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UNIT 3. SENTENCES: GENERAL OUTLOOKS

Exercise 1. Say whether the items underlined in the following sentences are grammatically
obligatory or optional:

1. George’s father greeted the headmaster warmly.

2. He greeted us warmly.

3. That made me very annoyed.

4. It made me thoroughly annoyed.

5. George’s work was always thorough.

6. Let me give you a drink.

7. Let me explain the difficulty.

8. The burglar stood the ladder against the wall.

9. I don’t enjoy loud music.

10. You are being rather stupid.

11. I get impatient with stupid people.

12. He convinced us of his innocence.

13. I always regarded him as innocent.

14. A difficult problem arises in this sentence.

15. Airmen fly aero planes.

16. The old lady grew bitter.

17. The luggage weighed twenty kilos.

18. May I suggest a different approach.

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19. Please answer this letter by return of post.

20. It gets dark earlier in winter.

Suggested answers for exercise 1.

1. obl. 2. opt. 3. obl. 4. opt. 5. obl. 6. obl. 7. opt. 8. obl. 9. obl. 10. obl. 11. opt. 12. obl. 13. obl.
14. opt. 15. opt. 16. obl. 17. obl. 18. obl. 19. opt. 20. obl.

Exercise 2. Form questions to which the word or words underlined would be exact answers:

1. To see Inca architecture at its most impressive, one must go to Machu Picchu.

2. Europeans knew nothing about this ancient city before 1911.

3. It was rediscovered in 1911.

4. An American, Hiram Bingham, discovered it.

5. His name was Bingham.

6. He was an American.

7. The city had been buried for hundreds of years.

8. It was protected by a canyon 2,000 feet deep.

9. Its temples had been built from huge granite stones.

10. The stones were fitted together without mortar.

11. The world Somerset Maugham entered when, at the age of eighteen, he became a
medical student, was a strange one.

12. Somerset Maugham became a medical student at the age of eighteen.

13. It was a world that knew nothing about planes.

14. It also knew nothing about radio.

15. He paid eighteen shillings a week for two rooms.

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16. He paid eighteen shillings for two rooms.

17. He paid eighteen shillings for two rooms.

18. He was an unsatisfactory medical student for his heart was not in it.

19. His first novel was called Liza of Lambeth.

20. The producer thought Somerset Maugham’s play might just run for the six weeks till
the play he had in mind to follow it with could be produced.
Suggested answers for exercise 2.

Examples: 1. Where must one go to see .....? 2. How much did Europeans know ..... before
1911? 3. In what year was it rediscovered? 4. Who discovered it? 5. What was the discoverer's
surname? 6. What nationality was he? 7. For how long had the city been buried? 8. How deep
was the canyon?

Exercise 3. Identify the elements of clause structure (by S, V, Od, Oi, Cs, Co, A) in the
headlines below. Then expand each headline into a sentence such a as would occur in the report
beneath the headline in a newspaper.

1. HOUDAYS PRICE WAR STARTS.

2. HUGHES TAKES SUNDERLAND INTO SICTH ROUND.

3. DRIVER ENTERED FOG AT 100 m.p.h.

4. FARMER IN VAN RAMS SUSPECT PLANE.

5. IMMIGRATION RULES CRITICIZED.

6. OIL POLLUTION MEASURES TO BE TESTED.

7. EXTRA PARKS FOR VEHICLES.

8. MOON DUST CANISHES.

9. AIRPORT NOISE DROVE HUSBAND MAD

10. SCOTLAND CHAMPIONS AGAIN.

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Suggested answers for exercise 3.

1. S +V. 2. S + V + Od + A. 3. S + V + Od + A. 4. S + V + Od. 5. S + (V). 6. S + (V). 7. S +

A. 8. S + V. 9. S + V + Od + Co. 10. S + Cs + A

1. A war has started over the prices of holidays. 5. The immigration rules have been criticized.
6. Oil pollution measures are to be tested.

Exercise 4. Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., whether the element underlined is

a S agentive e O affected

b S agent./instrumental f O recipient

c S affected g C current

d S recipient h C resulting

1. It feels cold today. 11. They left the house empty.

2. The cold affects me badly. 12. I don’t like toast burnt.

3. The cold killed the trees. 13. I had those books burnt.

4. It is turning quite cold. 14. Who owns this hat?

5. The bell rang loudly. 15. The table is shaking.

6. I heard it ring, too. 16. Who is shaking it?

7. You’ve got brains. 17. We laid him on the sofa.

8. Use your brains. 18. We made him some tea.

9. She lay in his arms. 19. These shoes cut my feet.

10. We found the house empty. 20. I’ll give you the answer.\
Suggested answers for exercise 4.

1.g. 2. a. 3. b. 4. h. 5. c. 6. d. 7. d. 8. e. 9. a. 10. g. 11. h. 12. g. 13. h. 14. d. 15. c. 16. b. 17. e.

18. d. 19. b. 20. f.

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Exercise 5. Choose an acceptable verb, giving two answers if necessary:

1. Everyone of us has/have his own burden to shoulder.

2. It is one each individual effort that the safety and happiness of the whole depends/depend.

3. What are often regarded as poisonous fungi is/are sometimes safety edible.

4. What are these thing doing here is/are what I’d like to know.

5. War and peace is/are a constant theme in history.

6. War and peace is/are alternatives between which man must constantly choose.

7. ‘War and Peace’ is/are a fascinating novel.

8. The people outside is/are getting very impatient.

9. The public is/are demanding an official enquiry.

10. The Seven Sisters is/are a line of chalk cliffs on the coast of Sussex..

11. The seven wonders of the world was/were well-known in ancient times.

12. ‘The Three Bears’ is/are a well-known nursery story.

13. The Philippines is/are a large group of islands.

14. None but the brave deserve/deserves the fair.

15. Neither John nor Mary has/have replied to my letter.

16. I wrote both to John and to Mary. Neither has/have replied.

17. Physics, as well as chemistry, is/are taught at this school.

18. The employment of girls under sixteen is/are forbidden.

19. Everybody know/knows what they have to do.

20. How is it that your answer and your neighbour's is/are identical?

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Suggested answers for exercise 5.

1. has. 2. depend(s). 3. are. 4. is. 5. is. 6. are. 7. is. 8. are. 9. is or are. 10. is or are. 11. were.
12. is. 13. are or is. 14. deserve(s). 15. has. 16. has or have. 17. is. 18. is. 19. knows. 20. are.

Exercise 6. Select an appropriate alternative, nothing that more than one may be acceptable.

1. The Committee will insist on its/their rights.

2. The Committee wishes to reconsider its/their decision.

3. Every passenger has to carry his/their own luggage.

4. Wait till everyone has finished before you start taking away his/their plates.

5. You have always been such a good friend/good friends.

6. George asked Mary if his/her would mind choosing some flowers for his/her wife.

7. Mary told George that he/she had to wait for his/her cousin.

8. I consider them thee guilty party/scoundrels.

9. We have received your estimate for the alterations your propose but have decided that
it/they would be too high/unnecessary.
Suggested answers for exercise 6.

1. its or their. 2. its. 3. his (or their). 4. their. 5. a good friend or good friends. 6. a. she; b. his.
7. a. he or she; b. his or her. 8. either alternative. 9. it..... too high or they ..... unnecessary.

Exercise 7. Negate the finite verb in each of the following sentences and make other changes
that then become necessary:

1. We have enough evidence already.

2. There is someone doing research in this field.

3. Smoking has something to do with cancer of the lung.

4. Tar from cigarette tobacco, painted onto the skin of mice, produced skin cancer on some
of them.

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5. This applies to some of the people here already.

6. This experiment has revealed something of importance.

7. It helps us in our daily work, to a certain extent, too.

8. We must go a long ways to find someone as good as this.

9. Robertson is still living at this address.

10. He has been away from home a very long time.

11. Hundreds of students can find somewhere comfortable to live.

12. the doctor has sometimes given me some useful advice.

13. There are a lot of people in the auditorium already.

14. I can understand both of these two sentences.

15. I can understand all of these ten words.

Suggested answers for exercise 7.

Ex. 107. 1. haven't ..... yet. 2. isn't anyone. 3. hasn't anything. 4. did not produce .... on any of
them. 5. does not apply .... to any .... yet. 6. has not revealed ... anything .... 7. .... does not help
us ... at all .... either. 8. We need not go far to find anyone .... or don't have to go far .... 9. R.
is not yet living ..... 10. He has not been away very long. 11. ..... cannot find anywhere .... 12.
...... hasn't ever given many ....... 13.There are not many people .... yet. 14. I cannot understand
either .... 15. I cannot understand any ......

Exercise 8. Rephrase each of the following sentences, beginning it with the words underlined:

1. We have never heard a more distinguished performance.

2. We seldom receive such generous praise.

3. This nation scarcely ever in the past faced so great a danger.

4. We were never before asked to make a sacrifice of this magnitude.

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5. There is rarely an opportunity for us to serve the community in this way.

6. We shall only then begin to realize the appalling danger before us.
Suggested answers for exercise 8.

1. Never have we heard ..... 2. Seldom do we receive ..... 3. Scarcely ever, in the past, did this
nation face ...... 4. Never before were we asked ..... 5. Rarely is there an ....... 6. Only then shall
we begin.......

Ellipsis in dependent clause

Exercise 148

Rewrite the following sentences omitting whatever can be ellipted without change of meaning:

1. When you are in Rome, do as Rome does.

2. When he was pressed to take part in politics, he firmly declined.

3. There were no stores of boots that were readily available.

4. He threw himself from his horse and lay still as if he had been shot.

5. Any foreigner, however innocent he might be, was attacked.

6. If you were left alone on a desert island, what would you do first?

7. If other people are willing to make and use machines for my benefit. Ia ma not less willing
to let them make and use machines for my benefit.

8. I do not wish to take part in this protest, and I do not intend to take part in it.

9. Unless you are travelling by the coach, please let the Secretary know when you expect to
arrive.

10. The castle, which was built in the twelfth century, has dominated the valley ever since.

11. Much of the earth’s surface is formed by sedimentary rocks that is to say, rocks which
were formed by the deposition of sand , silt and clay.

12 Our atmosphere, while it is beneficial for life in general, prevents us from seeing the
universe in any but a very restricted range of light.
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Suggested answers

Ex. 148. Omit: 1. you are. 2. he was. 3. that were. 4. he had been. 5. he might be. 6. you were.
7. the last seven words. 8. the second 1; and take part in it. 9. you are. 10. which was. 11. rocks
which were formed. 12. it is.

Exercise 149

Expand the following ellipted sentences so as to make their meaning clearer:

1. See you tomorrow then 8. Thought you were never coming.

2. See anything interesting? 9 Anything else you want?

3. Anybody coming my way? 10. Anything on the news last night?

4. Anybody telephone? 11. Anything the matter with your foot?

5. Had a good time? 12. Surprised you didn’t hurt yourself more seriously

6. Sorry, had to find my coat.

7. Sorry you didn’t come with us?

Suggested answers

Ex. 149. Add: 1. I'll. 2. Did you. 3. Is. 4. Did. 5. Have you. 6. I'm (sorry), I (had). 7. Are you.
8. I. 9. Is there. 10. Was there. 11. Is (there). 12. I'm.

Semantic implications of coordination

Exercise 152

Explain the semantic relationship between the two coordinate clauses of each of the following
sentences, and make the relationship explicit by adding an adverbial:

1. I often see men who went to school with me and who have done well for themselves.

2. I am a professional man of letters and a typewriter is essential to my work.

3. If other people are willing to make and use machines for my benefit, and they seem
willing and eager to do so, I am not less willing to let them do so.

4. These sharks are very dangerous, and they have never attacked me so far.
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5. Lay a hand on me and I’ll scream.

6. A coral reef is a flower garden of stone, and it is filled with the most colour-ful varieties
of life.

7. Another prospect remains to be considered and that is a combination of bridge and tube
or tunnel.

8. Now that our son is able to walk, we lay ladders flat instead of leaving them propped up
against things; and we shut the garden gate.

9. Man is the only animal that tortures its own species for amusement; and during much of
his evolution he has been busily engaged in ruining his own habitat.

10. Japan’s position on the edge of the monsoon region has made highly productive rice
cultivation possible, and the Japanese island are surrounded by rich fishing grounds.

Suggested answers

Ex. 152. See 9.16.1. (and who) subsequently. 2. (is) therefore. 3. (and) indeed. 4. (and) yet. 5.
(and) then or if you do. 6. (and) moreover. 7. (that), namely. 8. (and we) also. 9. (and)
furthermore. 10. (and) at the same time.

Correlatives

Exercise 154

Combine each of the following pairs of simple sentence so as to form one sentence containing
EITHER both… and OR either … or OR neither … nor OR no (t) … but OR not only … but
also:

1. Sometimes my old school friends nod a quick greeting and walk on when they see me.
Sometimes they avert their eyes to a shop window.

2. George shouted a friendly greeting to me. Then he came over and shook me warmly by
the hand.

3. The fire destroyed St Paul’s Cathedral. It also destroyed the Guildhall.

4. The primitive fire engines had no effect on the conflagration. Furthermore, pulling down
half-timbered buildings in the path of the fire had no result whatever.

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5. In 1666 fire-fighters set up fire-posts with communications between them. The same thing
was done in 1940.

6. The city was not abandoned after the fire of 1666. It was not abandoned after the fires of
1940.

7. I have given up using a telephone. What is more, I have given my typewriter away.

8. I have no objection to other people driving cars. I refuse to drive one myself.

9. Is a shark comes towards you, you must not to show fear. You must not dart away when
one comes into view either.

10. Some zoologists thought the strange creature was a rorqual. Other zoologists thought it
was a giant squid.

Suggested answers

Ex. 154. 1. Either my old school friends ........, or they avert ...... 2. George not only shouted
...... but he also came ........ 3. The fire destroyed both ..... and .........4. Neither the primitive
fire-engines had any effect ......., nor did pulling down have any result whatever. 5. Both in
1666 in 1940 fire-fighters ....... 6. The city was abandoned neither after the fire of 1666 nor
after ........ 7. I have both give up ..... and given my typewriter away. 8. I have no objection
......, but I refuse ....... 9. ....... you must neither show fear nor dart away ....... Zoologists thought
the strange creature was either a ...... or a ......

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Exercise 155

Rewrite the following sentences omitting whatever can be ellipted without change of meaning:

1. The Chinese are as interested in food as are the French, and the Chinese go to immense
trouble to see that it is properly cooked.

2. The Cantonese have developed an astonishing variety in their cooking and they have
brought the preparation of sharksfin soup to an exceedingly fine art.

3. Chinese food has to be served in small pieces, it has to be picked up little by little with
chopsticks and it has to be eaten slowly.

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4. Rice is generally eaten in the south of the country, but wheat is generally eaten in the
north.

5. The meat and vegetables are cut up very small in the kitchen, they are cooked in a large
iron bow, and they are served hot.

6. Fat is used for cooking in northern Europe, but oil is used for cooking in China.

7. Szechuan is the best place for chillies and Canton is the best place for stuffed snails.

8. The Chinese eat their food with chopsticks, the Europeans eat their food with knives and
forks.

9. European marriages are often celebrated with champagne. Chinese marriages are often
celebrated with a meal of a least a dozen courses.

10. A western-style dinner would not include bread on the menu, nor would a Chinese dinner
include rice on the menu.

11. Many people have been suffering from influenza and many people still are suffering from
influenza.

12. You say people have influenza two or three times a year, but they don’t really have
influenza two or three times a year.

13. During an epidemic many people seem to escape infection but they do not really escape
infection.

14. A young animal has to decide which of the things around it are to be eaten and which of
the things around it are to be avoided.

15. Some animals swallow highly dangerous objects, others instinctively avoid highly
dangerous objects.

16. The young animal is playing a game which can be very dangerous and often is very
dangerous.

17. The young animal is protected from danger by its parents, or is protected from danger by
some mechanism built into its nervous system from the start.

18. Some people require eight hours’ sleep a night, others are satisfied with six hours’ sleep
a night or less.
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19. We cannot give a formula for individual sleep requirements, nor can we give a reliable
average of sleep requirements for different age groups.

20. People who pride themselves on needing little sleep may imagine themselves more
efficient than others, but in fact they often prove to be less efficient than others.

Suggested answers

Ex. 155. Omit: 1. the second occurrence of the Chinese. 2. they have. 3. both occurrences of it
has to be. 4. the second is generally eaten. 5. both occurrences of they are. 6. the second is
used for cooking. 7. the second is the best place. 8. the second eat their food. 9. the second
(marriages) are often celebrated. 10. either the second include and the second on the menu, or
the first on the menu, with a comma affer rice. 11. the first from influenza , and the second
people. 12. the last eight words. 13. either the first infection or the second escape infection. 14.
the second of the things around it. 15. the first highly dangerous objects. 16. the first very
dangerous. 17. the second is protected from danger. 18. the second hours' sleep a night. 19.
of sleep requirements. 20. the last three words.

Dependent clauses

Exercise 172

Isolate and label the dependent clause or clauses in each of the sentences below, as in the
following two models,

a I think you can do it

You can do it: finite clause acting as 0 in the superordinate clause.

b Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.

Leaving the room: non-finite, -ing participle clause, acting as A in the superordinate clause,
using the symbols S (=subject), O (=object), C (=complement), A (=adjunct).

1. That you could do it always knew.

2. That you can do it is still uncertain.

3. You can do it if you try.

4. If you can do it, I’ll give you ten dollars.

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5. Standing here all day, I see many strange faces.

6. Standing here all day is extremely tiring.

7. My greatest pleasure is to listen to chamber music.

8. To listen to chamber music is my greatest pleasure.

9. Exhausted after the long journey, I fell asleep at once.

10. The long journey over, we relaxed in the warm sunshine.

11. Glancing up at my tired face, she asked, in a rather grating voice, how I was feeling.

12. Steinweg had a large room where we always breakfasted together.

13. He was a delightful companion, always cheerful and considerate.

14. She had not asked life to be thus.

15. She sang when allowed to do so.

16. She sang completely out of tune, so that permission was seldom granted.

17. What he saw both surprised and frightened him.

18. Since I have been especially invited to speak, for you now to tell me I cannot do so is
quite unpardonable.

19. Having been invited to speak, and then being told to keep silent, I shall never come here
again as long as I live.

20. What I wanted to say was, as I didn’t know whether you were going to say that you could
come or you couldn’t, could you make it the following Saturday?

Suggested answers

Ex. 172. Examples: 1. that you could do it: finite clause acting as O. 2. That you can do it:
finite clause acting as S. 3. if you try: finite clause acting as A. 5. Standing here all day: non-
finite, -ing participle clause acting as A. 6. Standing here all day: non-finite, -ing participle
clause acting as S. 7. to listen to chamber music: non-finite infinitive clause, acting as C. 10.
The long journey over: non-finite, verbs clause, acting as A. 18. Since I have been ....., finite
clause. A; for you now to tell me: non-finite, infinitive clause, S; I cannot do so: finite clause,

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O. 20. What I wanted to say: finite clause, S; as I didn't know: finite, A; whether you were
going to say: finite, O; that you could come or you couldn't: finite, O

Exercise 176

Classify the words underlined in the following sentences as either prepositions or

subordinators:

1. I am speaking to you as your doctor.

2. You talk exactly as a doctor does.

3. Since leaving school, I have travelled round the world.

4. I haven’t been back to my old school since I came up to university.

5. Since the beginning of the year, I haven’t written a single essay.

6. Take two of the tablets before going to bed.

7. Take two more before breakfast next morning.

8. I will not go near her house until she sends me a written explanation.

9. With so many people chatting, it was impossible to hear what the speaker was trying to
say.

10. I can’t work in a room with so many other people.

11. He would never put himself out for anybody.

12. For anybody to pretend such a thing is nonsense.

Suggested answers

Ex. 176. 1. prep. 2. sub. 3. sub. 4. sub. 5. prep. 6. sub. 7. prep. 8. sub. 9. sub. 10. prep. 11. prep.
12. sub.

Exercise 177

Classify the junction of the dependent clauses in the sentences below under the following
headings:
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a subject g adjunct

b direct object h disjunct

c subject complement i conjunct

d indirect object j postmodifier in noun phrase

e object complement k prepositional complement

f appositive l adjectival complement

1. As the sun went down behind the church, the trees suddenly became still.

2. I was terrified, to tell you the truth.

3. One afternoon I was sitting on the wall dividing our house from the churchyard.

4. In daylight, I thought of the Rom~n.remain5Ahat had been dug up under our house.

5. Walking along from St Mary’s, you come to a high wall.

6. You find the wall heightens suddenly.

7. We found the wall overgrown with ivy.

8. What I remember most of that evening is the reasonableness of my father’s arguments.

9. The truth is that I really liked him.

10. The truth, that I really wanted to learn, suddenly dawned on my poor father.

11. What is more important, I suddenly felt ashamed of my childishness.

12. My father was sure that I would overcome my fears.

13. He strongly disapproved of what I had been doing.

14. Now I often meet men who were once at school with me.

15. Whenever I encounter one of them, I feel an outside.

16. However, seeing George again has left me much more confident.

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Suggested answers

Ex. 177. 1. g. 2. h. 3. j. 4. j. 5. g. 6. b. 7. e. 8. a. 9. c. 10. f. 11. i. 12. l. 13. k. 14. j. 15. g. 16. a.

Exercise 178

Which of the sentences below contain nominal that-clauses?

1. Everyone tends to think that he is not sufficiently appreciated.

2. Everyone that thinks so is not necessarily conceited.

3. My opinion that you disagree with so strongly has not been properly represented.

4. My opinion, that no action need be taken yet, is shared by most of us here.

5. The main difficulty lies in the fact that we have nobody properly qualified for this work.

6. We are at a serious disadvantage in that We-have nobody properly qualified for this work.

7. I understand you have had some trouble with your telephone.

8. You’ve had some trouble with your telephone, I understand.

9. That John actually took the money, I can’t believe.

10. John never actually took the money, I believe.

Suggested answers

Ex. 178. 1, 4,5, 7,9.

Exercise 179

Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form one sentence containing a nominal
that-clause. Say in each case whether the subordinator that is optional or obligatory; and say
what function the that-clause is fulfilling in the superordinate clause:

1. We have only enough water for two days. I told you so.

2. We have only enough for two days. I am very sorry.

3. We have only enough for two days. That is our conclusion.

4. In view of the drought, there is only enough water for two days. That is our conclusion.
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5. We have only enough for two days. I estimate that having taken very careful
measurements.

6. We have only enough for two days. That is very alarming.

7. We conclude that there is only enough for two days. Our conclusion has been reached
after very careful checking.

8. We cannot stay here. We must face that fact.

9. I am convinced we cannot stay here. The results will be disastrous if we do.

10. We have almost exhausted our supplies. How can I convince you of that?

Suggested answers

Ex. 179. Examples: 1. I told you we have only .....; that optional; that-clause O of told. 2. I am
very sorry we have ....; that optional; that-clause C of sorry. 3. Our conclusion is ......; that
optional; that-clause C of S. 4. Our conclusion is that, in view of ......; that obligatory. 5.
Having taken careful measurements, I estimate .....; that optional; or, I estimate, having taken
......; that ...... that obligatory. 6. That we have only enough ..... is very alarming ; that oblig.;
that clause S of is ; or It is alarming that we have .... that oblig.; that clause anticipated by It.
7. Our conclusion reached after careful checking , is that ....., that oblig.; that clause C of S;
or Our conclusion, that there is only enough ......, has been reached .....; that oblig.; that clause
in non-restrictive apposition to S. 8. We must face the fact that ......; that usually oblig.; that
clause in restricted apposition to O. 9. I am convinced that we cannot ...... and that the result
.....; that oblig. both times; that clause C of convinced. 10. How can I convince you that we
have almost .... that usually oblig.; that clause Od of convince.

Exercise 180

Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form one sentence containing a wh-
clause. Say what function the wh-clause is fulfilling in the superordinate clause:

1. What caused the explosion? No one ever discovered.

2. What damage did the explosion cause? It took three weeks to estimate.

3. Where did the fire start? That was a complete mystery.

4. When did the fever begin? The seriousness of his condition depends on that.

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5. When did the fever begin? I am not quite sure.

6. Which drawer does he keep his money in? I can never remember.

7. How can we reduce this high temperature? My problem is that.

8. Why didn’t he say he was feeling ill? The question is irrelevant at his stage.

9. How often do these fevers occur? I cannot tell you that precisely.

10. How much will all this cost? I am concerned about that.

Suggested answers

Ex. 180. 1. No one ever discovered what cause ....., O. 2. .... to estimate what damage the
explosion caused, O. 3. Where the fire started was ......, S. 4. ..... depends on when the fever
began, C of preposition, on. 5. I am not quite sure when the fever began, C of adj. sure. 6. I
can never remember which drawer he keeps ...., O. 7. My problem is how we can reduce .....,
C of S. 8. The question why he didn't say ..... is irrelevant ...., in apposition to S. 9. I cannot
tell you precisely how often these fevers occur, O. 10. I am concerned about how much all this
will cost, C. of prep., about.

Exercise 181

Replace the finite wh-clause by an infinitive wh-clause whenever possible. Then give a full
and accurate statement of the restrictions on the formation of an infinitive wh-clause:

1. I never know where I ought to put my coat.

2. Where I ought to put my coat! Never know.

3. I can’t tell you where you can put your coat.

4. Can you teel me where the guests can put their coats?

5. I can’t remember where I put my coat yesterday.

6. Can anyone tell me what I must to do?

7. Does anyone know how one can open this safe?

8. Someone will tell us when we should start.

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9. Someone will tell us when the concert will end

10. Will somebody tell me why I must fill up this form?

Suggested answers

Ex. 181. 1 ...... where to put ..... 2. Where to put ...... 3. ..... where to put ..... 4. ______. 5.
______. 6. ..... what to do ..... 7. how to open. 8. ...... when to start. 9. ______. 10. ______. An
infinitive wh-clause cannot be formed (a) with why, (b)unless the subject of the infinitive
clause has the same referent as the subject of a monotransitive verb in the superordinate clause
or as the indirect object of a ditransitive verb, and (c) if the tense in the superordinate clause
is present and the tense in the infinitive clause is past, and vice versa.

Exercise 182

Combine each of the pairs of questions below so as to form one question containing a
dependent yes-no clause. When both if and whether would be acceptable, say so:

1. Are you really enjoying yourself? I wonder.

2. Are you really enjoying yourself? He asked me.

3. Are you enjoying yourself or not? I don’t care.

4. Does it cost too much? That depends on how badly you want it.

5. Does it cost too much? My decision will depend on that.

6. Is it too expensive or not? That is the crucial question.

7. Can it be easily resold? I’m not interested.

8. Is it properly insured? I am not sure.

Suggested answers

Ex. 182. 1. I wonder if/whether you are ..... 2. He asked me if/whether I was ...... 3. I don't care
whether you are .... or not. 4. Whether it costs too much (or not) depends on how badly ..... 5.
My decision will depend on whether it costs too much. 6. Whether it is ..... or not is the crucial
question. 7. I'm not interested in whether if can be ..... 8. I am not sure/whether it is .... .

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Nominal relative clauses

Exercise 183

Say which of the wh-clauses below are wh-interrogative clauses and which are nominal relative
clauses:

1. What caused the fire remains a mystery.

2. What caused the fire was a cigarette end.

3. We never discovered what caused the fire.

4. Who first reported the fire is still uncertain.

5. Whoever reported the fire was only doing his duty.

6. Can you tell me where your friends are.

7. Home is where your friends and family are.

8. Do you remember when Columbus discovered America?

9. Do you remember when we first came here, darling?

10. What we all need is a spell of warm sunshine.

Suggested answers

Ex. 183. 1. Wh-interrog. 2. nominal relative. 3. could be either. 4. Wh-interrog. 5. nom. rel. 6.
Wh-interrog. 7. nom. rel. 8. Wh-interrog. 9. could be either. 10. nom. rel.

Exercise 184

Illustrate, by paraphrase, the difference between a and b in each of the following pairs of
sentences:

1. a I’ll give you what you want.

b I’ll give you whatever you want.

2. a Where I sit in the evening is very quiet.

b Wherever I sit in the evening is someone else’s chair.

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3. a Come and see me when you can

b Come and see me whenever you can.

4. a Tell me how much you need.

b I’ll give you however much you need.

5. a Who told you that, I wonder.

b Whoever told you that was not telling the truth.

Suggested answers

Ex. 184. Examples: 1. a. I'll give you the particular thing you want; b. I'll give you anything
you want, no matter what it is.

Nominal to-infinitive clauses

Exercise 185

Say (a) what function the infinitive clause fulfils in the superordinate clause below; and (b)
what is the subject of each of the two clauses:

1. I expect to he there this evening.

2. I expect everyone to be punctual this evening.

3. I promise you not to be late.

4. The plan is for us all to meet outside at eight.

5. The plan for us all to meet outside was absurd.

6. To speak in public for the first time can be a terrifying experience.

7. For Osbert to appear in public at such a time was rather courageous.

Suggested answers

Ex. 185. 1. a. Od; b. I in both. 2. a. Od; b. I, everyone. 3. a. Od; b. I in both. 4. a. C of S; b. the

plan, we. 5. a. in apposition to S; b. the plan, we. 6. a. S; b. the whole dependent clause, anyone.
7. a. S; b. the whole dependent clause, Osbert.

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Nominal –ing clauses

Exercise 186

Say what function the –ing clauses in the superordinate clauses below:

1. I always enjoy listening to chamber music.

2. Listening to chamber music is my greatest pleasure.

3. His greatest pleasure, climbing mountains, had to be abandoned.

4. Was he, then, so given to climbing mountains?

5. He was always happy scaling almost perpendicular cliffs.

Suggested answers

Ex. 186. 1. Od. 2. S. 3. apposition to S. 4. C of preposition . 5. A

Exercise 187

Rephrase these sentences, using an –ing participle preceded by a personal pronoun or noun in
the genitive case:

1. We all are surprised that he made that mistake.

2. He was an astronaut and that accounted for the size of the audience.

3. No one will object if you finish the lecture a little early.

4. Would you approve if I had this article copied?

5. We did not realize that Walker would cause so much trouble by speaking to the press.

6. The fact that he has spoken to the press about this has caused us a good deal of
embarrassment.

7. Do you mind if I don’t come with you?

8. We had not been told of the meeting till yesterday and that meant that we did not have
sufficient time to prepare our case properly.

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Suggested answers

Ex. 187. 1. surprised at his making ...... 2. His being an astronaut accounted for .... 3. .... object
to your finishing ....... 4. ..... approve of my having. 5. ...... realize that W's speaking to the
press would ...... 6. His speaking to the press about this has ...... 7. Do you mind my not coming
.......? 8. ....... that meant our not having sufficient time ......

Adverbial clauses: time

Exercise 188

Reduce the finite time clauses to non-finite or verbless time clauses whenever such reduction
would be acceptable without change of voice.

1. When I last saw you, you lived in Washington.

2. When you lived in Washington, did you ever meet Robert H. Davidson?

3. Since I met you, I have been reading your book.

4. Once your book is published, it will sell very rapidly.

5. When you are in Rome, do as Rome does.

6. Until you are asked to speak, you would be well advised to remain silent.

7. Before he served in the army, he was much too fast.

8. While he was in the army, he learnt a great deal about electricity.

9. When you enter the town, you will see the monument straight in front of you.

10. After he had travelled round the world. Forbes settled down peacefully in his native
village.

Suggested answers

Ex. 188. 1. ______. 2. When living in W, ...... 3. Since meeting you, ........ 4. Once published,
your book ...... 5. When in Rome, ........ 6. Until asked to speak, ....... 7. Before serving in the
army, ........ 8. While in the army, ....... 9. (On) entering the town, ........ 10. After travelling (or
After having travelled) ......

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Comparative sentences

Exercise 197

Indicate, by S, Cs, Od, Oi or A, the comparative element in the following sentences:

1. Man has greater power over his environment than he has ever had before.

2. More has been discovered about the universe in the last fifty years than in all the previous
centuries.

3. Technology has given more people than ever the means of leading a comfortable and easy
life.

4. Science has progressed more rapidly in the last few decades than in hundreds of years
before.

5. Yet are we really happier than our ancestors were?

Suggested answers

Ex. 197. 1. Od. 2. S. 3. Oi. 4. A. 5. Cs.

Comment clause

Exercise 201

If the underlined part of each of the following sentences constitutes a comment clause, answer
Yes and then explain in what way the clause functions:

1. I told you Burke was an eloquent speaker.

2. Burke was an eloquent speaker, I told you.

3. Burke, I told you, was an eloquent speaker.

4. His audience listened spellbound as he spoke.

5. His audience listened spellbound, as I said.

6. What some of them were thinking, I can well imagine.

7. What were they really thinking, I wonder?

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8. Burke endeavoured, in all his speeches, to be sincere.

9. Sometimes, to be sincere, I felt that his eloquent concealed the real truth.

10. What is important, he believed passionately in the cause ha was upholding.

11. What is important for him was this passionate belief.

12. Speaking as a patriot, he succeeded in arousing patriotic feelings in the most self-seeking
members of his audience.

13. Speaking as a patriot is always a popular course when one’s country is threatened.

14. Speaking as a patriot, I feel that he is playing a dangerous game.

15. Summed up in words of one syllable, he is a fool.

16. Summed up in simple language, his speech meant nothing at all.

17. You may remember you told me about your trip to Vienna.

18. You told me about your trip to Vienna, you may remember.

19. You told me, you may remember, that you saw Frances there.

20. I remember, you told me she was travelling with her cousin.

21. Was it really her cousin, I wonder?

Suggested answers

Ex. 201. 1. ______ 2. Yes, as main clause. 3. Yes, as main clause. 4. ______. 5. Yes, as
adverbial. 6. ______ 7. Yes, as main. 8. ______ 9. Yes, as to-infinitive clause, style disjunct.
10. Yes, as nominal relative disjunct. 11. ______ 12. ______ 13. ______ 14. Yes, -ing clause,
disjunct. 15. Yes, -ed clause, disjunct. 16. ______ 17. ______. 18. Yes, main clause. 19. Yes,
main. 20. Yes, main. 21. Yes, main

The subjunctive

Exercise 206

Change the verb phrase in the dependent finite clause so as to use the subjunctive.

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1. I propose, Mr. Chairman, that the Committee should adjourn and should meet again
tomorrow.

2. We have already decided that this meeting should be adjourned until tomorrow.

3. If this report is true, then the situation is indeed very serious.

4. If this report was more accurate, it would be an invaluable document.

5. Though there may be some inaccuracies in this report, we must consider it very seriously.

6. The author of this report has written it as if he alone was in possession of the facts.

7. Suppose every word of this was true. What action would be Committee wish to take?

8. If the truth is known to any of you, it must be told to us all.

9. If the truth was known, there would be a public outcry.

10. Whatever may be the difficulties before us, we must face them with courage and
determination.

Suggested answers

Ex. 206. 1. ....... that the Committee adjourn and meet ...... 2........ that this meeting be adjourned
....... 3. If this report be true, ....... 4. If this report were .....,..... 5. Though there be .....,...... 6.
....... as if he alone were ....... 7. Suppose every word of this were ....,.... 8. ..... If the true be
known ......,...... 9. ...... If the truth were known, ........ 10. Whatever be the difficulties
........,........

Phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs

Exercise 211

The structure of the verb phrase can be analysed in a number of ways, including the following:

a verb + particle eg sat down

b v. + prepositional phrase “ ran across the road

c v. + particle + prep. Phrase “ set off on a journey

d v. t prepositional adverb “ ran across

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e v. + prep. Adv. + prep. Phrase “ go across to the baker’s

f transitive phrasal v. object “ find out the truth

g prepositional v. + object “ looked at me

h phrasal-prepositional v. + obj. “ put up with him

Indicate, by a, b, c, etc.. in which of those eight ways the verb phrase in each the sentences
below can be analysed

1. I went into the dining room. 18.You must face up to your responsibilities.

2. We went into the matter carefully. 19. You must come up to my office.

3. We must call in the police. 20. We must make up for lost time.

4. The police will call in a car. 21. Will you come up for a cup of tea?

5. I rushed out of the house. 22. The train has passed over the bridge.

6. I rushed out. 23. It has passed over safely.

7. I drove out to my friends. 24. The selection committee has passed you
over

8. They all trooped off. 25. My hat has fallen off.

9. They all set off down the road. 26. The plane has taken off.

10. He flew across the Atlantic. 27. The actor took the President beautifully.

11. We flew across in no time. 28. Go onto the platform.

12. How long car one do without water? 29. Go onto the next town.

13. Has anyone rung up? 30. You must cut down on cigarettes.

14. Has anyone rung me up?

15. Don’t come down.

16. Don’t give up.

17. Don’t give me away.

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Suggested answers

Ex. 211. 1. b. 2. g. 3. f. 4. b or f. 5. b. 6. d. 7. e. 8. a. 9. c. 10. b. 11. e. 12. g. 13. a. 14. f. 15. d.

16. a. 17. f. 18. h. 19. e. 20. h. 21. e. 22. b. 23. d. 24. f. 25. d. 26. a. 27. f. 28. b. 29. c. 30. h.

Exercise 212

Replace the object in each of these sentences by the corresponding pronoun; then give the
whole new sentence:

1. Back up the hill. 11. Step up this ladder.

2. Back up your friends. 12. Step up production.

3. Call off the game. 13. You take after your father.

4. Come off my bed. 14. I took to John at once.

5. Get over the wall 15. You can take over my job.

6. Get this meeting over. 16. Don’t turn on the light.

7. Swim across the river. 17. The dog turned on the stranger.

8. Put across this message. 18. Turn down this street.

9. Run in the race. 19. Turn down his proposal.

10. Run in the engine. 20. Now wind up your watch.

Suggested answers

Ex. 212. 1. Back up it. 2. Back them up. 3. Call it off. 4. Come off it. 5. Get over it. 6. Get it
over. 7. Swim across it. 8. Put it across. 9. run in it. 10. Run it in. 11. Step up it. 12. Step it up.
13. You take after him. 14. I took to him at once. 15. You can take it over. 16. Don't turn it on.
17. The dog turned on him. 18. Turn down it. 19. Turn it down. 20. Now wind it up.

Exercise 213

Say whether the adverb, in brackets, could fit into position a, b, c or d. Note that more than
one position may be possible.

1. They looked at the picture (carefully).

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2. They turned on the gas (slowly).

3. They turned the gas on (slowly).

4. He’s catching up with the leaders (quickly).

5. Go on to the end (right).

6. The negotiations have broken down (completely).

7. The crowd made for shelter (hurriedly).

8. The Spartans brought their children up (strictly).

9. I’ll look into your complaint (immediately).

10. He puts up with any inconvenience (patiently).

Suggested answers

Ex. 213. 1. a, c. 2. c. 3. c. sometimes b. 4. b, d. 5. a, b. 6. a. c. 7. c, sometimes a. 8. c. 9. a, c.

10. b, d.

Exercise 214

Change the position of the word underlined, if it is mobile:

1. The Spartans brought up their children strictly.

2. Lester gradually caught up with the leaders.

3. I don’t want to break up the party.

4. The meeting broke up in disorder.

5. We must hurry to make up for lost time.

6. Please send this telegram off urgently.

7. Please get that parcel off at once.

8. Why don’t you take off your coat?

9. We must find out the answer somehow.

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10. Be careful. Don’t run over that child.

Suggested answers

Ex. 214. 1 ....... brought their children up strictly. 2. stet. 3. ....... break the party up 4. stet. 5.
stet. 6. ..... send off this telegram ...... 7. stet. 8. ....... take your coat off ? 9. .... find the answer
out somehow. 10. ..... run that child over.

Complementation of the adjective phrase

Exercise 219

Supply an acceptable preposition to fill each of the gaps. If an adjectival complement is

structurally optional in the context, put brackets round it, thus:

Most people are afraid (of snakes)

If the complement is structurally obligatory in the context, omit the brackets:

1. We’re accustomed ________noise. 16. We’re conscious ________ the danger.

2. George is ahead ________ me. 17. Jane is crazy ________ dancing.

3. Are you angry ________ us? 18. The judge was deaf ________ our
appeal.

4. I’m not answerable ________ anyone. 19. Mary is very dear ________ us.

5. John is anxious ________ Mary. 20. She is so dependent ________ us.

6. Aren’t you ashamed ________ yourself? 21. Chalk is different ________ cheese.

7. Jack is averse ________ hard work. 22. When is John due ________ promotion?

8. I’m well aware ________ that. 23. He is eager ______ more responsibility.

9. Now we’re bound ________ home. 24. Don’t be envious ________ anyone.

10. I’m busy ________ my accounts. 25. He is not equal ________ the task.

11. George is capable ________ 26. He’s not expert ________ anything.

anything. 27. Have you been faithful ________ me?

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12. Are you certain ________ success? 28. I’m not familiar ________ this town.

13. We’re not clear ________ this 29. Fred is not fit ________ this job.

sentence.

14. John is concerned ________ Mary.

15. Who is concerned ________ this

projects?

30. John is fond ________ Mary. 41. John is intent ________ his work.

31. I’m glad ________ your prize. 42. Are you jealous ________ her?

32. I’d be glad ________ a rest. 43. I'm not keen ________ swimming.

33. John is good ________ chemistry. 44. Be loyal ________ your friends.

34. We’re grateful ________ your help. 45. That story is new ________ me.

35. We’re grateful ________ you. 46. We’re very proud ________ you.

36. Don’t be too hard ________ me. 47. Are you ready ________ a meal?

37. He’s hungry ________ knowledge 48. You’re safe ________ danger now.

38. I’m ignorant ________ those facts 49. John is not strong ________ languages.

39. Be independent ________ others. 50. We’re tired ________ this exercise.

40. Don’t feel inferior ________ anyone.

Suggested answers

Ex. 219. 1. to nose. 2. (of me). 3. (with us). 4. to anyone. 5. (about Mary). 6. (of yourself). 7.
to hard work. 8. of that. 9. for home. 10. (with my accounts). 11. of anything. 12. of success.
13. (about this sentence). 14. (about Mary). 15. in or with this project. 16. of the danger. 17.
about dancing. 18. to our appeal. 19. to us. 20. (on us). 21. (from cheese). 22. for promotion.
23. for more responsibility. 24. (of anyone). 25. to the task. 26. at anything. 27. (to me). 28.
with this town. 29. for this job. 30. of Mary. 31. (about your prize). 32. of a rest. 33. at
chemistry. 34. (for your help). 35. (to you). 36. (on me). 37. for knowledge. 38. of those facts.
39. ( of others). 40. to anyone. 41. on his work. 42. (of her). 43. (on swimming). 44. (to your
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friends). 45. to me. 46. (of you). 47. (for a meal). 48. (from danger). 49. in languages. 50. of
this exercise.

Participial adjectives + complement

Passive transform of monotransitive verb + direct object

Exercise 225

Give the passive transformation, if one is possible, of the following sentences, supplying the
by-phrase only if it contains relevant and essential information:

1. Builders built this house in 1968.

2. King Khufu built the Great Pyramid.

3. The Great Pyramid contains over two million blocks of stone.

4. Each block weighs over two tons.

5. Has anyone weighed them recently?

6. People usually oppose new opinions.

7. A man with a scar across his face held my attention.

8. He hid himself behind one of the pillars.

9. Someone had admitted him by accident.

10. He must have dyed his hair.

11. His coat did not fit him properly.

12. This picture resembles the one in your drawing room.

13. I have a picture like it in my house, too.

14. Six times nine equals fifty-four.

15. No one has ever equalled your record.

16. I would like you to measure me for a suit.

17. Would this material suit you?

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18. This piece of cloth measures just two metres.

19. Robert Boyle discovered the principle known as Boyle’s Law.

20. The vendor has already sold this properly.

Suggested answers

Ex. 225. 1. This house was built in 1968. 2. The G.P. was built by K.K. 3. ______. 4. ______.
5. Have they been weighed recently? 6. New opinions are usually opposed. 7. My attention
was held by a man with a scar across his face. 8. ______. 9. He had been admitted by accident.
10. His hair must have been dyed. 11. ______. 12. ______. 13. ______. 14. ______. 15. Your
record has never been equalled. 16. I would like to be measured for a suit. 17. ______. 18.
______. 19. The principle known as Boyle's Law was discovered by R.B. 20. This property
has already been sold.

Genitive before-ing.

Exercise 231

Say which of the underlined items can be replaced by the genitive variant.

1. The police caught Wilson climbing the wall.

2. I don’t approve of you climbing cliffs.

3. Do you mind me opening the window?

4. Don’t let me find you opening this door again.

5. How can I stop you biting your nails?

6. I remember John telling me that story.

7. I often find myself repeating it.

8. Do you ever remember that happening to you?

9. You won’t keep us waiting, will you?

10. We object to them being given preferential treatment.

Suggested answers

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Ex. 231. 1. ______. 2. ..... of your .... 3. .... my opening ..... 4. ..... ______. 5. ______. 6. ....
John's telling ....... 7. ______ . 8______. 9. ______. 10. ... their being given .....

Exercise 239

a Supply the missing prepositions.

b Read the sentence, ellipting the prepositional phrase where possible.

c Give the passive transformation of the whole original sentence.

d Form a question for each sentence, on the following model:

What example can this one be compared with?

1. They accused Barlow ________ a certain crime.

2. People admired Asquith ________ certain qualities.

3. We have assigned you ________ a particular task.

4. Everyone blames you ________ a certain mistake.

5. Everyone blames the mistake ________ somebody.

6. The police charged Manson ________ the murder

7. We can compare this writer ________ a well-known novelist.

8. I am confining you ________ certain limits.

9. They congratulated Henry ________ his medal.

10. They will consult us ________ the plan.

11. We have credited you ________ a fixed amount.

12. The guards deprived the visitors________ certain weapons.

13. This card entitled us ________ certain privileges.

14. I shall exempt them ________ certain duties.

15. We have freed you ________ a great anxiety.

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16. We have already informed them ________ the decision.

17. The treasurer has invested our money ________ stocks.

18. I have only mentioned this matter ________ one of the professors.

19. They have provided blankets ________ some of the refugees.

20. They have provided some of the refugees________ blankets.

21. We have supplied food ________ certain families.

22. We have supplied those families ________ food.

23. I am thanking you ________ your kindness.

Suggested answers

Ex. 239. a. 1. of; 2. for; 3. to; 4. for; 5. on; 6. with; 7. with; 8. to; 9. on; 10. on or about; 11.
with; 12. of; 13. to; 14. from; 15. from; 16. of; 17. in; 18. to; 19. for; 20. with; 21. to; 22. with;
23. for. b. The prep. phrase could be ellipted except in 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 20, 22. c. Examples:
1. B. was accused of .... 2. A. was admired for ..... 3. You have been assigned to ..... d.
Examples: 1. What crime was. B. accused of? 2. What qualities was A. admired for? 3. What
task have you been assigned to?

Noun modifiers

Exercise 245

Say which of the underlined noun modifiers are (a) restrictive, (h) non-restrictive:

1. My poor old mother suffers from arthritis.

2. Her devoted elder daughter takes care of her.

3. Where did you get that beautiful carpet in the hall?

4. George was wearing a sports shirt, light cottons lacks and open-toed sandals.

5. I often see men who went to school with me.

6. The great fire of 1666 started in the house of a baker.

7. Oh, you sensible man. Good old Henry.

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8. An old proverb says: ill news travels apace.

9. Cuzco is still thriving city, its Inca buildings merged into the buildings of the Spaniard.

10. A queue of long-haired, strangely dressed youths formed up outside our stately theatre.

11. The man who called here last night must have been Jeremy Taylor.

12. Jeremy Taylor, who called here last night. left this message for you.

13. The theatre to which we were taken was the oldest one in Paris.

14. The theatre. to which we were taken every week, was a great delight to us.

15. All these articles, which have been given to us by well-wishers, are to be sold to raise
money for the club.

16. All the articles you see here have been sold.

17. The students whose names are below the line on this list must sit the examination again.

18. The demonstrators, whose names had already been taken by the police refused to move.

19. Roses do very well in my garden. which is a perfect paradise in June.

20. Many things grow in my garden which I never planted in it.

Suggested answers

Ex. 245. 1. poor, b; old, b. 2. devoted, b; elder, a. 3. beautiful, b; in the hall, a. 4. sports, a;
light, a or b; cotton, a; open-toed, a. 5. who went to school with me, a. 6. great, b; of 1666, a;
of a baker, a. 7. sensible, b; good, b; old, b. 8. old, a; ill, a. 9. thriving, a; Inca, a; of the Spaniard,
a. 10. long-haired, a; strangely dressed, a; stately, b. 11. who called here last night, a. 12. who
called here last night, b. 13. to which we were taken, a; oldest, a. 14. to which we were taken
every week, b; great, a. 15. which have been given to us by well-wishers, b. 16. you see here,
a. 17. whose names are below the line on this list, a. 18. whose names ..... police, b. 19. which
is .... June, b. 20. which I never planted in it, a.

Postmodification by non-finite clauses

Exercise 252

Convert the participle clause into a relative clause in each of these sentences:

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1. At the station, we were met by a man carrying a copy of The Times.

2. He was accompanied by a porter weighing at least 150 kilos.

3. A car, coming unexpectedly out of a side street, crashed into us.

4. We collided with a car driven by a young man without a licence.

5. Any driver not having a licence ought to be sent to jail right away.

6. The train standing at platform six is for Brussels and Ostend.

7. Any article left in this bus was taken at once to the Lost Property Office.

8. Any dutiable articles not declared to the Customs will be liable to confiscation.

9. Presents costing less than ten pounds in all may be imported duty free.

10. Anyone not hearing that noise must have been stone deaf.

11. Everybody, hearing the noise, jumped up in alarm.

12. The castle, burnt down in the sixteenth century, was never rebuilt.

Suggested answers

Ex. 252. 1. who was carrying or carried. 2. who weighed. 3. which came or was coming or
had come. 4. which was (being) driven. 5. who does not have. 6. which is standing. 7. which
was or had been left. 8. which are not or have not been declared. 9. which cost. 10. who did
not hear. 11. who heard or had heard. 12. which was, or had been, burnt down.

Exercise 253

Convert the infinitive clause in each of these sentences into a relative clause:

1. The next train to arrive is from Edinburgh.

2. The first man to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock.

3. Was Cortes the first European ever to see the Pacific Ocean?

4. The best man to see for your eye troubles the Professor of Ophthalmology.

5. The man for John to speak to first is the Director of the Museum.

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6. The cheapest place to eat at is the cafeteria.

7. You’ll find the best time to get there is just after twelve.

8. The way to get to the head of the queue is to slip in through the kitchen.

9. Will you buy me a magazine to read on the journey?

10. Here is something for you to do while you’re waiting.

11. The only thing left to consider now is how to get away without being seen.

12. The last problem, to be considered at our next meeting, is how to invest the money.

Suggested answers

Ex. 253. 1. which arrives or will arrive. 2. who flew. 3. ever to see who ever saw. 4. who(m)
you should see. 5. (whom) J. should speak to. 6. (that) you can eat at. 7. that you should get
there. 8. The way you can get..... 9. that I can read. 10. that you can do. 11. that we should
consider. 12. that must be considered.

Premodification by nouns

Exercise 260

Convert each of the phrases below by using the pattern head + postmodifying phrase, thus:

The cupboard door ~ The door of the cupboard.

1 water supply 11 graphite blocks

2 a motor-bus service 12 ground-water possibilities

3 repair personnel 13 surface hydrology

4 the life sciences 14 storage capacity

5 fish protein production 15 the dam foundation

6 a space probe 16 a diversion canal

7 a radio signal 17 landing-gear components

8 a power station 18 the impact strength (of steel)

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9 peak power 19 the volume change

10 price rise rate 20 accident prevention legislation

Suggested answers

Ex. 260. 1. supply of water. 2. service of motor-buses. 3. personnel engaged in doing repairs.
4. sciences about life. 5. production of protein derived from fish. 6. a probe into space. 7. a
signal sent by radio. 8. a plant to produce power. 9. (electric) power required at the
peak(=busiest) hours. 10. rate of the rise in prices. 11. blocks composed of graphite. 12.
possibilities of obtaining water from the ground. 13. hydrology related to the (earth's) surface.
14. capacity for storing. 15. the foundation of the dam. 16. a canal to divert water. 17.
component parts of gear required for landing. 18. strength (of metal) capable of withstanding
shock on impact. 19. change in volume. 20. legislation for the prevention of accidents.

Multiple premodification

Exercise 261

Expand the following phrases so as to make it clear what words are being modified by what:

1 a short, red-haired man

2 a short-haired fox terrier

3 a small, sparsely-furnished office

4 a totally committed, self-effacing man

5 pretty good entertainment expenses

6 two attractive flat-roofed villas

7 attractive two-bedroomed apartments

8 elegant period town houses

9 school careers adviser

10 new, reasonably-priced leather jackets

Suggested answers

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Ex. 261. 1. a short man with red hair. 2. a fox terrier (= kind of dog) with short hair. 3. small
office containing very little furniture. 4. a very modest man who is totally committed to some
ideal. 5. quite considerable expenses for entertainment. 6. two attractive villas with flat roofs.7.
attractive apartments, each with bedrooms. 8. elegant houses characteristic of a certain period
and of urban architecture. 9. someone who advises boys and girls, who are still at school, on
the careers they could later follow. 10. new jackets made of leather and on sale at reasonable
prices.

Inversion

Exercise 267

Rearrange each of the sentences below, using accepted patterns of subject-verb inversion:

1. The rain fell down.

2. The prices went up and up.

3. He was so anxious to turn over a new leaf that he actually changed his name.

4. His would not give up writing his satires under any circumstances.

5. His determination to tell the truth about his experiences was just a firm.

6. It has never been more difficult for a writer to make his name.

7. A tall, gaunt figure stood at the far end of the room, staring at us.

8. We only then realized how much he had suffered.

9. His Majesty the Emperor is now mounting the steps.

10. You would witness a spectacle like this in no other country in the world.

Suggested answers

Ex. 267. 1. Down fell the rain. 2. Up and up went the prices. 3. So anxious was he to .... 4.
Under no circumstances would he give up writing ....... 5. Just as firm was his determination
....... 6. Never has it been more difficult ...... 7. At the far end of the room stood a tall .... staring
at us. 8. Only then did we realize ...... 9. Now mounting the step is H. M. the E. 10. In no other
country .... would you witness .....

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