SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS

2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Module No. 2: Exploring Limits of Functions

2 meetings – 3.5 hours

Time Frame: _________________________________
Week 2: March 22-26, 2021

1. Overview
This module covers the limits of functions. In this module, you will use the different limit laws to
evaluate algebraic functions. Particularly, limits of polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and
trigonometric functions. Also, you will compute the limit of polynomial, and exponential functions using
limit laws, table of values and graph.

2. Most Essential Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, students are expected to:
a. Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and
radical).
b. Compute the limits of exponential function using limit laws, table of values and graph of the
function.

3. Content / Discussion / Learning Resources / Links

Opening Prayer

Oratio Imperata (First Period)

God our Father, we come to you in our need to ask your protection against the COVID-19
that has disturbed and even claimed lives.
We pray that you guide the people tasked to find cures for this disease and to stem its
transmission.
Protect the medical experts that they may minister to the sick with competence and
compassion.
We pray for those afflicted, may they be restored to health soon.
Protect those who care for them. Grant eternal rest to those who have died.
Give us the grace in this trying time to work for the good of all and to help those in need.
We implore you to stop the spread of this virus and to save us from our fears.
Grant all these through our Lord Jesus Christ your Son who lives and reigns with you, in the
unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

We fly to your protection, oh Holy Mother of God.

Do not despise our petition in our necessities, but deliver us always from all dangers, oh
glorious and blessed Virgin. Amen.

Our Lady, health of the sick, pray for us.

St. Raphael the Archangel, pray for us.
St. Roch, pray for us.
St. Lorenzo Ruiz, pray for us.
St. Pedro Calungsod, pray for us.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Class prayer to Our Lady Assumed into heaven (Second Period)

Dear Mother Mary who assumed into heaven, all the angels and saints acclaim you as our
Queen.
We bless the Lord God who chose you to be our mother of his Son, our Lord Jesus Christ.
For this, we offer you love and devotion.
Watch over us today with your tender, motherly love.
Lead us always to see and feel the presence of Jesus in our midst, that we may manifest his
kindness, his peace and love for all.

Dear Mother, you are our life, our sweetness, and our hope. We look to you for help in our
needs especially…
(pause and mention special class petitions of the day).
May this day be an opportunity for us all to be like you, O wise (biasa), kind (maganaca) and
loving (mayap) Virgin Mary. Amen.

Hail Mary…
Our Lady Assumed into heaven,
Pray for us.

Motivation

Questions to Ponder

What are the different algebraic techniques that you can use to evaluate the limits of a
function?
How do these algebraic techniques being used?

Lesson 1: Limits of Algebraic Functions

Let us start with evaluating the limits of polynomial functions.

Example 1: Determine lim(2𝑥 + 1).

𝑥→1
Solution: Applying the limit laws,
lim(2𝑥 + 1) = lim 2𝑥 + lim 1 Sum rule
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
= (2 lim 𝑥) +1 Constant Multiple & Constant rules
𝑥→1
= 2(1) + 1 Identity rule
= 2 + 1 =3

Example 2: Determine lim (4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4).

𝑥→−2
Solution: Applying the limit laws,
lim (4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4) = lim 4𝑥 2 + lim 5𝑥 − lim 4 Sum and Difference rules
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

= 4 ( lim 𝑥 2 ) +5 ( lim 𝑥) − lim 4 Constant Multiple rule

𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
= 4 ( lim 𝑥)2 +5 ( lim 𝑥) − lim 4 Power rule
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
2
= 4(−2) + 5(−2) − 4 Identity and constant rules
= 4(4) − 10 − 4
= 16 − 10 − 4 = 𝟐

The process of evaluating limits using the limit laws may be simplified further. For instance,
notice that lim(2𝑥 + 1) is simply 2(1) + 1 = 3 and lim (4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4) is 4(−2)2 + 5(−2) − 4 = 2.
𝑥→1 𝑥→−2
Thus, you can use the 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 to evaluate limits. This method is always
applicable when you deal with polynomial functions and other functions for which 𝑓(𝑐) exists.

Direct Substitution Method of Evaluating Limits

• For all polynomial functions 𝑓, the value of lim𝑓(𝑥) is equal to 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐
• If 𝑓(𝑐) exists, then
lim𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐

𝑥+2
Example 3: Evaluate lim 𝑥−2
𝑥→2

Solution: When you substitute 𝑥 = 2 to the function, the numerator is 4, and the denominator is 0.
Division by 0 will eventually lead to an undefined value, so the limit of this function does not exist.

Using direct substitution method,

𝑥+2 2+2
lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 2−2
= 4
0
= 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
Hence, the limit of function does not exist (DNE).
Using graphing,

From the graph, you will notice that as 𝑥

approaches 2 from the left, it tends to
decrease without bound, while as 𝑥
approaches 2 from the right, the graph
tends to increase without bound. Thus,
the limit does not exist.

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Activity 1.1

Apply the different techniques in evaluating the following limits:

1. lim(6𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→2

2. lim (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→−1
𝑥+1
3. lim 𝑥−1
𝑥→1
1
4. lim 𝑥
𝑥→1
𝑥 3 −1
5. lim 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥→0

Evaluating the Limits of Functions using Other Techniques

It is not always possible to determine limits by simply direct substitution. In particular, in cases
where the given function is a rational function, direct substitution often generates a number where
0
both the denominator and the numerator are 0. In calculus, the number 0 is called indeterminate as
it has no definite or definable value.

Unlike in the case where only the denominator is 0, it does not imply the non-existence of the
0
limit to obtain an indeterminate number of the form 0 upon direct substitution. In fact, this implies
that to assess the limit, we need to apply algebraic manipulations.

Factoring Method

𝑥 2 −9
Example 1: Consider lim .
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑥2 − 9 (3)2 − 9 𝟎
lim = 𝑔(3) = =
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 3−3 𝟎

This is an indeterminate quantity, which can be circumvented algebraically to evaluate the limit.
Notice that the rational function can still be simplified using factoring and cancellation of common
factors.

𝑥2 − 9 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
lim = lim = lim(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→3

Now that the function is already simplified, you can proceed with direct substitution. Therefore,

𝑥2 − 9
lim = lim(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥→3
=3+3 = 𝟔

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9
Example 2: Evaluate lim .
𝑥→3 𝑥 2 −9
Solution: By direct substitution,
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 (3)2 − 6(3) + 9 𝟎
lim = =
𝑥→3 𝑥2 − 9 (3)2 − 9 𝟎

Therefore, bypass the indeterminate form by simplifying the expression prior to direct substitution.
Thus,
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)
lim 2
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 −9 𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥−3
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 + 3
3−3
=
3+3
0
= =𝟎
6

Evaluating Limits of Rational Functions: Factoring Method

0
When direct substitution of the constant 𝑐 gives an indeterminate number of the form 0, the limit
can be evaluated by first simplifying the rational function using factoring, and then directly
substituting 𝑐.

0
Functions that yield an indeterminate number 0
usually give an idea on the appearance of their
𝑥 2 −9
graph. For example, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3
in
the previous example is essentially the same as
the graph of the linear function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 with a
hole at the point (3,6).

(2+𝑥)2 −4
Example 3: Evaluate lim 𝑥
.
𝑥→0
Solution: By direct substitution,
(𝑥 + 2)2 − 4 (0 + 2)2 − 4
lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
2
2 −4
=
0
4−4 𝟎
= =
0 𝟎

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

On this example, expand the function first before you get the factors. Therefore,
(𝑥 + 2)2 − 4 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
=
𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
=
𝑥
So,
(𝑥 + 2)2 − 4
lim = lim (𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
=0+4
=𝟒

Activity 1.2

Apply the different techniques in evaluating the following limits:

𝑥(𝑥 2 −1)
1. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2

𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10
2. lim
𝑥→6 𝑥−5

𝑥 4 −1
3. lim
𝑥→−1 2𝑥 2 −𝑥−3
(1−𝑥)2 +1
4. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2

2𝑥 2 +𝑥
5. lim
𝑥→3 5𝑥

Rationalization Method

Often in a rational function that includes radical expressions, the indeterminate form 0/0 upon
direct substitution is induced by the term. Using another method called rationalization, situations
like this can be circumvented. The function is transformed to its equivalent form in this procedure,
so that the radical expression is rationalized.

𝑥−9
Example 1: Evaluate lim .
𝑥→9 √𝑥−3
Solution: By direct substitution,
𝑥−9 9−9
lim =
𝑥→9 √𝑥 −3 √9 − 3
9−9 𝟎
= =
3−3 𝟎
In this case, the function must be converted to its equivalent form so that the radical expression is
rationalized. That is,
𝑥−9 𝑥 − 9 √𝑥 + 3
lim = lim .
𝑥→9 √𝑥 − 3 𝑥→9 √𝑥 − 3 √𝑥 + 3
(𝑥 − 9)(√𝑥 + 3)
=
𝑥−9
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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

= √𝑥 + 3

So,
𝑥−9
lim = lim √𝑥 + 3
𝑥→9 √𝑥 −3 𝑥→9
= √9 + 3
=3+3
=𝟔

3−√2𝑥+5
Example 2: Evaluate lim 𝑥−2
.
𝑥→2

Solution: By direct substitution, you have

3 − √2𝑥 + 5 3 − √2(2) + 5
lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 2−2
3 − √4 + 5
=
2−2
3 − √9 𝟎
= =
2−2 𝟎

Bypass the indeterminate form by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 3 + √2𝑥 + 5.
3 − √2𝑥 + 5 3 − √2𝑥 + 5 3 + √2𝑥 + 5
lim = lim .
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 3 + √2𝑥 + 5
(3 − √2𝑥 + 5)(3 + √2𝑥 + 5)
=
(𝑥 − 2)(3 + √2𝑥 + 5)
2
9 − (√2𝑥 + 5)
=
(𝑥 − 2)(3 + √2𝑥 + 5)
9 − (2𝑥 + 5)
=
(𝑥 − 2)(3 + √2𝑥 + 5)
9 − 2𝑥 − 5
=
(𝑥 − 2)(3 + √2𝑥 + 5)
−2𝑥 + 4
=
(𝑥 − 2)(3 + √2𝑥 + 5)
−2(𝑥 − 2)
=
(𝑥 − 2)(3 + √2𝑥 + 5)
−2
=
3 + √2𝑥 + 5

Therefore,
3 − √2𝑥 + 5 −2
lim = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 3 + √2𝑥 + 5
−2
=
3 + √2(2) + 5

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021
−2
=
3 + √4 + 5
−2
=
3 + √9
−2
=
3+3
2 𝟏
= − 𝑜𝑟 −
6 𝟑

Activity 1.3

Apply the different techniques in evaluating the following limits:

√𝑥+1−1
1. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥

√𝑥−2
2. lim
𝑥→4 𝑥−4
2−√4−𝑥
3. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
49−𝑥
4. lim
𝑥→49 √𝑥−7
𝑥2
5. lim
𝑥→9 √𝑥

Limits of Absolute Value Function

Limits that include absolute values also include splitting stuff into instances. Bear in mind that,
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
|𝑥| = { .
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
|𝑥−2|
Example 1: Evaluate lim .
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
Solution: Using direct substitution,
|𝑥 − 2| |2 − 2| 𝟎
lim = lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 2−2 𝟎

𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 |𝑥−2| |𝑥−2|
Now, recall that |𝑥| = { . In this case, you have to consider lim− 𝑥−2 and lim+ 𝑥−2 .
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
Left: Right:
−(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥−2
lim− = −𝟏 lim+ =𝟏
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2

|𝑥−2| |𝑥−2| |𝑥−2|

Notice that lim− 𝑥−2
≠ lim+ 𝑥−2 , hence, lim does not exist or DNE.
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2

𝑥
Example 2: Evaluate lim |𝑥| .
𝑥→1
Solution: Using direct substitution,
𝑥 1
lim = lim = 𝟏.
𝑥→1 |𝑥| 𝑥→1 |1|

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021
𝑥+7
Example 3: Evaluate lim − .
𝑥→−7 |𝑥+7|
Solution: In this example, you are only tasked to find the limit of a function as 𝑥 approaches −7 from
the left. Therefore,
𝑥+7 𝑥+7
lim− = = −𝟏
𝑥→−7 |𝑥 + 7| −(𝑥 + 7)

Activity 1.4

Evaluate the following limits:

|𝑥−3|
1. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑥 2 −16
2. lim
𝑥→4 |𝑥−4|
|𝑥|
3. lim
𝑥→0− 𝑥
|𝑥−1|
4. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

|𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2|
5. lim+
𝑥→2 𝑥+1

Lesson 2: Limits of Exponential Function

Limits of Exponential Functions

In general mathematics, you have learned that exponential functions can be used to model and
solve certain real-life problems. It is very necessary for calculus applications that one can generate
these mathematical models. Let's begin this lesson by remembering these functions and their
corresponding graphs.

(𝑎) If 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, the exponential function with base 𝑏 is defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

Limit of the General Exponential Function 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙

• For all real numbers 𝑐, lim 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑐 .
𝑥→𝑐
• If 𝑏 > 1, then lim 𝑏 = ∞ and lim 𝑏 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
• If 0 < 𝑏 < 1, then lim 𝑏 = 0 and lim 𝑏 𝑥 = ∞.
𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞

Example 1: Evaluate lim 2𝑥 .

𝑥→3
Solution: By direct substitution,
lim 2𝑥 = lim 23 = 𝟖
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

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Example 2: Evaluate lim 2𝑥 .

𝑥→∞
Solution: Since 𝑏 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 > 1, then
lim 2𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→∞

Example 3: Evaluate lim 2𝑥 .

𝑥→−∞
Solution: Since 𝑏 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 > 1, then
lim 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥→−∞

The following table of values for 𝑦 = 2𝑥 verifies that lim 2𝑥 = ∞ and lim 2𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
𝒙 -15 -10 -1 0 1 3 5 10 15
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 0.00003 0.001 0.5 1 2 8 32 1 024 32 768

Based on the table above, the function increases without bound as it approaches infinity, and it
approaches 0 as it approaches negative infinity.

Example 4: Evaluate lim 4−𝑥+3 .

𝑥→−∞
Solution: Use the laws of exponents to simplify 4−𝑥+3 .
4−𝑥+3 = 4−𝑥 . 43
= (4−1 )𝑥 . 64
1 𝑥
= 64 . ( )
4
Therefore,
𝑥
1
lim 4−𝑥+3 = lim [64 . ( ) ]
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 4
1 𝑥
= lim 64 . lim ( )
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 4
= 64 . ∞ Limit of 𝑏 𝑥 when 𝑏 < 1
=∞
4𝑥 +3𝑥
Example 5: Evaluate lim .
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥
Solution: Apply limit laws,
lim 4𝑥 + lim 3𝑥 ∞
4𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
lim 𝑥
= =
𝑥→∞ 2 lim 2𝑥 ∞
𝑥→∞

Note that this is an indeterminate form. To circumvent this form, divide each term by the highest
power (4𝑥 ).
4𝑥 3𝑥
𝑥
4 +3 𝑥 lim 𝑥 + lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 4 𝑥→∞ 4
lim = 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2
lim 4𝑥
𝑥→∞
4𝑥 3𝑥
lim 4𝑥 + lim 4𝑥
= 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
2𝑥
lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 4

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3𝑥
lim 1 + lim 4𝑥
= 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
1𝑥
lim 2𝑥
𝑥→∞
1+0 1
= = =∞
0 0

Activity 2.1

Evaluate the following limits:

1. lim3−𝑥
𝑥→2
1 −𝑥−4
2. lim (2)
𝑥→−∞
6𝑥
3. lim 2𝑥 +5𝑥
𝑥→∞
4. lim 6𝑥+2
𝑥→−∞
2𝑥 +5𝑥
5. lim 3𝑥
𝑥→∞

4. Progress Check / Learning Activities / Exercises

Activity 4: This activity is to be submitted via google classroom.

A. Apply the different techniques to evaluate the following limits:

|𝑥 2 −9|
1. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑥 2 −1
2. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−1

𝑥 2 −4
3. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

√𝑥−3
4. lim
𝑥→9 𝑥−9
(1+𝑥)2 −1
5. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

B. Evaluate the following limits:

1. lim 4𝑥
𝑥→−1
2. lim 7𝑥+2
𝑥→−∞
32𝑥 −2𝑥
3. lim 3𝑥
𝑥→∞
1
4. lim ( )𝑥+2
𝑥→−∞ 3
5. lim 3−𝑥+1
𝑥→∞

5. Assignment (optional)

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6. Generalization / Take away

For all polynomial functions 𝑓, the value of lim𝑓(𝑥) is equal to 𝑓(𝑐).

𝑥→1

0
When direct substitution of the constant 𝑐 gives an indeterminate number of the form , the limit can
0
be evaluated by first simplifying the rational function using factoring, and then directly substituting
𝑐.

𝑓(𝑥) 0
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim 𝑔(𝑥) is called an indeterminate form of type " 0 ".
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Rationalization is one way to circumvent a function with radicals. It transformed to its equivalent
form in this procedure, so that the radical expression is rationalized.

In exponential functions, for all real numbers 𝑐, lim 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑐 .

𝑥→𝑐
If 𝑏 > 1, then lim 𝑏 𝑥 = ∞ and lim 𝑏 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
If 0 < 𝑏 < 1, then lim 𝑏 𝑥 = 0 and lim 𝑏 𝑥 = ∞.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞

𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
Remember that, |𝑥| = { .
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

7. Evaluation:

Quiz 2

Closing Prayer

Pope Francis prayer during the pandemic to Our Lady of Salus Populi
Romani (First Period)

O Mary, You shine continuously on our journey as a sign of salvation and hope. We entrust
ourselves to you, Health of the Sick, who, at the foot of the cross, were united with Jesus’
suffering, and persevered in your faith. “Protectress of the Roman people”, you know our
needs, and we know that you will provide, so that, as at Cana in Galilee, joy and celebration
may return after this time of trial. Help us, Mother of Divine Love, to conform ourselves to the
will of the Father and to do what Jesus tells us. For he took upon himself our suffering, and
burdened himself with our sorrows to bring us, through the cross, to the joy of the
Resurrection. Amen.

Our Lady Assumed into heaven

Pray for us.

Prepared by: Ms. Camille D. Franco 12 | Page

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Angelus (Second Period)

V. The Angel of the Lord declared unto Mary,

R. And she conceived of the Holy Spirit.

Hail Mary, ...

V. Behold the handmaid of the Lord.

R. Be it done unto me according to Your Word.

Hail Mary, ...

V. And the Word was made flesh,

R. And dwelt among us.

Hail Mary, ...

V. Pray for us, O holy Mother of God.

R. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.

Continuation of Angelus (Second Period)

Let us pray:

Pour forth, we beseech You, O Lord,

Your Grace into our hearts;
that as we have known the incarnation of Christ,
your Son by the message of an angel,
so, by His passion and cross
we may be brought to the glory of His Resurrection.
Through the same Christ, our Lord.
Amen.

Glory be, …..

Our Lady Assumed into heaven…

Pray for us.

References:
Canlapan, R. B., et.al. (2017). DIWA Senior High School Series Basic Calculus. Makati City. Diwa
Learning Systems, Inc.

Prepared by: Ms. Camille D. Franco 13 | Page