DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB

(04 1x74)

LABORATORY MANUAL

Bhagalpur College of Engineering, Bhagalpur

FACULTY NAME: ANSHU KUMARI

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering

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 List of Experiments
1. Verification of Sampling Theorem.
2. Study of generation of Unipolar NRZ, Polar NRZ, Unipolar RZ and Polar RZ line
code.
3. Study of generation and detection of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
4. Study of generation and detection of Delta Modulation.
5. Study of generation and detection of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
6. Study of generation and detection of Phase Shift Keying (PSK).
7. Study of generation and detection of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).
8. Analysis of the process of Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing.

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 EXPERIMENT No.-1

TITLE: Verification of sampling theorem.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

1. To obtain the sampled output for given modulating signal input.

2. Verify the sampling theorem for different modulating frequencies fs< 2fm, fs= 2fm and fs
>2fm.
3. Reconstruct the original signal from the sampled signal.

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Sl.No. Name of the Equipment/ Component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1. Sampling Theorem Trainer Kit 1
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S 1
3. Power supply 1
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch cord As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

THEORY:

Sampling is the process of conversion of analog signal to discrete signal. Sampling Theorem shows that a
continuous-time band-limited signal may be represented perfectly by its samples at uniform intervals of T
seconds, if T is small enough. In other words, the continuous-time signal may be reconstructed perfectly
from its samples; sampling at a high enough rate is information-lossless.

Sampling theorem states that

1. The band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency component higher than w hertz,
is completely described by specifies the value of signal at instant of time separated by 1/2w
second.
2. The band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency component higher than w hertz,
must be completely recovered from knowledge of its samples taken at rate of 2w per second.

Fs >= 2 fm

If the sampling frequency is less than Nyquist rate, then a distortion is called aliasing.

g (t )   g (nT ) (t  nT )
n 
s s

g (t )  the ideal sampled signal

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fs  : sampling rate
Ts
Ts : sampling period

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the block diagram.

2. Take the sine wave as input of 1KHZ from signal generator block.
3. Observe the carrier waveform and note down the amplitude and time period of the signal.
4. Observe the sampled signal and note down the amplitude and time period of the signal.
5. Observe the sampled and hold signal and note down the amplitude and time period of the signal.
6. Then the sampled signal is given as an input to low pass filter and then reconstructed waveform is
obtained in output of low pass filter.
7. Plot the graph for the Sampled signal and Sample and Hold Signal.

BLOCK DIAGRAM/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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GRAPH:

OBSERVATION:

Modulating signal Carrier signal

Signal Time Frequency Amplitude Signal Time Frequency Amplitude

Type Period Type Period
Sine Square
Wave Wave

Demodulated Output
Signal Type Time Period Frequency Amplitude

Sine Wave

RESULTS: The sampling theorem is verified successfully.

CONCLUSION: The modulating signal can be reconstructed from sampled signal successfully when
Fs >= 2 fm.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
2. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
3. Observations should be done carefully.
4. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

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 EXPERIMENT No.-2

TITLE: Study of various encoding schemes.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To generation Unipolar NRZ, Polar NRZ, Unipolar RZ and
Polar RZ line code.

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Sl.No. Name of the Equipment/ Component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1. Data encoding Trainer Kit 1
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S 1
3. Power supply 1
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch cord As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

THEORY:

„1‟ and „0‟ can be represented in various formats in different levels and waveforms. The selection of
coding technique depends on system band width, system ability to pass dc level information, error
checking facility.

Non return to Zero (level): The NRZ(L) waveform simply goes low for one bit time to represent a data
„0‟ and high to represent data „1‟.For lengthy data the clock is lost in asynchronous mode. The
maximum rate at which NRZ can change is half the data clock, when alternate 0‟s and 1‟s are there.

DC Level: A length data will have only a dc level as its waveform, a dc voltage cannot be used in circuits
which involve transformers like telephone, AC coupled amplifiers, capacitors, filter etc.

Manchester Bi-phase : „0‟ is encoded low during first half of bit time & high for other half of bit & vice
versa for „1‟.There is no synchronization problem in the receiver. It is independent of DC levels, since
there is a transition occurring in each bit. Its max frequency is equal to data clock rate. There is at least
one transition per bit. Since there is midway transition, it makes clock regeneration difficult so we use
special bi phase clock recovery circuit.

Return to Bias: It is a 3 level code, consists of positive, negative and zero. Easy clock synchronization is
possible.‟1‟ for positive,‟0‟ for negative in first half and zero bias for second half. Maximum frequency is
equal to data clock frequency. A DC level of waveforms depends on strings of 1‟s and 0‟s.Hence we
cannot use AC coupled communication link. Timing information is easily obtained. The system is
referred to as „self-clocking system‟, as magnitude of waveform is original data signal. It requires
complex transmitters.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the data generator output to code generator kit. This gives the random binary sequence
to the kit.

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 2. Connect the clock signal to the trainer kit.
3. Connect the output to the DSO channel along with the clock signal.
4. Observe the waveforms with respect to clock on a dual channel CRO, and compare with the
model graph.
5. Plot the waveforms for different codes.

BLOCK DIAGRAM/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:

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OBSERVATION:

Signal Amplitude Time period

Input
Output

RESULTS: Thus the different coding techniques were studied and observed for a given binary data, and
their corresponding waveforms plotted.

CONCLUSION:From the above experiment, we conclude that by using these techniques we can encode
our data easily which helps to secure our data

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
2. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
3. Observations should be done carefully.
4. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

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 EXPERIMENT No.-3

TITLE: Pulse code modulation and demodulation

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To Study the generation and detection of Pulse Code
Modulation (PCM).

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Sl.No. Name of the Equipment/ Component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1. PCM modulation and demodulation 1
trainer kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S 1
3. Power supply 1
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch cord As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

THEORY:

In Pulse code modulation (PCM) only certain discrete values are allowed for the modulating signals. The
modulating signal is sampled, as in other forms of pulse modulation. But any sample falling within a
specified range of values is assigned a discrete value. Each value is assigned a pattern of pulses and the
signal transmitted by means of this code. The electronic circuit that produces the coded pulse train from
the modulating waveform is termed a coder or encoder. A suitable decoder must be used at the receiver in
order to extract the original information from the transmitted pulse train.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the diagram as shown in the Fig.1.and switch on the power supply of
the trainer kit.
2. Clock generator generates a 20 KHz clock .This can be given as input to the timing and control
circuit and observe the sampling frequency fs= 2 KHz approximately at the output of timing and
control circuit.
3. Apply the signal generator output of 6V(p-p) approximately to the A to D converter input and
note down the binary word from LED‟s i.e. LED “ON” represents „1‟ & “OFF” represents „0‟.
4. Feed the PCM waveform to the demodulator circuit and observe the waveform at the output of
D/A which is quantized level.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:

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OBSERVATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE(v) TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

Message signal
Clock signal
PCM modulated
output
Demodulated signal

RESULTS:

Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and its waveforms are studied.

CONCLUSION:

From the above experiment, the amplitude of demodulated signal is obtained as………

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
2. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
3. Observations should be done carefully.
4. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

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 EXPERIMENT No.-4

TITLE: Generation and detection of Delta Modulation.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To Study the generation and detection of Delta Modulation.

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Sl.No.
Name of the Equipment/ Component Specifications/ Range Quantity
1.DM modulation and demodulation trainer 1
kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S 1
3. Power supply 1
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch cord As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.
THEORY:

Delta Modulation is a form of pulse modulation where a sample value is represented as a single bit. This
is almost similar to differential PCM, as the transmitted bit is only one per sample just to indicate whether
the present sample is larger or smaller than the previous one. The encoding, decoding and quantizing
process become extremely simple but this system cannot handle rapidly varying samples. This increases
the quantizing noise.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.

2. Connect power supply in proper polarity to kits DCL-07 and switch it on.
3. Keep the Switch S2 in Delta position.
4. Keep the Switch S4 High.
5. Observe the various tests points in delta demodulator section and observe the reconstructed
signal through 2nd order and 4th order filter.

BLOCK DIAGRAM/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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GRAPH:

OBSERVATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE(v) TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

Message signal
Digital sampler output
Integrator-3 output
Filter output

RESULTS:

Delta Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and its waveforms are studied.

CONCLUSION:

From the above experiment, the amplitude of demodulated signal is obtained as………

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
2. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
3. Observations should be done carefully.
4. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

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 EXPERIMENT No.-5

TITLE: ASK modulation and demodulation

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To study the generation and detection of Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK).

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Sl.No. Name of the Equipment/ Component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1. ASK modulation and demodulation 1
trainer kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S 1
3. Power supply 1
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch cord As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

THEORY:

The binary ASK system was one of the earliest form of digital modulation used in wireless telegraphy. In
a binary ASK system binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed
amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc for the bit duration Tb whereas binary symbol 0 is represented by
switching of the carrier for Tb seconds. This signal can be generated simply by turning the carrier of a
sinusoidal oscillator ON and OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by the modulating pulse train. For
this reason the scheme is also known as on-off shift testing.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.

2. Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on.
3. Set the amplitude and frequency of the carrier wave as desired.
4. Set the message data bit.
5. Observe the waveforms at the
a. Message data
b. Carrier signal
c. ASK modulator output
d. ASK demodulator output
6. Plot it on graph paper.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:

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OBSERVATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE(v) TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

Message signal
Carrier Signal
ASK modulated signal
Demodulated output

RESULTS: BASK Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and its waveforms are
studied.

CONCLUSION:

From the above experiment, the amplitude of demodulated signal is obtained as………

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
2. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
3. Observations should be done carefully.
4. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

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 EXPERIMENT No.-6

TITLE: Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation and demodulation.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To study the generation and detection of Phase Shift Keying
(PSK).

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Sl.No. Name of the Equipment/ Component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1. PSK modulation and demodulation trainer 1
kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S 1
3. Power supply 1
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch cord As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

THEORY:

Phase shift keying is a modulation/data transmitting technique in which phase of the carrier signal is
shifted between two distinct levels. In a simple PSK (i.e. binary PSK) un-shifted carrier Vcosωt is
transmitted to indicate a 1 condition, and the carrier shifted by 180o i.e. – Vcosωt is transmitted to
indicate as 0 condition.

PROCEDURE:

7. The connections are given as per the block diagram.

8. Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on.
9. Set the amplitude of the sine wave as desired.
10. Observe the waveforms at the
e. Clock
f. SIN 1 & SIN 2
g. MODULATOR OUTPUT
h. PSK OUT
11. Plot it on graph paper.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:

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OBSERVATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE(v) TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

Clock Signal
Input1
Input2
Modulator Output
Demodulated output

RESULTS: BPSK Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and its waveforms are
studied.

CONCLUSION:

From the above experiment, the amplitude of demodulated signal is obtained as………

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
2. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
3. Observations should be done carefully.
4. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

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 EXPERIMENT No.-7

TITLE: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation and demodulation.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To study the generation and detection of Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK).

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Sl.No. Name of the Equipment/ Component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1. FSK modulation and demodulation trainer 1
kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S 1
3. Power supply 1
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch cord As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

THEORY:

FSK signaling schemes find a wide range of applications in low-speed digital data transmission system.
FSK schemes are not as efficient as PSK in terms of power and bandwidth utilization. In binary FSK
signaling the waveforms are used to convey binary digits 0 and 1 respectively. The binary FSK waveform
is a continuous, phase constant envelope FM waveform. The FSK signal bandwidth in this case is of order
of 2MHz, which is same as the order of the bandwidth of PSK signal.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.

2. Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and & switch it on.
3. Set the amplitude of the sine wave as desired.
4. Observe the waveforms at the
i. Clock
j. SIN 1 & SIN 2
k. MODULATOR OUTPUT
l. PSK OUT
5. Plot it on graph paper

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BLOCK DIAGRAM/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:

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OBSERVATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE(v) TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

Clock Signal
Input1
Input2
Modulator Output
Demodulated output

RESULTS: BFSK Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the hardware kit and its waveforms are
studied.

CONCLUSION:

From the above experiment, the amplitude of demodulated signal is obtained as………

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
2. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
3. Observations should be done carefully.
4. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

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 EXPERIMENT No.-8

TITLE: TDM Multiplexing and demultiplexing.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To analyse the process of Time Division Multiplexing and
demultiplexing.

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Sl.No. Name of the Equipment/ Component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1. TDM multiplexing and demultiplexing 1
trainer kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S 1
3. Power supply 1
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch cord As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

THEORY:

Time Division is a technique of transmitting more than one information on the same channel. The
samples consist of short pulses followed by another pulse after a long time intervals. This no-activity time
intervals can be used to include samples from the other channels as well. This means that several
informations can be transmitted over a single channel by sending samples from different information
sources at different moments in time. This technique is known as Time Division Multiplexing or TDM.
TDM is widely used in digital communication systems to increase the efficiency of the transmitting
medium. TDM can be achieved by electronically switching the samples such that they interleave
sequentially at correct instant in time without mutual interference.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the block diagram.

2. The message signal1 is connected to the channel 0 and note down the amplitude and time period
of the signal.
3. The message signal 2 is connected to the channel 1 and note down the amplitude and time period
of the signal.
4. Observe the TDM waveform in the DSO.
5. Plot the TDM waveform for the obtained readings.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM/ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:

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OBSERVATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE(v) TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

RESULTS: TDM multiplexing and demultiplexing are verified in the hardware kit and its waveforms are
studied.

CONCLUSION: From the above experiment, we conclude that using TDM more than one signal can be
transmitted through single channel.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
4. Observations should be done carefully.
5. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

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