Towns evolved from early settlements like rock caves and huts into larger communities. [1] Towns are distinguished by their location, function, shape, and size. [2] They can grow naturally in concentric, satellite, ribbon, or scattered patterns, or be planned with zoning and amenities. [3] Planned cities like Gandhinagar and Chandigarh incorporate sectors, transportation networks, and open spaces.
Towns evolved from early settlements like rock caves and huts into larger communities. [1] Towns are distinguished by their location, function, shape, and size. [2] They can grow naturally in concentric, satellite, ribbon, or scattered patterns, or be planned with zoning and amenities. [3] Planned cities like Gandhinagar and Chandigarh incorporate sectors, transportation networks, and open spaces.
Towns evolved from early settlements like rock caves and huts into larger communities. [1] Towns are distinguished by their location, function, shape, and size. [2] They can grow naturally in concentric, satellite, ribbon, or scattered patterns, or be planned with zoning and amenities. [3] Planned cities like Gandhinagar and Chandigarh incorporate sectors, transportation networks, and open spaces.
Towns evolved from early settlements like rock caves and huts into larger communities. [1] Towns are distinguished by their location, function, shape, and size. [2] They can grow naturally in concentric, satellite, ribbon, or scattered patterns, or be planned with zoning and amenities. [3] Planned cities like Gandhinagar and Chandigarh incorporate sectors, transportation networks, and open spaces.
Rock reeds and River and Towns Cities Caves tents Villages
Population Increase Types of Towns
Factors that distinguish one town from another are :
1. Location 2. Function 3. Shape 4. Size Function: Location: Pilgrim Town, Health Resorts, Hill Stations, River Banks, Sea front Education town, Fishing, Industrial, etc. Commercial.& Political
Shape or Pattern: Size:
Fixed by the population. Determined by the road system and 5000 – 1 lakh – town topographical features. Linear, 1 – 10 lakhs – City Rectangular, Radial, Star or Circular >10 lakhs – Metropolitan City Stages in Growth of Town • A town is classified into various categories according to the different stages of development.
• Lewis Mumford has given 6 categories:
1. Eopolis 2. Polis 3. Metropolis 4. Megalopolis 5. Tyrannopolis 6. Necropolis Eopolis • Here the town grows as one entire unit, and economy is based on agriculture
Polis • Here the town grows into small urban unit of self contained community. Contains commerce and industry. Metropolis (Mother city)
• City grows to its full stature
• High population density • All facilities like water supply, drainage, electricity, transport, commerce and industries. Megalopolis
• Over grown City into a mess
• Due to growing expansion of industries and high rise buildings, mass housing, mass transportation. • Lie in the germs of decay starting from all portions of the city Tyrannopolis • City shows further decay in all fields like trade, commerce, military power etc
Necropolis • City is in worst stage • Unfit for dwelling • Diseases, famine, economic breakdown prevails in the city Methods of External Growth of Towns
• Towns behave like creature and have their method of growth on account of increasing facilities.
• Growth can be classifies into two types:
1. Growth according to Origin 2. Growth according to Direction Growth according to Origin
• In can be further divided into 2 types:
1. Natural Growth 2. Planned Growth. Natural Growth of Cities • Town as a result of evolution rather than pre planned • Developed as a matter of chance • Primary factors are : Water, Rich soil, Comfort, Convenience of people rather than amenities like school, playground and hospital. • There are 4 types of Natural Growth: 1. Concentric spread 2. Satellite Growth 3. Ribbon Development 4. Scattered Growth 1. Concentric Spread: 2. Satellite Growth: • Develops in form of concentric rings • Depend on parent city but has its • Natual tendency of people to keep own identity centre as close as possible. • Should take place to avoid suburban • Improper houses sprawl. • Concentration of people in heart of • Eg. Faridabad near Delhi, Marimalai the town near Chennai • Congestion of traffic at nucleus
MOSCOW Features of Satellite town:
• Full town in true sense but depends on parent city for higher education, employment etc.
• Independent for economic, social & cultural activities
• Pure residential with amenities like small shopping centre, dispensary, primary/nursery schools.
• Linked with parent city with easy transport facilities.
• Generally situated outside the green belt of parent city
• Size and development of satellite town must be controlled so that it does not outgrow parent city, and cause similar problems 3. Ribbon Development:
• Development is in the form of a ribbon or line i.e. single row
• Mainly along bus stops, bus routes, railway lines and stations.
• Happens especially in new town with no zoning laws
• Overcrowding of all types of buildings like school, factories, petrol pumps etc. Dis advantages of Ribbon development:
• Everybody wants to take advantage of frontage of the main road, leaving interior area undeveloped and wasting of valuable lands
• Overcrowding on road side
• Streets become narrow with increase in accidents
• Town spreads far, difficult to maintain
• Future developments become very costly
• It is an inverse of planning 4. Scattered Growth:
• Towns show erratic growth
• Irregular way • Without any order
• Results into traffic congestions, slums and lack of open
spaces Planned Growth of Cities • Town develops on pre determined line as prepared by town planner. Following points should be considered:
• Selection of site for town :
Physical features, good surroundings, climatic conditions, contours, streams, lakes, drainage, sewage disposal, availability if water sources, means of communication, electric power etc. Features to be embodied:
Area for residence, public, commerce, industry based on ZONING
Public services like water supply etc Public amenities like post office, police stations etc Educational institutions Recreational amenities Provision for future expansion
Eg. Gandhinagar and Chandigarh
GANDHI NAGAR
Gandhinagar is a planned city in the western Indian state of Gujarat.
It was formed on 1st May 1960, after bifurcation from Bombay to the new state of Gujarat.
Located on the western bank of Sabarmati river.
Town is planned for 1,50,000 to 1,75,000 population and further
future expansion.
It is divided into various sectors.
▪ A zonal centre is provided for every 4-5 sectors that include cinemas, dispensaries, banks, post office, police station etc.
▪ 75 hectares land has been allttoed to civic, commercial and
cultural facilities.
▪ Different roads (grid iron pattern) for different purposes:
▪ For Govt offices – 100 m wide ▪ For town centres – 65 m wide ▪ Remaining roads- 45 m wide
▪ Roads are oriented at 30 and 60 degrees to avoid direct glare
from morning and evening sun
▪ Cycle ways and motor roads are separated with grade
separators Open spaces is 1.5 hectare to 2 hectare per 1000 population excluding playgrounds and parks.
Light industries – 120 hectares
Capital Complex – Buildings like high court, secretariat, assembly hall and heads of various offices. CHANDIGARH
Came into being, after partition of 1947, as a new capital of
Punjab, named after goddess Chandi.
Planned by Le Corbusier and took 3 years to complete.
Area : 9000 Acres
Intended population: 1.5 lakh
Future : 5 lakhs and above ▪ Divided into 63 sectors, each sector is 1.25 km long and 0.81 km wide, accommodating a population of 10000 to 15000. ▪ Each sector is self sufficient with shopping centres, hospitals, meeting places etc. ▪ Each sector is walkable.
All open spaces along the roads are grassed with water fountains at suitable places Landscape has been properly planned. 7V Road System Growth according to Direction 1. Horizontal Growth
Grows horizontally in all directions,
Economic in places where land is cheap.
ADVANTAGES DIS ADVANTAGES
• Walls will be thinner, saving masonry and • Requires more land
const. • Foundation cost increases • Max roof ventilation and lighting • Un economical where land is costly • No necessity for lifts and columns • Absence of group living • Density of population is generally low • Garden spaces for each 2. Vertical Growth
City grows vertically
Through adding more floors to the existing building, or multi storeyed buildings. Beneficial where land is costly
ADVANTAGES DIS ADVANTAGES
• Less foundation cost • Increased Risk of fire disasters/during
• Economical – saving of land / land cost is earthquakes high • Wastage of floor space for large supporting • Space available for amenities like gardens pillars and lifts etc. and playgrounds • Density of population per unit area is high • Sense of group living, as people use same • Same plans for all. amenities.
