antitrust investigation of the case. [260] In December 2009, the FTC
announced it would initiate an administrative proceeding against Intel in September 2010. [261][262][263][264]
In November 2009, following a two-year investigation, New York Attorney General Andrew
Cuomo sued Intel, accusing them of bribery and coercion, claiming that Intel bribed computer
makers to buy more of their chips than those of their rivals, and threatened to withdraw these
payments if the computer makers were perceived as working too closely with its competitors. Intel
has denied these claims.[265]
On July 22, 2010, Dell agreed to a settlement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) to pay $100M in penalties resulting from charges that Dell did not
accurately disclose accounting information to investors. In particular, the SEC charged that from
2002 to 2006, Dell had an agreement with Intel to receive rebates in exchange for not using chips
manufactured by AMD. These substantial rebates were not disclosed to investors, but were used to
help meet investor expectations regarding the company's financial performance; "These exclusivity
payments grew from 10 percent of Dell's operating income in FY 2003 to 38 percent in FY 2006, and
peaked at 76 percent in the first quarter of FY 2007.". [266] Dell eventually did adopt AMD as a
secondary supplier in 2006, and Intel subsequently stopped their rebates, causing Dell's financial
performance to fall.[267][268][269]
Market share[edit]
According to IDC, while Intel still enjoys the biggest market share in both the overall worldwide PC
microprocessor market (79.3%) and the mobile PC microprocessor (84.4%) in the second quarter of
2011, the numbers decreased by 1.5% and 1.9% compared to the first quarter. [270][271]
Per Passmark's (?) CPU benchmark, which takes into account individual benchmarking of their
software and each system results are reported with, Intel has retained 70% and more of the active
market versus AMD since Q1 2008. [272]

Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions[edit]

According to the Christian Science Monitor, Intel's plant at Kiryat Gat was built on the site of former
Palestinian villages of Al-Faluja and Iraq al-Manshiyya; and Al-Awda - the Palestinian Right to
Return Coalition - a supporter of Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions, has called on Intel to close this
plant.[273]

See also[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal

Companies portal

 ASCI Red
 AMD
 Comparison of ATI Graphics Processing Units
 Comparison of Intel processors
 Comparison of Nvidia graphics processing units
 Cyrix
 Engineering sample (CPU)
 Intel GMA (Graphics Media Accelerator)
 Intel Museum
 Intel Science Talent Search
 Intel Developer Zone (Intel DZ)
 List of Intel chipsets
 List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
 List of Intel manufacturing sites
 List of Intel microprocessors
 List of Semiconductor Fabrication Plants
 Semiconductor sales leaders by year
 Wintel
Intel related biographical articles on Wikipedia:

 Andy Grove
 Bill Gaede
 Bob Colwell
 Craig Barrett (chief executive)
 Gordon Moore
 Justin Rattner
 Pat Gelsinger
 Paul Otellini
 Robert Noyce
 Sean Maloney