Original research

International Journal of Sports Science

& Coaching
2017, Vol. 12(1) 130–137
Monitoring training loads, mood states, ! The Author(s) 2016
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DOI: 10.1177/1747954116684394
periodized training mesocycles in elite journals.sagepub.com/home/spo

young volleyball players

Marcelo S Aoki1, Ademir FS Arruda2, Camila G Freitas1,

Bernardo Miloski1, Pablo R Marcelino1,3, Gustavo Drago3,
Murilo Drago3 and Alexandre Moreira2

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of the periodized training program on internal training load, mood
states, and vertical jump capacity of young volleyball players. Internal training load was measured using the session rating
of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method. To assess mood states, the profile of mood states questionnaire was
completed once a week. The vertical jump tests were performed before and after training period. The main findings
were (1) the internal training load was greater during the preparatory mesocycle than during the competitive mesocycle,
for both U16 and U19 groups; (2) the U19 completed a higher training load during preparatory mesocycle than U16; (3)
despite the differences in the periodized training program, the U16 group presented a higher value for the total mood
disturbance and for the subscales, tension, depression, anger, and fatigue; and (4) the vertical jump performance
increased from the beginning to the end of the nine-week training period for U16 and U19 groups.

Keywords
Periodization, counter-movement jump, exercise intensity, rating of perceived exertion, squat jump, training program,
vertical jump

Introduction however, no information regarding internal responses

The training periodization is a key factor for athletes to (internal training load (ITL)) can be obtained.
achieve the best performance. In order to achieve effect- On the other hand, the session rating of perceived
iveness, the training periodization largely depends on exertion (session-RPE) is a simple, useful, valid, and
the systematic training monitoring process. It is widely inexpensive method for quantifying ITL which was
accepted that the integrated training monitoring proposed by Foster et al.4 This method has been sug-
approach provide pertinent data which could be used gested to be one of the most reliable tools for monitor-
to guide coaches’ decision-making process and drive ing the training dose4–9 and can provide a global
further direction.1–3 Despite the relevance of training indicator of exercise intensity.10,11 The validation for
monitoring, there is limited data in literature about
this topic,3 especially regarding youth team sports. Reviewer: Larry Judge (Ball State University, USA)
A possible reason for the limited information avail- 1
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo,
able regarding the training load distribution in youth São Paulo, Brazil
team sport athletes is that there have been few practical 2
School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo,
and reliable methods to monitor the training load in São Paulo, Brazil
3
team sports. In addition, these methods (e.g. GPS and Integrated Support Center for Athletes—CIAA—E.C. Pinheiros,
São Paulo, Brazil
heart rate monitors) present high cost, and there are
operational difficulties for researcher to access elite Corresponding author:
Alexandre Moreira, Department of Sport, School of Physical Education
young team sport athletes in a practical setting. It is and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade
also important to mention that these methods assess Universitária, 05508-030 São Paulo, Brazil.
the performed external work (external training load); Email: [email protected]
Aoki et al. 131

monitoring ITL for intermittent team sports has been score as well as fulfill the POMS questionnaire weekly,
consistently investigated.3,6,8–10,12–17 Nevertheless, com- and (3) participation in all physical tests. While 22
pared to adult athletes, there is still scarce information players initially took part in the study, data for 18
reporting the use of session-RPE method to quantify were actually considered through nonavailability as a
training load and describe the training periodization in consequence of an injury sustained and/or missed train-
youth team athletes.15,16,18–20 ing sessions. Therefore, the four players who had incom-
Moreover, less is known about how these athletes plete data were not included in the analysis. All assessed
cope with the stress derived from the training process. players (U16: n ¼ 9, age 15.2  0.83 years, height
The ability to deal with the demands from the competi- 191.0  7.9 cm, body mass 76.7  8.2 kg and U19:
tive environment in sports appears to play a key role in n ¼ 9, age 17.4  1.2 years, height: 190.0  6.1 cm, body
the likelihood to achieve a high performance level.21 mass 82.5  7.1 kg) habitually were used to training
Therefore, the use of psychological markers of stress four to five days a week, with two daily sessions (phys-
is a strategy to provide valuable information for the ical training and technical/tactical training). They were
coach and the technical staff. The profile of mood familiarized with all adopted procedures and tests,
states (POMS) questionnaire22 has been widely used which were used during their usual training program.
in sports setting and has been associated with the The two assessed teams successfully reached the cham-
level of stress.23 In addition, POMS is a viable psycho- pionship final of their respective age categories in the
logical tool for monitoring athletes’ mood states during 2011 season. All the assessed players were considered
periods of intensified training.24,25 healthy and carrying no injuries that would affect their
It is also important to monitor physical performance participation. After ethics approval by the local
during a periodized training program. In this sense, University Research Ethics Committee the experimen-
jumping capacity has been considered one of the most tal protocols were explained in detail. Written informed
important physical attributes of volleyball players and consent was obtained from each participant and their
the actions involving vertical jumps occur with elevated respective parents or guardians.
frequency in a typical volleyball match.26 Nevertheless,
the development of the jump capacity in volleyball
players is a desirable training-induced adaptation.27
ITL
Despite the recognized relevance of a multidimensional The ITL was quantified by session-RPE method as pro-
training monitoring approach for youth team sports, as posed by Foster et al.4 and used with a similar sample
well as the success of Brazilian volleyball, for both of volleyball players.15 Thirty minutes after the session,
adult and youth teams (first ranked team in the 2013 players answered the question ‘‘How was your work-
men senior world ranking of the Fedération out?’’ avoiding any contact between players. They were
Internationale de Volleyball, and the second winner in requested to ensure that their RPE referred to the inten-
the 2013 men U19 world Championship), there is need sity of the whole session rather than the most recent
of advancing the knowledge regarding periodization of exercise intensity. The training intensity was measured
training loads in young elite volleyball players, in par- using a Borg’s category ratio 10 RPE scale. The
ticular, for those talents in the categories which precede reported session-RPE score was multiplied by the
the professional level. Therefore, the purposes of this total session duration, in minutes, to indicate the ITL.
study were (1) to describe the periodization training pro- All athletes were previously familiarized with the use of
gram undertaken by young volleyball players and to RPE scale. The ITL was described using the overall
compare such periodization between two age categories mean weekly training load (overall ITL) and mean of
(U16 versus U19) and (2) verify the effect of the period- weekly training load for each form of exercise training
ized training program on ITL, mood states, and vertical (weight lifting training (WLT)-ITL, conditioning train-
jump performance of the young volleyball players. ing (CT)-ITL, and hybrid training (HT)-ITL).

Method Mood states

The POMS22 questionnaire was used. Players answered
Subjects 65 items using a five-point Likert scale (0 represents
Twenty-two young male volleyball players from a ‘‘nothing’’ and 4 represents ‘‘extremely’’) on a weekly
Brazilian club who competed in one of the main basis. Six subscales were analyzed, in which five
Brazilian State Championship agreed to participate in were negative mood scales (tension, depression, anger,
the study. There were three main inclusion criteria to fatigue, and confusion) and one was positive (vigor).
take part in the present investigation: (1) participation The six subscales were combined into a total mood
in all training sessions, (2) provide daily session-RPE disturbance (TMD) score by summing the scores
132 International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12(1)

of the five negative mood scales and subtracting the The % typical error of the SJ, CMJ, and CMJa, was
score for vigor.22 A value of ‘‘100’’ was added to the 3.4, 2.5, and 2.8%, respectively.
TMD as proposed25 and used earlier.28 Athletes
answered the questionnaire according to the question
Procedures
used earlier by Berger et al.28: (‘‘How have you been
feeling during the past week, including today?’’). The periodized training program was designed by the
staff. The researchers did not participate in the elabor-
ation of the training program. Both groups (U16 and
Vertical jump tests U19) were submitted to a nine-week training period
At the beginning and after the nine-week experimental which was divided into two main mesocycles (prepara-
training period, the players performed the squat jump tory mesocycle (PM) ¼ five weeks, and competitive
(SJ), the countermovement jump with hands on the mesocycle (CM) ¼ four weeks). During the PM, the
hips (CMJ), and the countermovement jump with players did not participate in any official match. In
arms swing allowed (CMJa). The jump tests were per- the CM, the U16 group was involved in five official
formed in the same day in a randomized order, at least matches, while the U19 group performed four official
24 h after the last bout of exercise. Each athlete per- matches. The physical training loads during each meso-
formed three attempts for each test (separated by 40 s cycle were analyzed according to the different forms
rest); the best two attempts were averaged and used for (types) of training completed. These forms consisted
analysis. Before jump tests, athletes performed a 10 min in (i) WLT: strength training sessions performed
warm-up that consisted of jogging and sprint exercises in the weight gym; (ii) CT: body-load exercises,
with changes of direction. All players were largely high-intensity short running bouts, jumps and
familiarized with this procedure, which was usually per- throwing exercises, specific endurance training and;
formed during their training program. Vertical height (iii) HT: WLT and CT performed in the same training
during SJ, CMJ, and CMJa was measured using an session. The typical weekly physical training program
ergojump contact mat (CefiseÕ , Brazil). The SJ was completed by players for each assessed category is
initiated with hands on the hips to remove the add- outlined in Table 1.
itional effects of arm swing, and knees and hip at an ITL was determined using the session-RPE method
angle of 90 . Players initiated concentric action for all physical training sessions during a nine-week
followed a verbal command and were required to training period in the 2011 season. The assessed volley-
jump as high as possible. CMJ was performed as a ball players fulfilled the POMS questionnaire on a
coupled eccentric–concentric movement (i.e. sinking weekly basis and performed the vertical jump tests at
down to a self-selected depth before the vertical the commencement of the investigation and after the
jump). To CMJa an arm swing was allowed. nine-week investigation period.

Table 1. Typical weekly physical training during the preparatory and competitive mesocycles.

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Weekend

Preparatory mesocycle
U16 Body-load exercises Jumping exercises Rest Body-load exercises Jumping exercises off
Throwing exercises Specific endurance Throwing exercises Specific endurance
U19 Resistance training Jumping/throwing Specific endurance Resistance training Jumping and off
throwing
exercises
Competitive mesocycle
U16 Resistance training Throwing exercises Resistance training Throwing exercises Match Rest
(strength)
Jumping exercises High-intensity Jumping exercises High-intensity
short running short running
U19 Resistance training High-intensity Resistance training High-intensity Match Rest
short running (strength) short running
Jumping/throwing Resistance training Jumping/throwing Resistance training
exercises exercises
U16: under 16 group; U19: under 19 group.
Aoki et al. 133

Statistical analysis CT, composed by body-load exercises, high-intensity

All data were reported as means and standard devi- short running bouts, jumps and throwing exercises,
ation. The assumption of normality and homoscedasti- and specific endurance training. On the other hand,
city was verified using the Shapiro–Wilk and Levene the U19 group completed a greater ITL derived from
tests, respectively. A two-way ANOVA with repeated both WLT and CT. For U16, during the CM, the CT
measures was used to verify differences between groups was the main form of training session, and the HT was
and time points (PM versus CM) in overall ITL, TMD, included in the periodized training program. The U19
each of the mood subscales, and jump tests perform- group completed all the training sessions using the HT
ance, followed by Tukey post hoc when necessary. The during the CM.
software SPSS (v. 20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) Mood states (total score and subscales scores) are
was used for data analyses. Statistical significance was presented in Table 3. No difference between mesocycles
set at p  0.05. for mood states (total score and subscales scores) was
observed. A significant difference between U16 and
U19 was identified with a higher value for tension
Results (F ¼ 4.23, p ¼ 0.01), depression (F ¼ 4.93, p ¼ 0.04),
Individual training sessions (n ¼ 576) with a mean dur- anger (F ¼ 4.71, p ¼ 0.04), fatigue (F ¼ 4.39, p ¼ 0.05),
ation of 63.1  17.9 min were recorded during the and TMD (F ¼ 4.24, p ¼ 0.05) in the U16 group as
study. The U16 players and the U19 players completed compared to U19 group.
29 and 35 training sessions, respectively. The U16 com- Table 4 presents the vertical jump capacity. A sig-
pleted 153 individual training sessions during the PM nificant increase in SJ, CMJ, and CMJa (p  0.05) was
(mean duration of 63.8  13.0 min) and 108 individual detected from the beginning to the end of the
training sessions during the CM (mean duration of
55.0  11.6 min). The U19 completed 171 individual
training sessions during PM (mean duration of Table 3. Total mood states and subscales scores during the
75.7  22.2 min) and 144 training sessions during CM preparatory and competitive mesocycles (mean  SD).
(mean duration of 53.4  10.9 min).
The overall ITL and the ITL related to the distinct Under 16 Under 19
types of training sessions during the PM and CM are
PM CM PM CM
displayed in Table 2. A higher mean overall ITL during
PM compared to CM was observed for both groups. Tension 9.7  3.2 10.9  4.5 7.3  3.5a 7.2  3.6a
The mean overall ITL was greater for the U19 com- Depression 13.8  7.4 16.9  11.6 7.5  4.8a 7.8  6.9a
pared to U16. A different training distribution for the Anger 17.5  7.7 18.5  9.0 11.5  7.1a 10.7  6.1a
types of training sessions between U16 and U19 during Vigor 17.5  3.9 17.8  5.4 16.2  4.5 14.8  5.1
the periodization can be observed in Table 2. The U16 Fatigue 10.3  3.8 11.3  5.3 7.8  4.5a 6.4  4.7a
players did not perform WLT or HT sessions and all Confusion 4.5  3.0 5.6  4.4 3.4  4.3 4.6  4.2
physical training sessions were undertaken by means of
TMD 138.3  20.0 144.6  27.6 121.2  23.6a 119  21.5a
CM: competitive mesocycle; PM: preparatory mesocycle; TMD: total
Table 2. Training loads (AU) for distinct types of training during mood disturbance.
the preparatory mesocycle (PM) and competitive mesocycle a
Different from U16 (p < 0.05).
(CM) (mean  SD).

Under 16 Under 19

PM CM PM CM Table 4. Vertical jump height (cm) pre- and posttraining period

(mean  SD).
Resistance – – 647  90 –
training Under 16 Under 19
Conditioning 639  121 172  32a 430  163 –
Pre Post Pre Post
training
a b
Hybrid – 313  60 – 543  83 SJ (cm) 28.3  3.2 32.2  3.7 33.5  3.9 38.3  4.2a,b
training CMJ (cm) 32.5  3.0 36.1  4.2a 40.0  4.4b 44.2  5.6a,b
Overall 639  121 486  82a 1077  226b 543  83a CMJa (cm) 40.9  3.9 44.5  4.5a 46.5  5.8 51.1  6.8a
training
CMJ: countermovement jump; CMJa: countermovement jump with arms
AU: arbitrary units. swing; SJ: squat jump.
a a
Different from PM (p < 0.05). Different from pretraining (p < 0.05).
b b
Different from U16 (p < 0.05). Different from U16 (p < 0.05).
134 International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12(1)

investigated period for both U16 and U19 groups. due to the perspective of the long-term training process.
A greater vertical jump performance was verified for Interestingly, the differences are not only regarding the
the U19 group as compared to the U16 group distribution of distinct training sessions undertaken by
(SJ and CMJ; p < 0.05). players during the periodized program but also to the
magnitude of ITL. The distribution of training sessions
and the magnitude of ITL during the training program
Discussion may indicate that coaching staff, in particular strength
The purpose of this study was to describe the period- and conditioning trainers of the assessed club, are con-
ization training program undertaken by young volley- cerned with the so-called quality of development31,32
ball players and to compare such periodization between which has thought to be important to avoid athletes
two age categories (U16 versus U19). In addition, the dropout or underachievement high performance level
study was designed to verify the effect of the periodized during the long-term training process.21 This concern
training program on ITL, mood states, and vertical seems to be reflected in the adopted periodization strat-
jump capacity of the young players. This is the first egy which demonstrates a gradual progress from a
study to investigate the periodized training program more varied training sessions pattern (U16) toward a
of elite young volleyball players from two consecutive more focused and delimited, and perhaps more intense,
age categories of a same volleyball club, during a com- types of training sessions in the subsequent category
petitive season. (U19). This assumption is supported by a greater over-
The main findings were as follows: (1) the distribu- all ITL completed by the U19 group.
tion and the types of performed training sessions differ The U19 group completed a great amount of WLT
substantially between groups suggesting a strategy sessions during the PM. This periodization approach
focused on strength development for U19 during the suggests that the main focus was to maximize the
PM and a mixed pattern for U16. During the CM, strength and power development to prepare U19
there is a predominance of using mixed (hybrid) train- players to the CM; on the other hand, the U16 players
ing sessions for both groups. (2) The ITL was greater completed all their training sessions by means of CT
during the PM than during the CM, for both U16 and sessions. The approach implemented in the U16 group
U19 groups. (3) The U19 completed a higher ITL suggests that there are a greater number of objectives in
during PM than U16. (4) Despite the differences in the training of this category (U16) during the PM
the periodized training program, the U16 group pre- compared to U19. Probably, coaches focused on the
sented a higher value for the TMD and for the simultaneous development of different physical capaci-
subscales, tension, depression, anger, and fatigue. ties such as speed, agility, strength, power, and aerobic
(5) A significant pre-to-post difference in jump perform- fitness.
ance was observed for both age groups, with a greater The ability to cope with the demands from the com-
improvement for the U19 group. petitive environment in sports appears to play a key
The present study showed that during the PM, the role in the likelihood to achieve a high performance
young volleyball players are subjected to a higher overall level. Gulbin et al.21 pointed out that the concept
ITL than during the CM. This result is in agreement of elite performers needs to take into account the
with the widespread assumption that the main goal of ‘‘interrelationships of previous development experi-
the preseason training phase in team sports is to develop ences and attributes’’ and therefore, it should be
fitness, preparing athletes for the competition included in the claim that expert sport performers are
season.13,29 As a result athletes often complete a large mentally tough, resilient, and confident. In the present
volume of high-intensity training during the preseason study, the U16 group showed a higher level of tension,
preparation period in order to optimize physical per- depression, anger, fatigue, and TMD than the U19
formance prior to the competition.30 The present results group. These results might indicate that the experience
add new information regarding the distribution of the and/or perhaps the chronological age play a role in the
training loads in elite young volleyball players during ability to cope with the stress of youth team sport talent
different training mesocycles and show that these athletes. Interestingly, these results corroborate those
young athletes undertake a similar training load pattern reported by Lovell et al.,11 who showed that adult pro-
to those described in adult team sport’s athletes.13,29,30 fessional soccer players demonstrate a more positive
The unique approach of the present study, which mood states profile (iceberg profile) at the beginning
described the ITL from different types of training ses- of the season in comparison with university and ama-
sions show for the first time that there are differences teur athletes. The findings of the present study together
between age categories (U16 versus U19) at a same with the results from Lovell et al.11 suggest that the
club, as well as between phases (PM and CM); such ability to cope with the demands of the sport environ-
differences between age categories might be explained ment in team sport athletes may be associated with its
Aoki et al. 135

development during the long-term training process. The improvement in SJ and CMJ verified in the pre-
Therefore, these findings should be taken into account sent study is in agreement with those reported by
by coaches not only as a single measure for training Sheppard and Newton37 who demonstrated changes
monitoring but also as an attribute to be appropriately in the CMJ and SJ tests over two years in a group of
developed to increase the likelihood of achieving the 16 volleyball players who successfully transitioned from
higher performance level. age group (U21) to senior national team in the investi-
Another important finding from the present study gated time period. These authors showed that the
was the absence of change in TMD and subscales players improved their CMJ and SJ to 6.1 and 9.0 cm
scores from the PM to the CM. Despite the significant (d ¼ 0.80 and d ¼ 0.93), respectively. Sheppard and
change in ITL, no change in TMD was identified for Newton37 pointed out that such results support the
both groups. This result is in agreement with previous justification of the CMJ and SJ as being a key perform-
findings in adult athletes from different sports.33–35 ance indicator for elite volleyball and highlight that
Rietjens et al.,35 for example, investigated cyclists these measures must be developed to successfully pro-
during two training weeks. The athletes completed the gress from junior to senior representation in volleyball.
POMS questionnaire at the beginning, at the end of the Sheppard et al.38 also examined jumping perform-
first week, and at the end of the second week of inves- ance over two years in a group of 14 athletes from a
tigation. The results showed that despite the increment National volleyball team and reported an improvement
in training volume and training intensity during the two of 5.0 and 9.0 cm to the CMJ and SJ, respectively. This
assessed weeks, no significant difference in POMS study suggests that further improvement can be made
scores was observed between the assessed time points. within elite populations. Therefore, the results from the
Faude et al.34 did not observe difference in mood states present study concerning the increase in jumping cap-
between two overload weeks training and one tapering acity, in conjunction with previous data from elite
week in professional swimmers. Additionally, Arruda young and senior volleyball players suggest that the
et al.33 investigated the influence of the training period- periodized training program in volleyball should
ization on the profile of the mood states of a Brazilian be developed with an aim to improve this ability. It is
women basketball national team during the prepar- also important to highlight the importance of this phy-
ation for the 2009 American basketball Cup and sical attribute to increase the likelihood of junior vol-
reported no significant change in the POMS subscales leyball players to achieve the highest performance level.
scores over the training period. One limitation of the present study that should be
Monitoring the development of the jumping capacity mentioned is the fact that only two teams of the same
in volleyball is essential to the knowledge of the train- club were investigated. Therefore, the present study
ing-induced adaptation.27 Jumping activities have been may be considered as a case study from a single club
considered as one of the most important action to the and the results may be specific to these players and to
performance outcome in volleyball and occurs with the planning adopted by coaching staff of this particu-
elevated frequency in typical volleyball matches.26 In lar club. It is possible that the magnitude of training
the present study, a significant increase in SJ and loads and the distribution of the types of training ses-
CMJ performance was verified for both groups from sions observed in the present study may vary between
the beginning to the end of the nine-week investigated clubs. Future research could investigate the differences
period with a similar relative improvement for U16 and between talented young volleyball players in different
U19 (SJ, 13.9% versus 14.7%; CMJ, 11.2% versus clubs to the further understanding of how these players
10.4%, and CMJa, 8.8% versus 9.9%, respectively). train and figure out the organization of training loads
These results suggest that the reported improvement during an entire season.
in jumping capacity of U16 and U19 elite volleyball
players may be expected during periods of periodized
Conclusion
training. This likelihood was mentioned earlier by
Stanganelli et al.27 who inferred that it might be related The results of the present study indicate that a different
to the continued neuromuscular activation from jump- periodized training program was implemented in the
ing exercises performed during the volleyball training. U16 and the U19 groups. The types of training sessions
It is important to highlight that the athletes of the developed during the periodization were different
present study were largely familiarized with the testing between groups and there is a focus on strength devel-
procedures and therefore the changes in vertical jump- opment for U19, in particular during the PM. The
ing performance may not be attributed to an eventually current results also suggest that the ITL is higher
learning effect and adjustments in the coordination during the PM than during the CM for elite young
patterns which have been suggested to influence the volleyball players, with a magnitude of ITL for U19
improvement of jump capacity.36 compared to U16. Despite changes in ITL, the mood
136 International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12(1)

states remain relatively stable during the periodization 11. Lovell GP, Townrow J and Thatcher R. Mood states of
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Declaration of Conflicting Interests water polo. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 9:
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with 656–660.
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 15. Moreira A, Freitas CG, Nakamura FY, et al. Effect of
article. match importance on salivary cortisol and immunoglobu-
lin. A responses in elite young volleyball players.
J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 202–207.
Funding 16. Moreira A, McGuigan MR, Arruda AF, et al.
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, Monitoring internal load parameters during simulated
authorship, and/or publication of this article. and official basketball matches. J Strength Cond Res
2012; 26: 861–866.
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