Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Basic Concept of Disaster and
Disaster Risk
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

 
Writer: Rodgem A. Barairo
Ginalyn H. Aquino
Editors: Josefina M. Fabra
Anne Marielle R. Del Mundo
Vanessa R. Ambas
Reviewers: Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos
Richard Brian L. Tutor
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Ronan DC Vergara
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Ernesto D. Lindo
Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos

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Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Basic Concept of Disaster and
Disaster Risk
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the (Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Grade 11/12)

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Basic Concept of Disaster and
Disaster Risk!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk!

The content of the modules are activities that focus in providing concrete
understanding and application of scientific knowledge on Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction and the solution of practical problems in a physical
environment. It is designed to bridge the gap between theoretical science
and daily living, where the learners can answer the activities at their own
pace within the specified time allotment to complete a specific section of
self-learning material on a particular content.

Indeed, learning is fun! So, make the most meaningful journey towards
independent learning and self-discovery of knowledge.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims

to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide
to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion

of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.

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 What’s More This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check
the answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have This includes questions or blank

Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.

Additional In this portion, another activity will be

Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

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 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module is intended to help you understand the concept of disaster. Disasters
are reality. Perhaps our most potent response to it must be awareness, knowledge,
and understanding of this reality. Hence, this first lesson provides you our dear
learners with a basic but thorough grounding on the concept of disaster and how
and when an event turns into a disaster.

The module consists of 1 lesson namely:

 Basic Concept of Disaster

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Know and Understand the meaning of disaster.
2. Define Concepts of Disaster.
3. Classify different kinds of disasters that are common; the Philippines has
experience.
4. Cite the disaster risks in a given situation.

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is this inherently unexpected and happening that comes quickly

without any warning?
a. Disaster
b. Hazard
c. Phenomenon
d. Risk

2. A natural disaster is a(n) _____ event.

a. expected
b. planned
c. scheduled
d. unexpected

3. It is also called as the Circum-Pacific belt, the zone of earthquakes

surrounding the Pacific Ocean where about 99% of the world’s earthquake
occurs.
a. Locusts
b. Drought
c. Ring of Fire
d. Subsidence

4. All of the following show effect of disasters EXCEPT__________.

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a. Displacement of populations
b. Damage to the ecological environment
c. Destruction of a population’s homeland
d. Sustained public attention during the recovery phase

5. Which of the following is an example of man-caused disaster?

a. Storm Surges
b. Flooded Coastal areas
c. Landslide on Mining sites
d. Oil Spills from shipping boat

6. Which of the following is an example of natural hazards? Proximity to

__________
a. chemical plants
b. factories
c. fault lines
d. mining sites

7. Which of the following is NOT a type of natural hazard that causes

disaster?
a. car accident
b. earthquake
c. tornado
d. typhoon

8. It is defined as the source of danger and something that may cause injury
or harm.
a. disaster
b. hazard
c. phenomenon
d. risk

9. Which of the following category is NOT part of man-made hazard?

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a. Terrorism/Violence
b. Technological/industrial
c. Complex humanitarian emergencies
d. Preventive and Precautionary measures

10. Which of the following is useful to better establish priorities and

response activities, and systematize previous experiences?
a. Disaster Risk
b. Effects of Disaster
c. Phases of Disaster
d. Categories of Disaster

11. It involves the identification and mapping of the elements at risk and the
assessment of people, animals and plants that may be affected?
a. Disaster Risk
b. Exposure
c. Risk Assessment
d. Vulnerability

12. The potential disaster losses in lives, health statuses, livelihoods, assets,
and services, which could occur in a particular community or a society over
some specified future time period is called _______________.
a. Disaster Risk
b. Disaster Mitigation
c. Disaster Preparedness
d. Disaster Prevention

13. Disaster has a great impact on __________________.

a. buildings
b. garden
c. humanity
d. parks

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14. Which of the following is a product of the massive damages to life and
property caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community?
a. Destruction
b. Disaster
c. Disaster risk
d. Vulnerability

15. Disaster risk can be determined by the presence of the following

elements of Disaster EXCEPT _______________.
a. Phenomenon
b. Coping capacity
c. Vulnerability to a hazard
d. Hazard (natural or man-made)

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Lesson
What is Disaster and
1 Disaster Risk?

In this module, the learners will hold an understanding about disaster

and develop a firm grasp of a very crucial factor that has direct bearing on
disaster and disaster risk.

This factor is termed as “Disaster Risk. Other references call this

“risk,” so “disaster risk” and “risk” are expressions having the same
meaning.

What’s In

Philippines: A Country Prone to Natural Disasters

The Philippines has experienced from an inexhaustible number of

deadly typhoons, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, and other natural
disasters. This is due to its location along the Ring of Fire or typhoon belt, a
large Pacific Ocean region where many of Earth’s volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes occur.

Activity 1: “Count Me In”

Direction: A. Write five (5) disastrous events in the Philippines in the last five
years.

1. _____________________________________

2. _____________________________________

3. _____________________________________

4. _____________________________________

5. _____________________________________

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 What’s New

Activity 1.1 Understanding Disaster

Analyze the given images and answer the given questions below:
Guide Questions:
1. In two to three sentences, describe the given images.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. List down the disasters that you can identify from the images.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How will you define disaster based on the given images?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What is It

IT’S A DISASTER

Disaster is "a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes great harm,

injury, destruction, and devastation to life and property”. It disrupts the
usual course of life, causing both physical and emotional distress as well as
an intense feeling of helplessness and hopelessness. A preceding definition
of disaster stresses that two elements are affected – life (whether human or
animal) and property. The effects vary – it maybe a minor damage (like
broken windows and doors), major damage (like torn rooftops, collapsed
walls), total destruction (like completely destroyed houses and structures
rendering them useless and inhabitable) and the worst of all, death. The
extent of effects also varies. The damages may be confined to a small area
or it reaches or encompasses an extensive, wide area (Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center, ADPC, 2012).

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2008),

disaster is “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental

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losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources”.
Any adverse episode or phenomenon can exploit a vulnerability in the
affected population or community to create damage and this awareness will
form the basis for an adequate intervention.

Meanwhile, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster

Reduction defines disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.

Disasters are often a result of the combination of: the exposure to a

hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative
consequences.

Its impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative
effects on human physical, mental, and social wellbeing, together with
damage to properties, destruction of assets, loss of services, social and
economic disruptions, and environmental degradation.

Mahar, Patrick, et.al, “Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts,” Accessed (01
June 2020), https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/disasters_dpac_PEDsModule1.pdf

15
 Image 1. Different kinds of Natural Disasters

Classification of Disasters:
Disasters can be divided into 2 large categories:

A. Natural - a natural phenomenon is caused by natural forces, such

as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, fires,
tornados, and extreme temperatures. They can be classified as rapid
onset disasters and those with progressive onset, such as droughts
that lead to famine. These events, usually sudden, can have
tremendous effects.

B. Man-Made - Disasters caused by man are those in which major

direct causes are identifiable intentional or non-intentional human
actions.

Subdivided into three categories:

1. Technological/industrial disasters - Unregulated industrialization

and inadequate safety standards increase the risk for industrial
disasters.
Example: leaks of hazardous materials; accidental explosions; bridge
or road collapses, or vehicle collisions; Power cuts

2. Terrorism/Violence - the threat of terrorism has also increased due

to the spread of technologies involving nuclear, biological, and
chemical agents used to develop weapons of mass destruction.
Example: bombs or explosions; release of chemical materials;
release of biological agents; release of radioactive agents;
multiple
or massive shootings; mutinies

3. Complex humanitarian emergencies - the term complex emergency

is usually used to describe the humanitarian emergency resulting
from an international or civil war. In such situations, large
numbers of people are displaced from their homes due to the lack
of personal safety and the disruption of basic infrastructure
including food distribution, water, electricity, and sanitation, or
communities are left stranded and isolated in their own
homes unable to access assistance.

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 Example: conflicts or wars; genocide

“Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts,”, Accessed on 02 June 2020, pages 7-
10, https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/disasters_dpac_PEDsModule1.pdf .

The damage caused by disaster cannot be measured. It also differs

with the kind of geographical location, climate, earth’s specific
characteristics, and level of vulnerability. These determining factors affect
generally the psychological, socio – economic, political, and ethnical state of
the affected area.

Risk and Disaster Risk

Risk has various connotations within different disciplines. In general,

risk is defined as “the combination of the probability of an event and its
negative consequences” (UNISDR, 2009). The term risk is thus
multidisciplinary and is used in a variety of contexts. It is usually associated
with the degree to which humans cannot cope (lack of capacity) with a
situation (e.g. natural hazard).

The term disaster risk refers to the potential (not actual and realized)
disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services
which could occur in a community or society over some specified future time
period.

Disaster risk is the product of the possible damage caused by a

hazard due to the vulnerability within a community. It should be noted that
the effect of a hazard (of a particular magnitude) would affect communities
differently (Von Kotze, 1999:35).

It can also be determined by the presence of three variables: hazards

(natural or anthropogenic); vulnerability to a hazard; and coping capacity
linked to the reduction, mitigation, and resilience to the vulnerability of a
community.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.2 FIX ME!!!

Arrange the given jumbled letters to identify the correct terminology. The
definition will help you to derive the correct answer.
JUMBLED LETTERS DEFINITION
A sudden calamitous event, bringing great
1. RTAIESSD
damage, loss, destruction, and devastation.
A path along the Pacific Ocean characterized
2. GRNI FO IEFR by active volcanoes and frequent
earthquakes.
An event causing great and often sudden
3. TALAYMIC
damage or distress.
Shaking of earth caused by waves moving on
4. AQRHTEKEAU
and below the earth's surface.
When lava and gas are discharged from a
5. ICNLOVAC IPREOUTN
volcanic vent.
Largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic
6. CFCPIAI NEAOC
divisions.
Type of tropical cyclone, or severe tropical
7. OOYNHPT
storm.
A natural event such as a flood, earthquake,
8. LTARUNA RTAIESDS or hurricane that causes great damage or
loss of life.
9. ETUTODSRCIN A sudden or great misfortune or failure.

Caused by man are those in which major

10. NMA EDMA RESTSAID direct causes are identifiable intentional or
non-intentional human actions.

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Activity 1.3 Understanding Natural and Man-Made Disaster
Direction: Identify the given set of images if it is Natural or Man Made.
Classification of Disaster
Images of Disaster
(Natural or Man-Made)

"Tacloban, Leyte, Philippines" by

ochacolombia is licensed under CC BY-
NC-ND 2.0

“Military convoy" by chelmonette is

licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

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 "File:Ezra Acayan Mayon pic.jpg" by
Ezra Acayan, licensed under CC BY-SA
4.0

"Toxic Metal Barrel" by azzajess is

licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0

"Motor Vehicle Accident at Clinton and

Lafayette Ave" by cisc1970 is licensed
under CC BY-NC 2.0

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"6.0 Magnitude Earthquake in the City
of Napa" by Cal OES is licensed under
CC BY-NC 2.0

Guide Questions:
1. Based on the presented images, how will you differentiate natural from
man-made disasters?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Give three (3) examples of natural and man-made disaster that you
experienced within your locality.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.4 Understanding Disaster Risk

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Now, think about your answers from the previous activity.
Directions: Using your output from the previous activity, cite by writing the
disaster risks of the identified natural and man-made disasters. To facilitate
your task, accomplish the given table below:

Classification of Disaster
Images of Disaster Effects
(Natural or Man-Made)

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 Stop and Reflect
Now review your previous Activity number 1.3 and 1.4. Do you think the
given ideas/concepts are clear for you to understand different kinds of
disasters that the country has experienced including its disaster risks?
Agree or Disagree?

What I Have Learned

Exit Ticket
Have you learned so much from this module? What are the three things
that you learned today? What are the two things you found interesting?

3 Things I learned Today 1. ___________________________________

2. ____________________________________
3. ____________________________________

2 Things I Found Interesting 1. ____________________________________

2. ____________________________________

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 What I Can Do

Now that you’ve already learned and understand the lessons focusing on
disaster and disaster risk, it’s time to work to demonstrate your learning.
Are you ready? Sure, you are!

Activity 1.5 Am I Ready?

Directions: Answer the given question.

Do you think you are relatively well prepared when a disaster might affect
your community either natural or man-made as well as to its effects? List
down five (5) important things that you need to prepare in order to lessen
the possible danger that you and your family might encounter when a
disaster strikes. Explain your answers briefly.

1. ________________________________________________________________________

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2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is a sudden, calamitous event, bringing great

damage, loss, destruction, and devastation to life and property?
a. Disaster
b. Hazard
c. Phenomenon
d. Risk

2. A natural disaster can be a _____________ .

a. Complex humanitarian emergencies
b. Phenomenon
c. Terrorism/Violence
d. Technological/industrial issues

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3. All of the following are the effects of disasters EXCEPT ___________
a. Can destroy health infrastructure
b. Can cause an unexpected number of deaths
c. Can have adverse effects on the environment
d. Can cause the ability of every specie to reproduce

4. It is also called as the Circum-Pacific belt, the zone of earthquakes

surrounding the Pacific Ocean where about 99% of the world’s earthquake
occurs.
a. Bermuda Triangle
b. Drought
c. Ring of Fire
d. Subsidence

5. Which of the following is NOT an example of man-caused hazard?

a. Bombs or explosions
b. Earthquake
c. Genocide
d. Mutiny

6. It is defined as the source of danger and something that may cause injury
or harm. It is also the uncertain course of events in a country.
a. Disaster
b. Hazard
c. Risk
d. Phenomenon

7. Which of the following category is a man-made hazard?

a. Storm Surges
b. Flooded Coastal areas
c. Landslide on Mining sites
d. Oil Spills from shipping boat

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8. Which of the following is NOT included in the phases of disaster?

a. Emergency phase
b. Planning phase
c. Preparedness phase
d. Recovery phase

9. A natural disaster where sea waves of local or distant origin that results
from large-scale seafloor displacements associated with large earthquakes,
major submarine slides, or exploring volcanic hazards is called _______
a. Earthquake
b. Flood
c. Tsunami
d. Typhoon

10. During the initial stage of a disaster, almost all surface means of
transportation within the community are disrupted by broken bridges, roads,
and streets that are rendered impassable by landslides or floods. The restricted
mobility of vehicles makes rescue and other emergency operations doubly
difficult. What is this impact/ effect of disaster?
a. Damage to critical facilities
b. Disruption of transportation
c. Economic impact
d. Social and political impact

11. Which of the following variables will NOT determine the elements in
identifying disaster risk?
a. coping capacity
b. hazard (natural or man-made)
c. population explosion
d. vulnerability to a hazard

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12. There are many impacts of Disaster, on what impact it will fall if a
person is suffering from post-traumatic stress syndrome?
a. Mental Wellbeing Impact
b. Physical Wellbeing impact
c. Social Wellbeing impact
d. None of the above

13. Erica is outside the building. Which action should she do when she feels
the ground is shaking?
a. Stay away from trees, powerlines, post and concrete structures.
b. Move away from steep slopes which may be affected by landslides.
c. If near the shore and feel and earthquake, especially if it’s too
strong, move quickly to higher grounds.
d. All of the above.

14. The potential disaster losses in lives, health statuses, livelihoods, assets,
and services, which could occur in a particular community or a society over
some specified future time period is called _______________.
a. Disaster Risk
b. Disaster Mitigation
c. Disaster Prevention
d. Disaster Preparedness

15. Disaster has a great impact on which of the following aspect?

a. Bacteria
b. Human
c. Invention
d. Technology

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 Additional Activities

Activity 1.6 The Search is Over

Direction: Search and encircle among the jumble of letters the key terms in
the definition of disaster according to the Asian Disaster Preparedness
Center. You should find nine (9) key terms.
Y N H E R M L B V C X A S T R A I C K Y
G Y R O S C O P I N N X I P L U C K Y S
O U R S I E B I L O S S E R O S A R I O
D E V A S T A T I O N O U O L A L M E N
S E E D L I N G F O R T E P L A A N K G
D I S E L I E G E V E N T E M E M R I T
Y A C T I E V T E N M I O R T A I N O U
X A N A R O U S F O R M U T O I T I O Z
C H A N E U R S E Y R O S Y O U O M I D
F U L L I A C A N N O T M O V E U P S Y
D R I V E N S T O W A R D E S T S W E T
H O S P I T A K I T S D A M A G E M E N
T S U D D E N D E O N T R K X U T O P Y

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 T Y N D A K O L Q I N U T T I E S D R O

Once your word hunt is complete, use the key terms to define Disaster.
Your definition should be a restatement/paraphrase of the definition by the
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center.
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________
9. _________________________________________________________

References

Mahar, Patrick, et.al, “Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key
Concepts,” Accessed (01 June 2020), https://www.aap.org/en-
us/Documents/disasters_dpac_PEDsModule1.pdf

“Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts,”, Accessed on

02 June 2020, pp. 7-10, https://www.aap.org/en-
us/Documents/disasters_dpac_PEDsModule1.pdf .

“Defining the Concepts”, Introduction to Disaster Risk Reduction, USAID

from the American people, pp.6-13,
https://www.preventionweb.net/files/26081_kp1concepdisasterrisk1.pdf

“National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan”, (NDRRMP), 2011‐

2028,pp. 14-32,
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/41/NDRRM_Plan_2011-
2028.pdf

Vergano, Dan, “5 Reasons the Philippines Is So Disaster Prone”, National

Geographic, November 11, 2013,

30
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131111-philippines-
dangers-haiyan-yolanda-death-toll-rises/

Guidance Note on Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction in to the CCA and

UNDAF, UNDG p.107,
https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97142/10/10_chapte
r%202.pdf

Prevention Web Editor, “Disaster Risk”, UNDRR Prevention Web, November

12, 2015, https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/disaster-risk

31
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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