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Advanced Operating Systems and Virtualization: Alessandro Pellegrini A.Y. 2018/2019

The document outlines the boot process for an advanced operating systems course, including an introduction, exam rules, course outline, reference materials, prerequisites, and an explanation of the boot sequence from BIOS to initializing the user environment through various stages of the Linux kernel and init processes.

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Marko Bukal
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33 views17 pages

Advanced Operating Systems and Virtualization: Alessandro Pellegrini A.Y. 2018/2019

The document outlines the boot process for an advanced operating systems course, including an introduction, exam rules, course outline, reference materials, prerequisites, and an explanation of the boot sequence from BIOS to initializing the user environment through various stages of the Linux kernel and init processes.

Uploaded by

Marko Bukal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Operating Systems

and Virtualization
Alessandro Pellegrini
A.Y. 2018/2019
Basic Information
• Lecture Schedule:
– Course begins today! ☺
– Course ends on May 31st
– Lecture slots:
• Wednesday, 17.00–19.00 (Room B2, Via Ariosto);
• Friday, 08.00–11.00 (Room B2, Via Ariosto).
• Office Hours:
– See on my webpage for the schedule
• Contact: [email protected]
Exam Rules
• A written test (3/5 of the final mark)
• A code project (2/5 of the final mark)
– Implementation of facilities within the Linux Kernel
– Instructions will be given during the course

• We will see internals from Linux 2.4/2.6/3.0/4.0


– Pick your preferred version!
– Best if you are compatible with more than one!
Course Outline
• A Primer on Modern Hardware Architectures
• x86 Initial Boot Sequence.
• Linux Kernel Boot
• Memory Management.
• System Calls Management
• Interrupt Management
• Building the Kernel
• Kernel Data Structures
Course Outline
• Virtual File System and Devices
• Userspace Initialization
• Process Startup and Management
• Scheduling Processes
• Loadable Kernel Modules
• Kernel Messaging
• Security Aspects
• Hot Patching
Reference Material
• Daniel P. Bovet, Marco Cesati, Understanding the
Linux Kernel. O’Reilly.
• Mel Gorman, Understanding the Linux Virtual
Memory Manager. Prentice Hall.
• Alessandro Rubini, Jonathan Corbet, Linux
Device Drivers, O’Reilly.
• David A. Rusling, The Linux Kernel.
Reference Material
What you should know already
• Computing Architectures
– Registers, I/O, Interrupts principles, flat memory model, ...
– Numerical Representations
• Basic x86 assembly notation
• Operating Systems Principles
– Threads and Processes
– System Calls
• Algorithms and Data Structures
• Some notions on Concurrency
– Synchronization, race conditions, critical sections, locks, ...
Why Linux?

AOSV: Introduction
Why x86?

AOSV: Introduction
Boot Sequence
BIOS/UEFI The actual Hardware Startup

Executes the Stage 2 bootloader


Bootloader Stage 1
(skipped in case of UEFI)

Bootloader Stage 2 Loads and starts the Kernel

The Kernel takes control of and initializes the machine


Kernel Startup
(machine-dependent operations)

First process: basic environment initialization


Init
(e.g., SystemV Init, systemd)

Initializes the user environment


Runlevels/Targets
(e.g., single-user mode, multiuser, graphical, ...)
Boot Sequence
BIOS/UEFI The actual Hardware Startup

• BIOS: Basic Input/Output System


– Performs some system integrity checks
– Searches, loads, and executes the Stage 1 boot loader
program.
• UEFI: Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
– More standardized than BIOS
– Gives much more versatility
Boot Sequence
Executes the Stage 2 bootloader
Bootloader Stage 1
(skipped in case of UEFI)

• Stored in the Master Boot Record (MBR)


• Less than 512 bytes in size
– primary boot loader info in 1st 446 bytes
– partition table info in next 64 bytes
– mbr validation check in last 2 bytes.
• Not enough space to load the kernel: activates
Bootloader Stage 2
Boot Sequence
Bootloader Stage 2 Loads and starts the Kernel

• Typical software: LILO or GRUB


• Allows kernel selection
• Loads from disk the actual kernel startup image
and gives control to it
Boot Sequence
The Kernel takes control of and initializes the machine
Kernel Startup
(machine-dependent operations)

• Configures the hardware environment


– On x86 this requires multiple memory image
initializations
• Mounts the root file system
• Configures internal data structures
• Spawns the first process (init)
Boot Sequence
First process: basic environment initialization
Init
(e.g., SystemVInit, systemd)

• Configures the software environment


• Loads the default runlevel
• Spawns other (interactive) processes
Boot Sequence
Initializes the user environment
Runlevels/Targets
(e.g., single-user mode, multiuser, graphical, ...)

• They represent the state of a machine


– running processes and services offered
• On UNIX, they are traditionally six
– 0: halts the machine
– 1: single-user mode
– 2-5: multi-user with different services/facilities
– 6: reboots the machine

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