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Fragmentation

Fragmentation involves dividing relations into fragments in order to improve efficiency, security, and parallelism by storing data close to where it is most frequently used, keeping data not needed by local applications from being stored, and allowing relations to be divided into subqueries that operate on fragments. There are four main types of fragmentation - horizontal, vertical, mixed, and derived - which are defined using selection, projection, semijoin, or successive fragmentation operations and must satisfy properties of completeness, reconstruction, and disjointness. Fragmentation provides advantages such as parallel processing, storing tuples where most frequently accessed, and efficient joining of vertical fragments.

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Hema Sathish
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34 views

Fragmentation

Fragmentation involves dividing relations into fragments in order to improve efficiency, security, and parallelism by storing data close to where it is most frequently used, keeping data not needed by local applications from being stored, and allowing relations to be divided into subqueries that operate on fragments. There are four main types of fragmentation - horizontal, vertical, mixed, and derived - which are defined using selection, projection, semijoin, or successive fragmentation operations and must satisfy properties of completeness, reconstruction, and disjointness. Fragmentation provides advantages such as parallel processing, storing tuples where most frequently accessed, and efficient joining of vertical fragments.

Uploaded by

Hema Sathish
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fragmentation

Why fragment?
Usage:
- Apps work with views rather than entire relations.
Efficiency:
- Data stored close to where most frequently used.
- Data not needed by local applications is not stored.
Security:
- and so not available to unauthorized users.
Parallelism:
- With fragments as unit of distribution, T can be divided into several subqueries that operate
on fragments
Three Correctness of fragmentation rules:
Completeness: If relation R decomposed into fragments R1, R2, ... Rn, each data item that can be found in R must appear in
at least one fragment.
Reconstruction: Must be possible to define a relational operation that will reconstruct R from the fragments.
- for horizontal fragmentation: Union operation
- for vertical: Join
Disjointness: If data item di appears in fragment Ri, then should not appear in any other fragment.
- Exception: vertical fragmentation.
- For horizontal fragmentation, data item is a tuple.
- For vertical fragmentation, data item is an attribute.
Four types of fragmentation:
Horizontal: Consists of a subset of the tuples of a relation.
- Defined using Selection operation
- Determined by looking at predicates used by Ts.
- Involves finding set of minimal (complete and relevant) predicates.
- Set of predicates is complete, iff, any two tuples in same fragment are referenced with same probability by any application.
- Predicate is relevant if there is at least one application that accesses fragments differently.
Vertical: subset of atts of a relation.
- Defined using Projection operation
- Determined by establishing affinity of one attribute to another.
3. Mixed: horizontal fragment that is vertically fragmented, or a vertical fragment that is horizontally fragmented.
- Defined using Selection and Projection operations
4. Derived: horizontal fragment that is based on horizontal fragmentation of a parent relation.
- Ensures fragments frequently joined together are at same site.
- Defined using Semijoin operation
Advantages of Fragmentation
Horizontal:
-allows parallel processing on fragments of a relation
-allows a relation to be split so that tuples are located where they are most frequently accessed
Vertical:
-allows tuples to be split so that each part of the tuple is stored where it is most frequently accessed
-tuple-id attribute allows efficient joining of vertical fragments
-allows parallel processing on a relation
Vertical and horizontal fragmentation can be mixed.
-Fragments may be successively fragmented to an arbitrary depth.

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