C++ Dynamic Memory: New and Delete Operators
C++ Dynamic Memory: New and Delete Operators
C++ Dynamic Memory
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A good understanding of how dynamic memory really works in C++ is essential to
becoming a good C++ programmer. Memory in your C++ program is divided into
two parts −
The stack − All variables declared inside the function will take up memory
from the stack.
The heap − This is unused memory of the program and can be used to
allocate the memory dynamically when program runs.
Many times, you are not aware in advance how much memory you will need to
store particular information in a defined variable and the size of required memory
can be determined at run time.
You can allocate memory at run time within the heap for the variable of a given
type using a special operator in C++ which returns the address of the space
allocated. This operator is called new operator.
If you are not in need of dynamically allocated memory anymore, you can use
delete operator, which deallocates memory that was previously allocated by new
operator.
new and delete Operators
There is following generic syntax to use new operator to allocate memory
dynamically for any datatype.
new data‐type;
Here, datatype could be any builtin data type including an array or any user
defined data types include class or structure. Let us start with builtin data types.
For example we can define a pointer to type double and then request that the
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memory be allocated at execution time. We can do this using the new operator
with the following statements −
double* pvalue = NULL; // Pointer initialized with null
pvalue = new double; // Request memory for the variable
The memory may not have been allocated successfully, if the free store had been
used up. So it is good practice to check if new operator is returning NULL pointer
and take appropriate action as below −
double* pvalue = NULL;
if( !(pvalue = new double )) {
cout << "Error: out of memory." <<endl;
exit(1);
}
The malloc() function from C, still exists in C++, but it is recommended to avoid
using malloc() function. The main advantage of new over malloc() is that new
doesn't just allocate memory, it constructs objects which is prime purpose of C++.
At any point, when you feel a variable that has been dynamically allocated is not
anymore required, you can free up the memory that it occupies in the free store
with the ‘delete’ operator as follows −
delete pvalue; // Release memory pointed to by pvalue
Let us put above concepts and form the following example to show how ‘new’ and
‘delete’ work −
Live Demo
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
double* pvalue = NULL; // Pointer initialized with null
pvalue = new double; // Request memory for the variable
*pvalue = 29494.99; // Store value at allocated address
cout << "Value of pvalue : " << *pvalue << endl;
delete pvalue; // free up the memory.
return 0;
}
If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result −
Value of pvalue : 29495
Dynamic Memory Allocation for Arrays
Consider you want to allocate memory for an array of characters, i.e., string of 20
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characters. Using the same syntax what we have used above we can allocate
memory dynamically as shown below.
char* pvalue = NULL; // Pointer initialized with null
pvalue = new char[20]; // Request memory for the variable
To remove the array that we have just created the statement would look like this −
delete [] pvalue; // Delete array pointed to by pvalue
Following the similar generic syntax of new operator, you can allocate for a multi
dimensional array as follows −
double** pvalue = NULL; // Pointer initialized with null
pvalue = new double [3][4]; // Allocate memory for a 3x4 array
However, the syntax to release the memory for multidimensional array will still
remain same as above −
delete [] pvalue; // Delete array pointed to by pvalue
Dynamic Memory Allocation for Objects
Objects are no different from simple data types. For example, consider the
following code where we are going to use an array of objects to clarify the concept
−
Live Demo
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box {
public:
Box() {
cout << "Constructor called!" <<endl;
}
~Box() {
cout << "Destructor called!" <<endl;
}
};
int main() {
Box* myBoxArray = new Box[4];
delete [] myBoxArray; // Delete array
return 0;
}
If you were to allocate an array of four Box objects, the Simple constructor would
be called four times and similarly while deleting these objects, destructor will also
be called same number of times.
If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result −
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Constructor called!
Constructor called!
Constructor called!
Constructor called!
Destructor called!
Destructor called!
Destructor called!
Destructor called!
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