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Learning Content: First Law of Thermodynamics

The document discusses the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, and one form of energy may be converted into another. It defines various forms of energy including potential, kinetic, internal, and heat. It provides equations for work, heat transfer, and relating the changes in internal energy, work and heat in both closed and open systems. Examples are given for calculating potential energy and using energy balances to solve for fuel consumption.

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HENRICK IGLE
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154 views7 pages

Learning Content: First Law of Thermodynamics

The document discusses the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, and one form of energy may be converted into another. It defines various forms of energy including potential, kinetic, internal, and heat. It provides equations for work, heat transfer, and relating the changes in internal energy, work and heat in both closed and open systems. Examples are given for calculating potential energy and using energy balances to solve for fuel consumption.

Uploaded by

HENRICK IGLE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THERMODYNAMICS 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

LEARNING CONTENT:

First Law of Thermodynamics

Sated as follows:

1. Is also known as the conservation of energy principle


2. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
3. States that one form of energy may be converted into
another form of energy entering to a system is equal to
energy leaving from the system.
4. In the absence of any work interactions between a system
and its surroundings, the amount of net heat transfer is equal
to the total energy of a closed system.
5. For all adiabatic process between two specified states of a
closed system, the net work done is the same regardless of
the nature of the closed system and the details of the
process.

Law of conservation of mass

The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass is constant.
This means that the total mass entering to a system is equal to the total mass
leaving.

Forms of Energy

Energy – is the capacity of doing work and overcoming resistance.

1. POTENTIAL ENERGY (PE) - is an energy produced due to the change in


elevation. Energy that is the result of the relative position of a body
stored capacity for performing work.

PE = mh
𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝛥𝑃 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

Where: m = mass of the body


h = height or elevation

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2. KINETIC ENERGY- is an energy produced due to the mass and velocity
or momentum of moving body.
- Kinetic energy of a body possesses is a function of
its mass and velocity

1 1 𝑤
𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 𝛥𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚(𝑣12 − 𝑣22 ) 𝛥𝐾𝐸 = 2𝑔 (𝑣12 − 𝑣22)

For English Unit:


m = mass, slug W = weight, lbs
v = velocity, ft/s g = 32.2 ft/𝑠 2 KE = ft-lbs

For SI Unit:
m = mass, kg W = weight, Newton
v =velocity, m/s g = 9.81 m/𝑠 2 KE = Joules

1 Hp = 33,000 ft-lb/min = 42.2 Btu/min


1 Kj = 1000 J
1 Btu = 778 ft-lbs

Internal Energy (U) – is the energy stored within a body or substance by virtue
of the activity and configuration of its molecules and of the vibration of
atoms within the molecules.
-the total internal energy of a material is the sum of its internal
kinetic energy and potential kinetic energy.

Work (W)- is the product of the displacement of the body and the
component of the force in the direction of the displacement.

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Work Flow

𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃𝑣
𝛥𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃 (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )

Direction of Work:

1.Work done by the system is positive (out from the system)


2. Work done on the system is negative (entering to the system)

Heat – is formed due to the temperature difference.


-is an energy in transit from one body to another as the result of
temperature difference between the two bodies.

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𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑃 (𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑙 )
Where: m = mass
𝑐𝑃 = specific heat
𝑡𝑙 = initial temperature
𝑡2 = final temperature
For water: 𝑐𝑃 = 4.187 KJ/kg-K = 1Btu/lb

Direction of Heat:
1. Heat is positive when heat is added to the system ( inflow)
2. Heat is negative when rejected from the system (outflow)

ENERGY EQUATIONS:

General Energy flow equation:

A. If work is done on the system and heat is rejected:

All energy entering = All energy leaving

𝑃𝐸1 + 𝑘𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑊 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝑘𝐸2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑄


𝑊 = (𝑃𝐸2 − 𝑝𝐸1 ) + (𝑘𝐸2 − 𝑘𝐸1 ) + (𝑈2 − 𝑈1 ) + (𝑊𝑓2 − 𝑊𝑓1 ) + 𝑄
Formulas:

1. 𝑊 = 𝛥𝑃𝐸 + 𝛥𝑘𝐸 + 𝛥𝑈 + 𝛥𝜔𝑓 + 𝑄

But: 𝛥ℎ = 𝛥𝑈 + 𝛥𝑊𝑓

2. 𝑊 = 𝛥𝑃𝐸 + 𝛥𝑘𝐸 + 𝛥ℎ + 𝑄
Neglecting Potential energy, Kinetic energy and Heat:

3. 𝑊 = 𝛥ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1

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B. If work is done by the system and heat is rejected:

All energy entering = All energy leaving

𝑃𝐸1 + 𝑘𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝑘𝐸2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑄 + 𝑊


𝑊 = (𝑃𝐸1 − 𝑝𝐸2 ) + (𝑘𝐸1 − 𝑘𝐸2 ) + (𝑈1 − 𝑈2 ) + (𝑊𝑓1 − 𝑊𝑓2 ) − 𝑄

Formulas:
1. 𝑊 = 𝛥𝑃𝐸 + 𝛥𝑘𝐸 + 𝛥𝑈 + 𝛥𝜔𝑓 − 𝑄
But: 𝛥ℎ = 𝛥𝑈 + 𝛥𝑊𝑓

2. 𝑊 = 𝛥𝑃𝐸 + 𝛥𝑘𝐸 + 𝛥ℎ − 𝑄
Neglecting Potential energy, Kinetic energy and Heat:

4. 𝑊 = 𝛥ℎ = ℎ1 − ℎ2
Energy entering = Energy leaving

Steady Flow Devices

1. Turbine and Compressors


-If Enthalpy, Kinetic, Potential and Heat is considered:

𝑊 = (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + (𝑘𝐸1 + 𝑘𝐸2 ) + (𝑃𝐸1 + 𝑃𝐸2 ) − 𝑄

Note:
Neglect PE and Q if not given or ask in the problem
a. In a steam, gas or hydroelectric power plants, the device that
drives the electric generator is the turbine.
b. The work done in a turbine is positive since it is done by the
fluid.

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c. Compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high
pressures.

d. Fans increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used


to move a gas around.
e. Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to
increase the pressure of a fluid. Work is applied to these
devices from an external source through a rotating shaft.
f. The work of the compressor is negative since work is done on
the fluid.

Nozzles and Diffusers

a. A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the


expense of pressure
b. A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by
slowing it down.
c. In nozzles and diffusers, the heat “Q” iszero mainly due to
thefluid’s having high velocities and thus not spending
enough time in the device for any significant heat transfer to
take place. W = 0, PE≅ 0 and KE ≠ 0.

Therefore:
ℎ1 + 𝑘𝐸1 = ℎ2 + 𝑘𝐸2

1 1
ℎ1 + 2 𝑚𝑣12 = ℎ2 + 2 𝑚𝑣22

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Example Problems:

1. What is the potential energy of a 500 kg body if it is dropped to a


height of 100 m?

Solution:

PE = mh
PE = 500 kg x 100 m
PE = 50,000 kg.m x 0.00981 KN/kg
PE = 490.50 KJ

2. Air and Fuel enter a furnace used for home heating. The air has an
enthalpy of 302 KJ/kg and the fuel has an enthalpy of 43,207 KJ/kg. The
gases leaving the furnace have an enthalpy of 616 KJ/kg. There are 17
kg air/fuel. The house requires 17.6 KW of heat. What is the fuel
consumption per day?

Solution:

By mass balance:

𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑎 /𝑚𝑓 = 17
𝑚𝑎 = 17𝑚𝑓
17𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑔 = 18𝑚𝑓

By heat balance:
𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑎 + 𝑚𝑓 ℎ𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔 ℎ𝑔 + Q
(17𝑚𝑓 ) (302) + 𝑚𝑓 (43,207) = (18𝑚𝑓 )(616) + 17.6
𝑚𝑓 = 4.7244 X 10−4 kg/sec x 3600 x 24
𝒎𝒇 = 40.819 kg/day

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ACTIVITY PROBLEM:

1. The enthalpy of air is increased by 139.586 KJ/kg in a compressor. The


rate of air flow is 16.42 kg/min. The power input is 48.2 KW. What is the
heat loss from the compressor in KW?
2. A steam turbine receives 70 pounds of steam per minute with an
enthalpy of 1600 Btu per pound and a velocity of 100 ft/sec. It leaves
the turbine at 900 ft/sec and 1320 Btu/ lb enthalpy. The radiation loss is
84,000 Btu/hr. Find the horsepower output.

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